·'"i

Ministry of Housing, Construction & Public Utilities

SPECIFICATIONS FOR

BORED AND CAST IN-SITU

. .

REINFORCED CONCRETE

PILES

ICTII

Institute (or Construction Training and Development " Savsiripaya"

123, Wijerama Mawatha, Colombo 07

Publication No. ICTADIDEVlt.6 First Edition - April 1997

MINISTRY OF HOUSING, CONSTRUCTION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES

SPECIFICATIONS FOR BORED AND CAST IN - SITU

REINFORCED CONCRETE PILES

ICTAD PUBLICATION NO: ICTAD/DEV/16 .

. First Edition - April 1997

Publlshed by

Institute for Construction Training and Development . 'Savsiripaya'

123, Wijerama Mawatha Colombo 07.

Dr.'afted by the following members of Sri Lanka Geotechnical Society

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Prof ·B L Tennekoon Dr. S A S Kulathilaka D1:. Sunil De Silva

~ Ar. K L S Sahabandu Mr. A A Viraj Dias Mr. A W Wijesundara Mi. T M Fernando

Mr. Ananda Ranasinghe Mr. K S K Ranasinghe

University of Moratuwa University of Moratuwa

Soil Engineering and Deepwells Ltd. Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau National Building Research Organisation

Member-SLOS

Member- SLOS

Member- SLGS

Member- SLGS

Reviewed by

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Prof. N A D R de Alwis Prof H N Seneviratne Prof. Priyan Dias

Mr. V Kengatharan

Mr. AD Wickramasingbe Mr. W M S G Piyadasa Mr. SST Sumanasekara'

Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka University ofPeradeniya University of Moratuwa

Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau

Dept. of Buildings

. Association of Consulting Engineers Institute for Construction Training and Development

II

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FOREWORD

Under the corporate activity of developing documents on construction related works, leT AD has identified the necessity of having specifications for Bored and Cast In-situ Reinforced Concrete Piles and hence initiAted the formulation of this guidelines.

This guide extracts the appropriate specifications used in other countries With due consideration to practical applications in Sri Lanka. This document Win be a useful guide

. .

for the personnel involved in Construction Industry, particularly Geotechnical Engineers

involved in Foundation Design.

This specification was published by the Technology Development Division of IeT AD _ and was drafted by a panel of experts from Sri. Lanka Geotechnical Society, under the guidance ·of well experienced group of professionals in the Construction Industry.

. . . ' . .

I acknowledge with grateful thanks the service of the members of the drafting panel of Sri tanka Geotechnical Society and the Review Committee Members in the publication of the Specification.

Prof. Dayantha S Wtjeyesekera Chairman

Institute for Construction Training and Development

·111

DISCLAIMER

Whilst all care and efforts have been made to ensure the proper production of this doument and its contents, neither does the Drafdting Committee nor the leT AD accept any liability for problems, Difficulllties or Controversy arising from the usage of these

guidelines. .

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IV

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INDEX

SPECIFlCA nONS
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4·
Section 5 General Conditions specific to piling wo!k General requirements for materials. General requirements of workmanship

Special requirements for piles founded on rock

Pile Testing. by Maintainr.d Load test

SCHEDULES rro BE COMPLETED)

Schedule 1 Information

Schedule 2 Schedule 3 Schedule 4

Perfor1.lance Specification SpetLfication Amendments S·.ecification Additions

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SECTIqN. j

GENERAL CONDmONS SPECIFIC TO PILING WORK

..t.

This Section must be read in conjunction with the following ICT AD publications:

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(i)

ICTAD Publication No. SCAlI of January 1989 on

'Conditions of Contract for works of Building & Civil Engineering - Sri

Lanka' .

(ii)

ICTAD Publication No. ICTAD/ID/04 on 'Preliminaries Bill No.1 (Specimen

Bill)~ . .

1.01

INFORMA TION

Information and requirements specific to the particular Piling contract are given in Schedules 1 and 2 which form part of the specifications.

1.02 ST ANDARDS

All materials and workmanship shall be in accordance with the appropriate Sri Lankan Standards, or the current British Standards which are listed in Appendix 1.1. Where these standards are in conflict with this specification, the latter shall take precedence.

1.03

MATERIAlS

1.03.1

Sources of Supply

The Engineer's approval.should be obtained for the sources of supply of materials, and they shall not be changed without prior approval.

1.03.2

. Rejected Material .

Clause 39(1) of ICTAD Publication No. SCAli (1989) shall apply.'

1.04 SAFETY

(i) Safety operations through out the piling operations shall comply with BS 8004 and

BS 5573 of the British Standards. ' .

(ii) ~l open pits and boreholes should be covered.

(iii) The site should, be kept clear of unnecessary obstructions such as spoil heaps,

discarded wire ropes, reinforcement bars, timbers with protruding nails, etc.· .

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1.05

SITE' CONDITIONS

1.05.1

Soil Investigation Reports

Factual information and reports on Site Investigations for the Works are given as an Annexure: However, no responsibility is accepted by the Owner or the Engineer for any opinions or conclusions given in the reports.

1.US.2

Unexpected ground conditions

Whilst conforming to Clause 12 of ICTAl) Publication No. SCAn (1989), it is emphasised that the Contractor shall report immediately to the Engineer any circumstances which indicate that in the Contractor's opinion the ground conditions differ from those inferred by him from his interpretation of the Site Investigation Reports.

1.05.3

SUe details

Clause 1l of leT AD Publication No. SCAlI (1989) shall apply.

(~ In sites such as those where fill material lie above soft compressible sub-soils, the Contractor shall make his own arrangements for any additional filling that may be necessarv so that the movement of his piling equipment will not be hindered during ;hf~ progress of , .... 'orks. The Contractor should allow for costs in his rates for any special surfacing he may require for his piling rigs.

Iii; The Cc ntractor shan be responsible fer h~~pjr'i·. the sik In <1 dry, well drained-and ~~:::)_:-t. cc'ni:.:j~.j(\n.

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'-i :\:-,~.,S ~~=)-'f~~J h~:.· ~:!f;: Er.It.;.lt·l~;.~r as 0ff)!es.e,,;=:: ::cl··-·J·:.1Ci·!:~~ :._(.~ ~~1alp--.:_~ ior ~-illr.:~·;.l~g tine uj· rigs, e{;ujj:ment, etc, and no extension io: contract time shall be allowed en account cf naturally occurring obstructions enCC'Lmtered at site.

If bou lder s are anticipated, then a rate for drilling through boulders should be provided for in the BOO; and if boulders far in excess of those anticipated at the time of tendering are encountered during the drilling operation, then a reasonable extension of time for this work shall be allowed for by the Engineer.

...

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1.06

TOLERANCES

1.06.1

Setting out

Setting out shall conform to Clause 17 of ICTAD Publication No. SCA/l (1989), and shall be carried out from the main grid lines of the proposed structure. Immediately before installation of the pile, the pile position shall be marked with suitable

identifiable pins or markers.

1.66.2

Positions

For a rib cut off at or above ground level .he rnaxunum permitted deviation of the tJii...:~ centre from the ')-:~~-~t.:~~.:;;,.. C"~)::':i: ::·1")-'~T:; -:: t,"--: ~);~ld_;'!.~~ >:L~ dr1.\~/i.llg ~~11al1 tJc 75 01:11 ir~

<j_r:-:/ direction. An a;':idt-t;-::;~,:\l~ ';''-.J':::::'~~:\'~,;~ r«';.~ ~~~~_~~ n~'::::~j. C"llt l:;t"'-F ~:>~\C~··f.' gr(p,!J~d t:~'I,·t:;;

tr:!" perrnitt-::.d in accc~rjd';1i.;~~ 1,\.'1:'.1 ",~.3,,_~~:,,~, ~ .. }:}.,~ e ,

1.,06.3

The maximum permitted deviation of the finished pile from th~ vertical is 1 in 75.

