High Performance Concrete: Shanagonda Akhila, Kolla Aswani Chandh

International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
High Performance Concrete

Shanagonda Akhila1, Kolla Aswani Chandh2
1,2
Department of Civil Engineering, Vignan’s Institute of Technology and Aeronautical Engineering,
Vignan hills Deshmukhi(V) Nalgonda (Dist)
Abstract: High performance concrete (HPC) has been defined as concrete that possesses high workability, high strength and high
durability. American concrete institute (ACI) has defined HPC as a concrete in which certain characteristics are developed for a
particular application and environment. Under the ACI definition durability is optional and this as led to a number of HPC structures,
which should theoretically have had very long services lives, exhibiting durability associated distress early in their lives. ACI also define
a high-strength concrete as concrete that has a specified compressive strength for design of 6000 psi (41 MPa) or greater. High
performance concrete (HPC) is a concrete made with appropriate materials combined according to a selected mix design; properly
mixed, transported, placed, consolidated and cured so that the resulting concrete will give excellent performance in the structure in
which it is placed, in the environment to which it is exposed and with the loads to which it will be subjected for its design life. Mix
proportions for high performance concrete (HPC) are influenced by many factors, including specified performance properties, locally
available materials, local experience, personal preferences, and cost. With today’s technology, there are many products available for
using concrete to enhance its properties. The primary application for HPC have been structures requiring long service lives such as oil
drilling platform, long span bridges and parking structures. HPC still requires good construction practice and good curing to deliver
high performance.
Keywords: Fly Ash, Super plasticizer, Compressive strength, Flexural strength, Split Tensile strength, HPC
1. Introduction 2) Fine Aggregate

3) Coarse Aggregate
The American Concrete Institute (ACI) defines high- 4) Fly Ash
performance concrete as concrete meeting special 5) Super Plasticizer
combinations of performance and uniformity requirements
that cannot always be achieved routinely when using 3. Tests Conducted
conventional constituents and normal mixing, placing and
curing practices. A high-performance concrete is something 3.1 Cement
which demands much higher performance from concrete as
compared to performance expected from routine concrete. Zuari 43 grade ordinary Portland cement is used for casting
the elements. The following test are conducted
High Performance Concrete (HPC) is designed to provide 1) Fineness test
several benefits in the construction of concrete structures as 2) Standard consistency test
tabulated below: 3) Initial setting time test
4) Final setting time test
Performance Benefits 5) Specific gravity test
 Ease of placement and consolidation without affecting 6) Compressive strength test
strength
 long-term mechanical properties 3.2 Fine Aggregate
 early high strength
 toughness In this investigation fine aggregate is a naturaly available
 volume stability sand and it is free from dirt, dust and any organic matter. The
 longer life in severe environments fine aggregate used for the project was obtained from
Krishna river.
Cost & Other Benefits
 Less material The following tests were conducted on the sand:
 Fewer beams