1.06.4

Forcible c(}ITectim13

Forcible corrections to concrete piles shall nat be made.

1.'16.5 Rectification for incorrect placing

(i) If one or more piles deviate from the allowable tolerances, the Engineer may decide that additional piles shall be placed and/or that the foundation construction shall be strengthened or extended.

(ii) Piles which have been cast deeper than specified should be extended upwards to the required level.

(iii) The cost for all. additional works resulting from incorrectly placed piles shall not be

reimbursable to the Contractor. This includes the cost of additional piles,

calculations, and testing.

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1.07

PlLINC:; OPERATIONS

I.IO.1-

Piling Method

The Contractor shall supply for approval of the Engineer all relevant details of the method of piling and the plant he proposes to use.

1.07.2

(!) The Contractor shall provide ail frames, e.quiprn;;n t, l i fi.', rL~ ·kvi,:esJ.nJ labour necessary for f.h-~~ i nstallation ? .. rhJ !'"-~5~tng 0 r pi C.:;':; .

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'Nh'.::re iling i; required to n\'~< ,I ~·~rhC\T\;E:U; spe.:::ifi..:cu:<:·." '!1;~ C>}H:Tactor $;'3\':, when 1/:~njenr-.;,3U~lp;.;/ 1''..111 d·~r2iLl·; c:<: the type O!· pile c>ff~,rz-; .. .l , :;,,:~ sr;:wdz.:-c!s of cont:'oi ',"II'" intends t·") :.,., 11~-"'" r,,"'" ···~:d.-·,,1·e<·J-n '~Jld the checki: rr of .. 1.\, 1-"1,"\..} bearinz CJCacIt·

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on' the si:.~_

(it) The performance specification appllcable to the piling contract is given in Schedule 2.

1.09 ALTERNATIVE PILING SYSTEM

The Contractor may submit at the time of tendering any other alternative piling system. In the alternate system offered, the Contractor must include together with

his tender

(a) Design calculations, including the load carrying capacity of the piles

(b) Speci fication for the alternative system offered

(c) Pile arrangement

(d) Description of the system

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1.10~ FULL RFSPONsmrr..ITY OF THE CONTRACTOR

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NotW'ithstanding approval or acceptance by the Engineer of-the Contractor's proposals and specifications or the acceptance of a proprietary piling system, it shall be the Contractor's full and sole responsibility to install piles suitable to perform the required function and to comply with all the standards given in the specifications.

1.11 PUJrrlG PROGRAMME

Clause 14(1) of ICTAD Publication No. SCAlI (1989) shall apply.

1.12

RECORDS AND REPORTS

1.12.1

Daily records

The Contractor shall keep anri ~;iJ"'mh. to the Engineer a daily record of the pil«. installation work carried out. T!11~ complete record shall include:

1. Pile Reference Number

2. Location .

3. Pile TYPe

4. Nominal cross sectional dimensions or diameter

5. Nominal size of underream

6. Standing groundwater level

7. Date and times of boring 8. - Date of concreting

9. Ground level at commencement of installation of pile

10. Working level

11. Depth from working level to base of pile

12. Base level

13. Depth from working level to top of pile

14. Length of temporary casing

15. Length of permanent casing' .

16. Soil samples taken and in situ tests carried out

17. . Length and details of reinforcement

18. Concrete mix.

19. Volume of concrete supplied to the pile where this can be measured in practice. '

20. All information regarding obstructions, delays and other interruptions to the

. sequence of work.

21. Detpils of drilling mud, when' used

22. Details ofTremie construction, when used

23. Any other information required by the Engineer.

Typical formats which could be used are given in Appendix 1.2.

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1.12.2

Progress Report

The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer on the first day of each week, or at such longer periods as the Engineer may· from time to time direct) a progress report showing the current rate of progress and progress during the previous period on all

important items of each section of the works. .

1.12.3 'As BuUt' Drawings

i'

On completion of piling operations, the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer a set of 'As Built' Drawingsto a scale of 1: l~ indicating

(i) Pile layout

(ii) For each pile - Ref. NO'1 Location, Pile Type , Nominal diameter, cut-off level, finished level

1.13 NUISANCE AND DAI\lJAGE

1.13.1 Noise and Disturbance

The Contractor shall carry out the work in such a manner and at such times as to minimize noise and disturbance.

1.13.2

Damage to adjacent structures

If during the execution of the work damage is, caused to mains, services, or adjacent structures, the Contractor shall repair such damage at his own expense.

1.13.3

Damage to Piles

i

The Contractor shall ensure that damage does not occur to completed.piles.

The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer his proposed sequence and timing for boring piles having regard to the avoidance of damage to adjacent piles. A minimum number of . days shall be provided before boring adjacent to a freshly cast pile. as per Clause 3.04.1 ..

Where a pile .has been damaged or displaced during installation, testing or by other causes, the damaged or displaced pile shall be considered and treated as a faulty pile. The Contractor shall bear the cost of all remedial work occasioned by such rejection of piles to be determined by the Engineer.

1.14 BASIS OF PAYMENT

1.14.1 Pay-length of pRes

(i)

The pay-length for the piles shall be the length between the toe of the pile and the specified cut-off level.

(ii)

Payment for a pile shall be based on the pay-length multiplied by the unit rate.

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The Contractor shall allow in his rates for all materials, equipment, tools; for all personnel; :n'd for all works incidental to the installation and completlon of piling works; and for any wastage.

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1.14.1

Proyislonal Pile length

For tendering purposes, a provisional pile length based on an average, anticipated depth of piling shall be assumed. This provisional pile length is based on information obtained from the Site Investigation. Nonetheless it shall be the Contractor's responsibility to anticipate and.to determinethe actual length which may be required

for each pile. - -

1.15

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1.1S.1

Temporary fencing

Clause 19 of ICTAD Publication No. SeAll (1989) shall apply.

1.15.2

Advertisements

The Contractor" 'shall allow no advertisement to be placed on any hoarding" scaffolding or fencing erected in connection with the Contract without the permission of the Engineer.

1.15.3

Latrine and wasbing acconupodation

Latrines and washing accomodation shall be in accordance with Preliminary Item No. -109 of ICTAD/ID/04.

1.15.4

Telephone facDities

The Contractor shall make his own arrangements with the appropriate authorities for the provisions of telephone facilities to and on the site.

1.15.5

Flammable Stores '

All petroleum, explosives and flammable materials shall be stored in fireproof buildings and, such precautions taken with regard to siting and fire risks as the Engineer may direct. The Contractor shall make all arrangements with the licensing

.authority for the necessary license.

1.15.6

Cleanlng up

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Clauses 32 and 33 of ICTAD Publication No. SCAlI (1989) shall apply.

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Appendix ht

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RELEVANT BRITISH STANDARDS

1. Site Investigations

BS: 5930 BS : 1377

2. Materials

BS : 12

BS : 882 BS: 3148 as : 4449

BS : 4461

·BS·: 5075

'_ i

Code of practice for Site Investigation

Methods of test of Soil for Civil Engineering purposes

Specification for Ordinary & Rapid - hardening Portland Cement

Specification for Aggregate from Natural sources fll'· concrete Methods of 1.e.;;~ for water fur making concrete

Specification for hot rolled steel bars for the reinforcement of

. concrete

Specification for cold rolled steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete

Concrete Admixtures

3~ . :~lln and Construction

: ....

BS : ·639

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BS : 1856 ·BS : 1881 BS : 5328 BS: 5573

BS : 8004 . as: 8110

Machinery

BS : 1305 BS : 3963 ,BS: 4251

1986 specification for covered carbon and carbon manganese steel electrode for manual metal-arc welding

General requirement for the metal-arc welding of mild steel Testing Concrete

Concrete

. Code of Practice for safety. Precautions in the construction of large diameter boreholes for piling and other purposes. Foundations

Structural use of concrete

Specification for Batch Type concrete mixers

Method for testing the mixing performance of concrete mixers. Truck Type concrete mixers

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- __ :APPENDIX 1.2-

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DAILY PILE RECORD FOR LARGE-AND SMALL-DIAMETER BORED PILES
PILE RECORDS TO BE SUBMITIED TO OFFICE DAILY
A SEPARATE SHEET TO BE USED FOR EACH PILE
BLOCK NUMBER DRAWING NHMBER I I
1. General PILE REF. PilE EllA. lEVEL OF
NO. BASE
UNOERREAM DIA, -
GROUND CUT OFF CONCRETED
LEVEL LEVEL LEVEL
2. Drilling DATE DA.TE - A.IR TEMP
STARTED COMPLETED
ERROR IN ERROR IN DEPTH
POSITION PLUMB BORED
ON PLAN
I rObstructions TYPE D;':?T'-{ P~ETRATION i
Natural HJCl)liNTt:ncD TiME .------~J
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Unnatural TYPE 0(;1"1";; PENETRATION j
I
EN::OUN-j-EREO TIME
_.o- __ ._
4. "Steel NO.OF
main steel BARS DIAMETER LENGTH
links or CENTRES OF COVER TO
helix BARS/PITCH DIAMETER ALL STEEl
5. Concrete DATE OATE CONCRETE QUANTITY
STARTED COMPLETED TEMP. ACTUAL:
THEORETICAL:
"MIX SLUMP ,. SUPP-LIER
6. Borehole DEPTH OF SOU. OESCRIPTION DEPTH OF RQCK DESCRIPTION DEPTH OF DEPTH OF
log OF SOIl: OF ROCK ROCK AUGERED ROCK CHISelLED'

and
rock ,
excavation -
--
7. ·Casing DEPTH OF DEPTH OF REASON FOR use
TEMPORARY PERMANENT OF PERMANENT
CASING CASING CASING
8. ·Water DEPTH DETAILS OF DETAILS OF
ENCOUNTERED STRONG FLOW REMEDIAL'
MEASURES
OEPTH TO
STRONG FLOW
Note: • If there are no changes to be recorded, items 3, 4, ., and 8 need be completed for the fitsr pile ~n{y in each block.
, .
.
Rcma<ks
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-SIGNEO CONTRACT SITE ENGINEER
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8b

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SECTION 2-

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS fOR MATERIALS

2.01 GENERAL

Au materials shall be in accordance "with Section 1 of this specification, Schedule 1 and this section, except where there may be conflict of requirements, in which case those in the Schedule 1 shall take precedence.

2.02 CEMENT

2.02,1 Type of cement

Cement shall ce orcuiary P'~l'fbrid, rapin hardening Portland ; sulphate u~:,i~li~!g Portland. sLlper-sulpl:atcJ o! h"lrtI2£id blasz-furr.sce cement unless otherwise ~~}i-.c:f.ed. When forwarding his. piling method and progrs m rue to the Engineer, the Contra-tor shall submit for approval the type of cement, other than ordinary Portland cement, he proposes to use. High alumina cement shall not be used.

2.02.1

Storage of cement

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All cement shall be stored in separate containers according to type in substantially built waterproof stores or silos.

2.03 . AGGREGATE

2.03.1

Types of aggregate

Aggregates shall consist of naturally occurring material unless otherwise specified or ordered. The Contractor shall inform the Engineer of the source of supply of the aggregates before the commencement of work and, at the request of the Engineer, provide evidence regarding their properties and consistency.

The total amount of chloride content (i.e. from aggregate, admixtrues, etc.) expressed as the chloride ion percentage by mass of cement, shall not exceed 0..4%.

The use of marine aggregates will not normally be approved for l!se other than with ordinary or sulphate resisting Portland cement.

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2.04

2.04.1

2.04.2

2.65

2.06

2.06.1

Storage of aggregates

All aggregates brought to the site shall be free and kept free from deleterious matter. Aggregates of different types and sizes shall be stored separately in different hoppers

or different stockpiles.

WATER

Availability

If water for the works is not available from a public supply, approval shall be obtained regarding the source of water.

Tests

When required by the Engineer, the Contractor shall arrange for tests of the water for the works to be carried out i n accor.j:::lnce with BS 3148 before and during the progress of the work.

ADMIXTURES

Admixtures shall be used when required, with the approval of the Engineer.

CONCRETE MIXES

Grade designation

Grade of concrete shall be denoted by the characteristic 28 day test cube strength in Newton per square millimetre.

2.06.2 Mix

Concrete mixes shall be Grade 25 or above of BS 5328, Part 1, Clause 5.1.

The concrete used shall have a workability as indicated in Appendix 2.1.

The concrete mix should have a water/cement ratio not exceeding 0.6.

The Contractor shall be responsible for selecting the mix proportions to achieve the required strength and workability, but the Engineer will be responsible for specifying the minimum cement content and any other properties to ensure durability.

Complete information on the .mix and sourcf?s of aggregates for each grade of concrete and the water/cement ratio and the proposed degree of workability shall be approved before work commences.

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2.06.3

Sulphate attack

Forconcrete in piles exposed to sulphate attack the requirements of Table 17 of BS

8004 shall.be observed. ,.'

2.06.4

Minimum cement content

The cement content in any mix shall be not less than 300 kg/rrr'. Where concrete is to be placed under water or drilling mud by trernie , the cement content shall not be less than 380 kg/rn-", or where the pile will be exposed to sea water 400 kg/rrr':

2.06.5

Maximum cement content

The cement content in any mix shall not exceed 550 kg/rn-'.

2.07 TRIAL MIXES

\,Vh"';} d""'i (tnt'':"j (1' i ".,1" "I'e soecif ~.J t··j ~ 't 11"'1" "''' . f-. all be pr'~'1'" '~;,1 .-:~" ,'::Ie1: >"<"j" of

,. .....11. ._ ~ :.~ _ 1'11".-0) 4."-: '.!i- l :.J • a. ~~ A· .-::I ..l~, - ''''t ~"'--' -_ . ..._.-. ~v u"_.:, ._"

concrete in accordance with BS 1881, unless there are existing data showing that the proposed mix proportions and manufacture will produce a concrete of the strength and

quality required having adequate workability for compaction by the method to be used I

in placing.

2.Q7.2 Preliminary trial mixes l

When required in accordance with clause 2.07.1 the Contractor shall, before the commencement of concreting, have preliminary trail mixes prepared, preferably under full-scale production conditions or, if this is not possible, in an approved laboratory

using a sufficient number' of samples to be representative of the aggregates and

cement to be used. Unless otherwise approved for each grade of concrete a set of six

cubes shall be made from each of three batches in accordance with clause 3,4.3 of

BS 5328, Part 3. From each set of six cubes three shall be tested at an age of 7 days

and three at 28 days.

This procedure shall be followed when accelerated testing is proposed for works cubes, but an additional three cubes from each batch shall be made, cured and tested in accordance with the accelerated regime.

2.01.3

Trial mixes during the work

Where a trial mix is required after commencement of the work the procedure in clause 2.07.2 shall be adopted for full-scale production conditions as approved. The 9treogth requirement shall be as in clause 2.07.5.

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( 2.07.4

2.07.5

2.07.6

2.08.

2.08.1

Workability

_The workability of each batch of the trial mixes shall be determined by the slump test _-, as described in BS 1881 or by an alternative approved method.

Standard of acceptance

Unless otherwise approved, the trial mix proportions will be approved if the criteria in clause 3.4.3 of BS 5328, Part 3 are met, in particular that the average 28 day compressive strength of 3 cubes exceed the specified characteristic strength by at least 10 N/mm2.

When a mix has been approved, no variations shall be made in the proportions, "~l~ original source of the cement aJld ~,_::g[egales or their type, size or grading zc Ie without the consent of the Engineer. Further tests may be required.

STEEL REINFORCE:MENT

Condition

A certificate shall be' obtained by the Contractor from the manufacturer-of the bentonite powder showing the properties of each consignment delivered to the. site. This certificate shall be made available to the Engineer on request. The properties to be given by the manufacturer are the apparent viscosity range (in centipoise) and the gel strength (in N/m2) for solids in water.

The requirements for mixing and testing of bentonite are given in Appendix 2.2.

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. Appendix 2.1

ST~1)ARDS FOR WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE

.
Piling mix Slump (mm) Typical conditions
Workability Minimum Maximum of use
.
A 75 125 Placed into water-
- free unlined bore-
widely spaced
rein forcement
leaving ample
room for free
. movement between
bars
-. --
B roo I 1.75 Where
I I
! reinforcement is il
~~.
! not spaced .v:ic::.l y Ii
1!
enough to give free "
movement between
bars. Where
casting level is
within the casing. .
Where pile
diameter is less
than.6OQ mm
,.-
- C 150 Where concrete is
to be placed by .
tremie under water
or drilling fluid. - 14 -

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Appendix 2.2

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REQUIREM.:ENTS FOR MIXING AND TESTING OF BENTONITE

A2.2.1

Mixing

-

Bentonite shall be mixed thoroughly with clean fresh water to make a suspension which will

maintain the stability of the pile excavation for the period necessary to place concrete and complete construction.

Where saline or chemicallycontaminated groundwater occurs, special precautions shall be taken to modify the bentonite suspension or prehydrate the bentonite in fresh water so as to render it suitable in all respects for the construction of piles.

,4, '4 .... r, ~i

j-:... .... ..:..10 .....

The frequency of testing drilling fluid and the method and procedure of sampling shall be

proposed by the Contractor prior to the commencement of the work. The frequency may I

subsequently be varied, depending on the consistency of the results obtained. .

Control tests shall be carried out on the bentonite suspension using suitable apparatus. The "

density of freshly mixed bentonite suspension shall be measured daily as a check on the

quality of the suspension being formed.

Tests to determine density, viscosity, shear strength and pH value shall be applied to I

bentonite supplied to the pile boring. For average soil conditions the results shall generally

be within the ranges stated in Table A2.1.1. The tests shall be carried out until a consistent working pattern has been established, account being taken of the mixing process, any blending of freshly mixed bentonite suspension and previously used bentonite suspension and

any process which may be used to remove impurities from previously used bentonite suspension. When the results show consistent behaviour, the tests for shear strength and pH

value may be discontinued, and tests to determine density and viscosity shall be carried out

as agreed with the Engineer.' In the event of a charige in the established working pattern,

tests for shear strength and pH value shall be reintroduced for a period if required: .,

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Table A2.1.1

Property to be Range of results at Test method
measured . 20°C
-
Density Less than 1.10 g/ml Mud density balance
Viscosity 30 -·90 s Marsh cone method
or
Less than 20 cp Fann viscometer *
----
Shear strength 1.4 - 10 N/rn2 j Shearorneter
j
(10 minute gel I
strength) or I
4-40 N/m2 Fann Viscometer
pH 9.5 - 12 pH indicator
paper strips
or
electrical pH meter *

where the Fann Viscometer is specified, the fluid sample should be screened by a No. 52 sieve (300 ~m) prior to testing.

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.,

SECTION 3-

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF WORKMANSHIP

3.01

GENERAL

All work shall be in accordance with Section 1 of this specification, Schedule 1 and this section, except where there may be conflict ofrequirements, in which case those in Schedule 1 shall take precedence.

.j

3.02 SETTI:NG. OUT

The Contractor shall check the casing position for each pile during and immediately after placing the casing. The tolerances should be in accordance with Clause 1.06.

3.03

DlAJ\1ETEl't OF f'iLFS

The diarue.er of a pile shall be not less than the specified -ji;:iH'::'C,' indicated .r:

Schedule 1.

3.04

BORING

3.04.1

Boring near recently cast piles

.

I

Piles shall not be bored so close to other piles which have recently been cast and which contain workable or unset concrete that a flow of concrete could be induced from or damage caused to any of the piles. A minimum period of 3 days shall be provided before boring near recently cast piles, unless otherwise agreed with the Engineer.

3.04.2 Temporary casings

(i) Temporary casing of approved quality or an approved alternative method shall be used to maintain the stability of the pile excavation which might otherwise collapse.

(ii) Temporary casings shall be free from significant distortion. They shall be of uniform cross-section throughout each continuous length. During concreting they shall be free from internal projections and encrusted concrete which might prevent the proper formation of piles.

(iii) The Contractor's equipment should be capable of sinking steel casing to support the full length of borehole, if so directed by the Engineer.

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3.04.3

Stabilltybr pile excavation using drilling fluid

(i) Where the -use of drilling fluid is approved for maintaining the stability of a boring, the level of the fluid in the excavation shall be maintained so that the fluid pressure always exceeds the pressures exerted by the soil and external groundwater.

(ii) The fluid level shall be maintained at a level not less' than 1 m above the level of the external groundwater.

(iii) An adequate temporary casi-ng shall be used in conjunction with the method to ensure stability of the strata near ground level until.concrete has been placed. A minimum length of casing of 105m shall be used.

(iv) In the event of a rapid loss of drilling fluid from the pile excavation, the excavation shall be backfilled without delay and the instructions of the Engineer shall be obtained before excavation at that location is resumed.

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3.04.4 Spillage and Disposal

, ,

i

All reasonable steps shall be taken to prevent the-spillage of drilling fluid on the site in areas outside the immediate vicinity of boring. Discarded drilling fluid shall be removed from the site without delay. Any disposal of drilling fluid shall comply with the regulanons of thelocal controlling authority j i

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3.04.5

Pumping from boreholes

Pumping from a borehole' shall not be permitted unless a casing has been placed into _ a stable stratum which prevents the flow of water from other strata in significant quantities into the boring, or unless it can be shown that pumping will not have a detrimental effecton the surrounding soil or property.

3.04.6 Continuity of Construction

A pile Constructed in a stable cohesive soil without the use of temporary casing or other forrn of support shall be bored and concreted without delay.

3.04.7 Enlarged pile bases

An enlarged base mechanically formed shall be not smaller than the dimensions specified and shall be concentric with the pile shaft to within a tolerance of 10% of the pile diameter. The sloping surface of the frustrum forming the enlargement shall make an angle to, the horizontal of not less than :55°.

3.04.8

C leaoliness . of pile bases

On completion of boring, loose, disturbed or remoulded soil shall be removed from the base of the pile to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

3.04.9

. Inspection

. Each pile boring shall be approved by the E~gineer or his representative on site prior to the placing of concrete in it.

The Contractor shall provide all facilities and assistance to enable the Engineer or his representative to carry out inspection.

3.04.10

Protection of borehole

All boreholes must be protected from the possibility of any surface water entering the borehole from time to time and until the borehole is completed and ready to be concreted, as well as during the concreting operation.

No concreting will be allowed to commence until the borehole has been inspected and the said precaution taken.

3.05.1

Be_ndinl. of reinforcement

No heating of reinforcement bars shaU be permitted for bending of the bars without the consent of the Engineer.

3.05.2

Placing of reinforcement

All intersecting bars shall be tied together with approved wire unless otherwise . permitted by the Engineer:

Reinforcement in the form of a cage shall be assembled with additional support, such as spreader forks and lacings, necessary to form a rigid cage. Hoops, links or helical reinforcement shall fit closely around the main longitudinal bars and be bound to them by approved wire, the ends of which shall be placed and maintained in position.

v

The cover to all reinforcement shall be not less than 50 mrn. The distribution and

spacing of spacer. blocks shall be approved, and these should be consistent with their purpose. The spacer blocks shall be made with 10 mm maximum aggregate size and

shall have a strength' not less than that of the concrete in the pile. '

The borehole shall not be damaged during placement of reinforcement cage in the borehole.

3.05.3

WeldinJ: of reinforcement

Welded joints and welding procedures shall be carried out in accordance with BS 639

or as 1856. .

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3.06

3.06.1

3.06.2

3.G6.3

3.06.4

3.07

3.07.1

MIXING CONCRETE

Type. of mixer

The mixer shall be of the batch type. unless otherwise approved, and shall have either been manufactured in accordance with BS 1305 or shown by tests in accordance with as 3963 to have mixing performance within the limits of Table 6 of BS 1305.

Tolerance of mixer blades

The mixing blades of pan mixers ·shall be maintained within the tolerances specified by the manufacturers of the mixers, and the blades shall be replaced when it is no longer possible to maintain the tolerance by adjustment.

Cleaning of mixers

Mixers which have been out of use for more than 30 minutes shall be thoroughly cleaned before another batch of concrete is mixed. Unless otherwise specified by th,_; Engineer, the first batch of concrete through mixer shall contain the normal batch quantity of cement and .sand, but only two thirds of the normal quantity of coarse aggregate. Mixing plant shall be thoroughly cleaned between the mixing of different

types of cement. .

Maximum and Minimum temperatures

The measured concrete temperature shall not exceed any specified maximum value or falI" below any specified minimum value.

TRANSPORTING CONCRETE

Transportation of concrete

The method of transporting concrete shall be submitted for approval. Concrete shall be transported in uncontaminated watertight containers in such a manner that loss of material and segregation are prevented.

Discharge of the concrete shall be completed within I 1/2 Ius, or before the drum has revolved 300 revolutions. or before proper placement and compaction of the concrete can no longer be accomplished, whichever comes first, after the introduction of mixing water to cement and aggregates, or the iritroduction of the cement to the aggregates. These limitations may be waived by the Engineer if the concrete is of such slumpafier the 1 1/2 hr time or 300 revolution limit has been reached that it can be placed, without the addition of water to the batch. In hot weather, or under conditions contributing to quick stiffening of the concrete, a time less than 1 1/2 hrs may be specified by the Engineer,

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,.

3.07.2

3.08

3.08.1

3.08.2

J.09

3.09.1

3.09.2

3.09.3

3.09.4

Puulping of concrete

4 t __ ',. .' ••

The use of pumped concrete and the methods' employ&:! i njt s use shall be subject' to

approval.

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1 ·1

READY .. MIXED, .CONCRETE

. .' ' .

Conditions for use

Subject to approval the Contractor may use ready mixed concrete in accordance with BS 5328 or the relevent SLS Standard. Approval shall be obtained for each proposed use-of ready-mixed concrete in different sections of the Works and for each different mix, which shall comply with this specification.

Mixing plant

Unless otherwise agfi;e.d by the Engineer, truck mixer units and t.ieir mixing and discharge performance shall (OnlP1Y with th,,: requircrnerus of L~S "j,~j;'.

SA TCHING CONCRETE

General

Unless otherwise specified the requirements in ciauses 3.09.2, 3.09.3 and 3.09.4 shall be met.

Accuracy of weighing and measuring equipment

The weighing and water-dispensing mechanisms shall be maintained at all times to within the limits of accuracy described in BS 1305.

Tolerance in weights

The weights of the quantities of each size of aggregate and of cement shall be within a tolerance of 2% of the respective weights per batch after due allowance has been made for the presence of free water in the aggregates which shall be determined by the Contractor by an approved method.

Moisture content of aggregates

The moisture content of aggregates shallbe measured immediately before mixing and as frequently thereafter as is necessary to maintain consistency of mix.

, .

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3.10

PLACING CONCRETE

3.10.1 General

(i) The method of placing and the workability of the concrete shall be such that a continuous monolithic concrete shaft of the full cross-section is formed.

(ii) The concrete shall be placed without such interruption as would allow the previously placed batch to have hardened. The method of placing should be approved by the

Engineer.

(iii) The Contractor shall take all precautions in the .deslgn of the mix and placing of the concrete to avoid arching of the concrete in a casing. No spoil, liquid or other foreign matter shall be allowed to contaminate the concrete.

3.10.:t Workability of concrete

Slump measured at the time of discharge into the pile boring shall be in accordance with the standards shown in Appendix 2.1. .

Concrete shall be of the workability approved under Clause 2.06.2 when in its final position and after ~l constructional procedure in forming the pile have been completed.

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(v)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)

3.11

3.11.1

3.11.2

shall ensure that heavily contaminated drilling fluid, which could impair the free flow I of concrete from- the pipe of the tremie has not accumulated at the bottom of the hole .

(iii)

'. • 'I • :' ~

A sample of the drilling fluid shall he taken from the base of the boring using an I approved sampling device. If the specific gravity of the suspension exceeds 1.25 the' placing of-concrete shall not proceed. In this event the Contractor shall modify or'

replace the drilling fluid as approved to meet the specifications. ". . I

The concrete shall be a rich coherent mix of high workability in accordance with Clause 2.06.4 and Mix C of Appendix 2.1.

. ;

(iv)

The concrete shall be placed in such a manner that segregation does not occur.

During and after concreting care shall be taken to avoid damage to the concrete from pumping and de-watering operations.

The hopper and pipe of the tremie shall be clean and watertight throughout. 1~he pipe shall extend to the base of the boring and a sliding plug or barrier shall be placed in the pipe to prevent t!ire!~t contact between the first charge of concrete in the; pip·!,; of the tremie J . nd the water or drilling fluid. The pipe shall at ali times pene.n~lte the concrete which h3<.:5 f're\'kHj~ly been placed ariel shall not bo; withdrawn fror.: the concrete until completion of concreting. At all times a sufficiett quantity of concrete shall be maintained within the pipe to ensure that the pressure from it exceeds that from the water or drilling fluid.

The internal diameter of the pipe of the tremie 'shall be not less than 150 mm for I concrete made with 20 mm aggregates, and not less than 200 mm for concrete made ~ with 40mm aggregate. It shall be so designed that external projections are I minimized allowing the tremie to pass through reinforcing cages without causing damage. The internal face of the pipe of the tremie shall be free from projections. ~

Concreting shall be carried out continuously in one operation.

TESTING "VORKS CONCRETE

Sampling

Concrete for the piles shall be' sampled in accordance with BS 1881,

Workability

. ,

The workability of concrete shall be determined by the slump test as described hi BS 1881 or by an alternative approved method .. The workability shall be measured on each truck load of concrete,

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··1

3.11.3

Works cube tests

For each grade of concrete four cubes shall' be made from a single batch when required for each 50 m3 of concrete or part thereof in each pile. The cubes shall be made. cured and tested in accordance with BS 1881 or as otherwise approved. One shall be tested at an age of 7 days and the other three at 28 days. Alternatively cubes may be tested in accordance with an approved accelerated testing regime. The Contractor shall submit original certificates of the results of all tests to the Engineer.

3.11..4

Standard of acceptance

The concrete shall be deemed to comply with the specified characteristic strength if the following are all satisfied for the 3 cubes tested at an .age of 28 days:

(a)

The average value of 3 cubes made from the same sample shall exceed the characteristic strength by an amount as specified in Schedule 1.

(b)

The lowest individual strength of any cube shall not be lower than the characteristic strength; and

(c)

The allowable range (maximum minus minimum value) of the strength of the 3 cubes made from the same sample shall not exceed 20 percent of the average value from the 3 cubes.

3.11.5

Records of tests

The Contractor shall keep a detail record of theresults of all. tests on concrete and concrete materials. Each test shall be clearly identified with the piles to which it relates.

3.12

EXTRACTION OF CASING

3.12.1

WorkabUity of Concrete

Temporary casings shall be extracted while the concrete within them remains sufficiently workable to ensure that the concrete is not lifted.

3.12.2 Concrete level

.j

(i) When the casing is being extracted a sufficient quantity of concrete shall be maintained within it to ensure that pressure from external water, drilling fluid or soil is exceeded and. that the pile is neither reduced in section or contaminated.

(ii) No concrete shall be placed in the boring once the bottom of the casing has been. lifted above the top of the concrete. The concrete shall be placed continuously as the

casing is extracted until the desired head of concrete is obtained. .

_;. 24 -

(iii)

Adequate precautions shall be taken in all cases where excess heads of water or drilling fluid could be caused as the casing is withdrawn", because of the displacement of water or fluid by the concrete as it flows into its final position against the walls of the shaft.> .:

3.12.3

Vibrating Extractors

The use of vibrating casing extractors will be permitted. subject to Clauses 1.13.1 and 1.13.2.

3.12.4

Water levels

In the event of the groundwater level being higher than the required pile head casting level shown on the Drawings, the Contractor shall submit his proposals for approval by the Engineer prior to placing concrete. The pile head shall not be left below groundwater level unless approved precautions are taken.

3,13 TEMPORARY BACKFILLING ABOVE PILE CASTING LEVEL

A fter each pile has been C{1st r.U1Y emFt;' bore remaining shall be protected and shall he . carefully backfi.led as soon as possible with approved materials,

.j

3.14 FINISHING FILE HEAD

(i) Where a temporary casing is used, the top of the piles should be brought up sufficiently far above the required finished level to allow for slumping on withdrawal of the casing and to permit all laitance and weak concrete to be removed. The casting tolerance' above cut-off level (in m) is as given below.

(a) For piles cast in dry boreholes using temporary casing and without the use of permanent lining

= 0.3 + (H/l2) + (CIS)

I I I ,

(b) For piles cast in dry boreholes within permanent lining tubes or permanent casings = 0.3 + (HI 10)

(c) For. piles cast under water or drilling fluid ;:: 1.0 + (HI 12) + (CIS)

where H = cut off distance (in m) below commencing surface;

and C = length of temporary casing (in m) below the commencing surface.

(ii) The tops of piles should be protected during general excavations.· The final excavation next to the piles should be undertaken by hand.

(iii)

Any defective concrete in the head of the completed pile should be cut off and made, good with concrete well bonded to the old. The reinforcement in the pile should be carefully exposed for a sufficient distance corresponding to the anchorage bond length to permit it to be adequately anchored to the pile cap.

25 -

SECTION 4· -

SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PILES roUNDED ON ,ROCK'

4.01 DEFINITIONS

Hard bed rock level will be as defined in Schedule ·1.

4.02 ADDmONAL INVESTIGATIONS

Before undertaking any piling work, the Contractor shall ensure that a sufficient number of

boreholes is available to' establish the rock profile at the site. .

The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer for his approval the additional number of such boreholes he considers essential to supplement the information already available in the Soil Investigation Reports indicated in Clause 1.05.1. The cost of such investigation shall be

included. in the tender, as a Supplementary Item.

4.03 FOUNDING pILES ON HARD BED ROCK'

4.03.1 Depth to bard rock

The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer for his concurrence,

(i) the: depth to hard bed rock anticipated from which rock socketing will commence.

(ii) the method of identification of hard bed rock level during his piling operations,

(iii) an estimate for the allowable carrying capacity of a pile based on rock properties, and

the basis for his estimation. .

4.03.2 Rock Socket'

Unless otherwise approved, piles shall be taken to a minimum of 300 mm into hard bed rock

where the surface of the bed rock is not very steep. .

Where the rock is steeply sloping, the rock socket should be of such a length that the entire cross section for the pile is end bearing on hard bed rock.

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. - _ .. ,,---- ._-- ~-- .. - .

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4.04 FOUNDING PILES ON WEATHERED ROCK

J,

4.04.1

. ..

, General

When the Site Investigation Report shows that

(i) the depth to hard bed rock is very large, and

(ii) a deep zone of weathered rock exists;

Consideration may be given to. the, termination "of the piles on weathered rock.

4.04.2

Depth of Tennination of piles

The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer for his concurrence

(i)
(i ')
,.1
(iii)
F
4.05 the depth at which a pile will be terminated

the method of identification he proposes to use for identi fying the level at which the pile will be terminated.

an estimate for the allowable carrymg capacity of a pile based 011 geotechnical properties, and the basis for his estimation.

ULTIMA TE RESPONSmILITY FOR FOUNDING DEPTHS,

•

The Contractor shall be ultimately re~ponsible to ensure that the piles have been taken to the I required founding depths and installed in accordance with Clauses 1.08 and 1, 10 so as to . ..! -carry the design working loads.

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SECTION'S -

PD...E TESTING BY MAINTAINED LOAD TEST

5.1 GENERAL

This Section deals with the testing of a pile by the application of an axial load in which each increment of load is held constant either for a defined period of time or until the rate of

movement fall to a specified value.

5.2 DEFINITIONS

Allowable Load: The load which may be safely applied to a pile after taking into account its ultimate: bearing capacity, allowable settlement, negative

friction, and pile spacing.

Compression Pile: A pile which is designed to resist an axial forcesuch as would cause it to penetrate further into the ground.

Kentledge The dead weight used in a loading test

Preliminary Pile: A pile installed before the commencement of the main piling works for the purpose of establishing th suitability of the chosen type of pile and for confirmation of its design, dimensions and bearing capacity.

Proof Load A load applied to a selected working pile to confirm that it is suitable for the load at the settlement specified. A proof load should not normally exceed 150% of the working load on a pile.

Reaction System: The arrangement of kentledge, piles or anchors that provides a resistance against which the pile is tested.

Tension Pile A pile which is designed to resist an axial force such as would cause it to be extracted from the ground.

Test Pile: Any pile to which a test is, or is to be applied.

Working Load: The load which the pile is designed to carry.

Working Pile: One of the piles forming the foundation of a structure.

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- 28 -

5.3 i\ DESCRIPTION o F WORKS

The number of- preliminary .piles that shall be loaded upto 200%' of working load or upto failure (whichever is less) is specified in Schedule 1 ..

The number of working pi res that shall be loaded upto 150% of working load or upto failure

(whichever is less) is specified in Schedule 1. .

5.4 SUPERVISION:

All tests shall be carried out only under the direction of an experienced and competent supervisor conversant witn the test equipment and test procedure.

5.S SAFETY f'RECA ~TIONS

oS • .3.1 General

When preparing for, conducting and dismantling a pile test, the Contractor shall carry out such measures as are necessary f~r the provision and maintenance of safe working conditions.

5.5.2 Kentledge .

Where kentledge is used, the Contractor shall construct the foundations for the kentledge and any cribwork, beams or other supporting structure in such a manner that there' will be no differential settlement, bending or deflection of an amount that constitutes a hazard to safety Of impairs the efficiency of the operation.

The kentledge shall be adequately tied or held together' to prevent it falling apart, or becoming unstable because of the deflection of the supports.

The weight ofthe kentledge shall be greater than the maximum test load.

. "

5.5.3 Tension piles and Grouod anchors

Where tension piles or ground anchors are used, the Contractor shall ensure that the load is correctly transmitted to all the tie rods or bolts. The extension of rods by welding shall not

be permitted.' .

- 29 -

5.5.4 Testing Equipment

In all cases the Contractor shall ensure that when the hydraulic jack and load measuring device are mounted on the pile head, the whole system will be stable upto the maximum load to be applied.

Means shall be provided to enable dial gauges to be read from a position clear of the kentledge stack or test frame in conditions where failure in any part of the system due to overloading, buckling, loss of hydraulics pressure, and 'so on might constitute a hazard to personnel.

The hydraulic jack, pump, hoses, pipes, couplings and other apparatus to be operated under hydraulic pressure shall be capable of withstanding a test pressure of 1.5 times the maximum working pressure without leaking.

5.0 PRE PARA nON OF A WORKJNG PU,E TO BE TESTED

5.6.1 Cut-off level

The pile shaft shall terminate at the normal cut-off level or at a level required by the

Engineer. . .j

If the cut-off level is below ground level, two methods for preparation of working pile can be adopted.

Method 1 - Extend the pile shaft above the cut off level.

If the extension of the shaft influences the load bearing capacity of the pile, a sleeve shall be installed and kept in place during testing to eliminate friction which would not arise in the Working Pile.

Method 2 - The shaft is not extended.

In this method the soil- around the Working Pile is excavated upto cut-off level. The excavation is carried out in a sufficiently large area so as to be able to set up the test equipment. for carrying out the Pile Load Test.

5.6.2 Pile Head

,

The pile head or cap shall be formed to give a plane surface which is normal to the axis of the pile. It should be sufficiently large to accommodate the loading and settlement measuring equipment, and adequately reinforced or protected to prevent damage from the concentrated

30 ~,

application of load from the loading equipment.

The pile .cap shall be concentric with the test pile. The joint between the cap and the pile shall have a 'strength equivalent to that of the pile.

Sufficient clear space shall be made under any part of the cap projecting beyond the section I

of the pile so that, at the maximum expected. settlement, load is not transmitted to the ground .

except through the pile. '

5.7 CONCRETE TEST CUBES

Test cubes shall be cast from the concrete used in

(i) building up a Working Pile;

(ii) casting of concrete cap, if this is separate from the concrete used in (i) above.

The cubes :;ha11 be old.de and tested in accordance with the standards giver ;1, A.ppendix 1. [ .

The pile. [est sh811 '"lIlt be started ',;!)tU ti,e s'!<:!ngth of the cubes exceeds th·! 25 day stre-ngth in any pile section.

5.8 REACTION SYSTEMS

5.8.1 Compression Tests

Compression tests shall be carried. out using ken tledge , tension piles or specially constructed anchorages.

5.8.2 Working piles

Working piles shall not be used as reaction piles without approval,

5.8.3 Spacing

Where kentledge is used, the distance from the edge of the test pile to the nearest part of the crib supporting the kentledge stack in contact with the ground shall not be less than 1. 3 m.

The centre to centre spacing of vertical reaction piles, including working piles used as reaction piles, from a test pile shall be not less than 3 times the diameter of the test pile or.

the reaction piles or 2 In, whichever is the greatest., .

Where ground anchors are used toprovide a test reaction for loading in compression, no part of the anchor transferring load to the ground shall be closer to the test pile than 3 times the diameter of the test pile.

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I 5.8.4 .Doading arrangement

The loading arrangem~'.f t used shall be designed to transfer safely to the test pile the maximum load requirer in testing. Full details shall be submitted to the Engineer prior to

any work related to tJ·.e testing process being carried out.

5.9 EQUIP1\1E~iT FOR APPLYING LOAD

The equipment r.sed for applying load shall consist of one or more hydraulic rams or jacks. The total capacity of the jacks shall-be at least equal to the required maximum load. The jack or jacks shall be arranged in conjunction with the reaction system to deliver an axial

load to the ~st pile.

5.10 MEASUREMENT OF LOAD

The \Jad shall be measured by a load measuring deviceai,d by a calibrated pressure gauge inc~Jde.d in the hydraulic system. Readings of both the load rnea:;lJring device and the. pr.!ssure gauge shall be recorded. In interpreung the test data the values given by (he load -neasuring device shall normally be used; the pressure gauge readings are required as a check:

for gross error.

The load measuring device may consist of a proving ring, load measuring column, pressure cell or other appropriate system. A spherical seating shall be used in conjunction with any devices that are sensitive to eccentric loading; care must be taken to avoid any risk of buckling. Load measuring devices and jacks shall be short in axial length in order to achieve the best possible stability; the Contractor shall pay attention to details in order to ensure that

axial loading is maintained.

The load measuring device shall be calibrated before and after each series of tests, whenever adjustments are made to the device or at intervals appropriate to the type of equipment. The pressure gauge and hydraulic jack shall be calibrated together. Certificates of calibration

shall be supplied to the Engineer. ..

The Engineer's agreement shall be obtained in writing before any modification of this procedure is adopted.

5.11 ADJUSTABlLITY OF LOADING EQUIPMENT

The loading equipment shall be capable of adjustment throughout the test to obtain a smooth increase of load or to maintain each load constant at the required stages of a maintained

loading test.

5.12 MEASURING MOVElVIENT OF PILE HEADS

, ..

The movement of the pile head shall be measured by one of the methods in clauses 5.12.1,.

5.12.2, 5.12.3 and 5.12.4.

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5.12.1

Levelling methods

An optical or any other leveIli_9g- method by reference to an external datum may be u~ed. Where a level and staff are used, the level and scale of the staff shall be chosen to enable readings to be made to within an accuracy of 0.5 mm. A scale attached to the pile or pile cap may be used instead of a levelling staff. At least two datum points shall be established on permanent objects or other well founded structures or deep datum points shall be installed. Each datum point shall be situated so that only one setting up of the level is needed.

No datum point shall be affected by the test loading or other operations on the site.

Where another method of levelling is proposed this shall be approved in writing.

5.12.2

Independent reference frame

An independent n:.krence frame. :1JaY he set t'~j to permit measurement of the movement of the pile. The supports for the frame shall he founded in such a manner and at such a distance frc.n the test pile, kentledge support nibs, reaction piles, and anchorage that movements of the ground ill the vicinity of the equipment do not cause movement of the reference frame during the test which will affect the required accuracy of the test. Check observations of any movement of the reference frame shall be made and a check shall be made of the movement of the pile head relative to an external datum during the progress of the test. In no case shall the supports be less than three test pile diameters or 2m, whichever is the greater. from the centre of the test pile.

·1 ~I

The measurement of pile movement shall be made by two dial gauges rigidly mounted on the reference frame that bear on surfaces normal to the pile axis fixed to the pile cap or head. Alternatively the gauges may be fixed to the pile and bear on surfaces on the reference frame. The dial gauges shall be placed in diametrically opposed positions and be equidistant from the pile axis. ( The use of 3 dial gauges placed equidistant from the pile axis shall also be allowed.) The dial gauges shall enable readings to be-made to within an accuracy of 0.01 mm, and should have a 'Stem travel of at least 25 mm. '

The reference frame shall be protected from sun and wind.

S.12.3

Reference wire

A reference wire shall be held under constant tension between two foundatioris formed as in the method in clause 5.12.2. The wire shall be positioned against a scale fixed to the pile and the movement of the scale relative tothe wire shall be determined.

. .

Check observations of any' movements of the supports of the wire shall be made·or a check

shall be made of the movement of the pile head as in the method in clause 5.12.1. Readings shall be taken to within an accuracy of 0.5 mm.

33

, I
"
"'!! I
~~. "

The reference wire shall be protected from sun and wind.

5.12.4

Other methods

The Contractor may submit any other method for measuring the movement of pile head for approval.

5.13

PROTECTION OF TESTING EQUlPl\IENT

5.13.1

Protection from weather

Throughout the test period all equipment for measuring load and movement shall be protected

from the weather. .

5.13.2

Prevention of disturbance

Construction equipment and persons who are not involved in the te5t~ng process shall be kept at a sufficient distance from the test to avoid disturbance to the measurement apparatus.

5.14 SUPERVISION I

5.14.1 Notice of-test

The Contractor shall give the Engineer at least 24 hours' notice of the commencement of the test.

5.14.2

Records

During the progress of a test, the testing equipment and all records of the test as required in clause 5.16.2 shall be available for inspection by the Engineer.

5.15 TEST PROCEDURE

S.lS.1 Proof test by maintained load test

The maximum load which shall be applied in a proof test on a working pile is 1.5 times the working load. The loading and unloading shall be carried out in stages as shown in Table

5.1. .

Following each application of an increment of load the . load shall be held for not less than the period shown in Table 5.1 or until the rate of settlement is less than 0.25 mm/h and slowing down. The rate of settlement shall be Calculated from the slope of the curve

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obtained by plotting values of settlement versus time and drawing a smooth curve through the points.'

Each stage of unloading shall proceed after the expiryof the period shown in Table 5.1.

For any .period when the load is constant, time and settlement shall be recorded immediately on reaching the load and at approximately 15 min intervals for 1 h, at 30 min intervals between 1 h and 4 h, and at 1 h intervals between 4 h and 12 h after the application of the increment of load.

Table 5.1
Load, percentage of working Minimum time of holding load
load
I 25 1 h
II '"(l 1 II Ii'
I .',} I!
r 1 h
,)
W{) ! h Ii
75 10 min ; I
50 10 min
25 10 min
0 i h I
100 6 h
125 1 h
150 6 h ~I
125 10 min
100 10 min •
75 10 min
50 10 min
25 10 min
0 1 h Results shall be submitted as

5.16 PRESENTATION OF RESULTS

5.16.1 Results to be submitted

(a) 'a summary in writing to the Engineer, unless otherwise directed, within 24 hours of the completion of the test, which shall give for a proof test by maintained load for each stage of loading, the period for which the load was .held, the load and the maximum settlement recorded.

1

(b)

I the' competed schedule of recorded data as the clause 5.16.2 within seven days of the completion of the test.

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'I

1\ I

I

~ I I

I

I

Schedule of recorded data'

The Contractor, shall provide information about the tested pile jn accordance with the

following schedule where applicable. .

(a) General

Site location Conttactidentification Proposed structure Main Contractor Piling Contractor Engineer

Client

Date of. test

(b) Pile details

Identification (number and location) Position relative to adjacent piles Brief description of location Ground level at pile position

Head level at which test load is applied

Shape and size of cross section of pile, position of change in cross section

Head details

Length in ground

Level of toe

Any permanent casing Concrete mix

Aggregate type and source

Cement type .

Slump .

Cube test results for pile and cap

Reinforcement .

(c) InstaUation details

Dates and times of boring and concreting of test pile and adjacent piles Unexpected circumstances and difficulties

Date and time of casting concrete pile cap .

Start and finish of each operation during installation of a pile and sub seq uent testing

Delays due to weather conditions .

Type of equipment used and method of boring Temporary casing, method of installation and extraction Strata encountered during boring

Water encountered during boring

Method of placing concrete and conditions pertaining

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._--_ .. - ~-.-

Volume of concrete placed

Concrete level before and after extraction of casing .

(d)

Test procedure

. . _. ~ -

Weight of kentledge

Tension pile, ground anchor or compression pile details

Plan of test arrangement showing position and distances of kentledge supports, rafts, tension or compression piles and reference frame to test pile

Jack capacity

Method of load measurement Method(s) of settlement measurement Relevant dates and times

(e) Test Results

In tabular form .. " ,

In graphical form: load plotted against settlement, load plotted against uplift, with times Ground heave

Effect on adjacent structure

(0 Site investigation

Site investigation report number Borehole references

, -,

5.17 COMPLETION OF A TEST

5.17.1 Measuring equipment

On completion of a test all equipment and measuring devices shall be dismantled. checked and either stored so that they are available for use in further tests or removed from the Site as specified,

5.17.2

KenUedge

KentIedge and its supporting structure shall beremoved from the test pile and stored so that they are available for use in further tests or removed from the site as specified. '

5.17.3

Ground anchors and temporary piles

On completion of a preliminary test, tension piles and ground anchors shall be cut off below ground level, removed from the site and the ground made good with approved material as specified.

- 37'-

"

5.17.4

Preliminary test pUe_ ~p

The pile capt if formed in concrete, shall be broken off and the resulting material disposed of off the site. If the pile cap is made of steel it shall be cut off and. stored so that it is available for use in further tests or removed from the site as specified.

The pile head shall be made good or extended to the cut off level in clause 5.6.1

5.17.5

Proof test pile cap

Oil completion of a test on a proof pile, the test pile cap, if in concrete.. shall be stripped and left in a state ready for incorporation in the Permanent Works and the resulting material disposed of off the site.

If the pile cap is made of steel it shall be cut off and stored so that it is available for use in further tests or removed from the sire as specified.

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. SCHEDULES

.J.

Specifications The specifications shall be "Specifications for bored and cast in situ reinforced concrete piles" published by ICTAD, with information, performance specification, amendments and additions as described in the schedules.

Schedule 1

Information

Schedule 2

Performance SPecification

Schedule 3

Specification Amendments

Schedule 4-

Specification Additions

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•

Schedule '1 ~

Informatioll

Name of Contract

A concise and unique name is required for contract and reporting purposes. The name should include the nearest town.)

Qeneral Information re~ardine prqject

(a) Site location

(b) Proposed structure

(c) Name of client

(d) Name of Engineer/Consultants.

Site Investigation DQ£.iJm~

Construction Rrawini:s

(for En1!ineer desi~ned pile fQtlDdatiQUs)

This should include

(i) Pile layout

(ii) For each pile,

Ref. No.

Location

Pjle Type Nominal diameter Cut - off level Base level

, Length, diameter, and other details of reinforcement

Working load '

Sl..j Concrete mix details

(a) Concrete grade ( .... )

(b) Maximum size of aggregate (>Ie)

(c) Minimum' cement content

(d) Maximum and minimum temperatures during placement

(e) When testing works concrete as per Clause 3.11, the average 28 day Strength of 3 cubes' made from the same sample shall exceed the characteristic strength

by an amount , .. N/mm2.

(* ~ These may be omitted for Contractor designed pile foundations.)

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Sl..Q Reinforcement detaih

(a) Grade of steel - (*).

(b) Length, diameter, and other details of reinforcement. (*)

(* ~ These may be omitted for Contractor designed pile foundations.)

-

.s.L1 Definition of hard bed rock level

Hard bed rock level will be defined as the rock level at which a core recovery of more than 75 % can be obtained.

(a) Number of piles to be tested

(b) . Maximum test load to be applied.

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Schedule 2: PerformlD«e specification

Sl..l 'Eor" Maintained Pile I...Oi\d Test

For load cycle upto 1.0 times Working Load,

maximum allowable gross settlement = 12 mm maximum allowable net settlement = 6 mm

Fot load cycle upto 1.5 times Working Load,

maximum allowable .gross settlement = 25 mm maximum allowable net settlement - 12 mm

(if Column/wall !ay.:;:.:. al foundation level.

(ii) Service. Loads on Cclurnns/walls at foundation level.

(iii) Expected cut-off level of piles.

Schedule 3: Specificatioo Amendments

The following clauses are amended:

Schedule 4: Specification Additions

The following clauses are added to the specifications:

·1

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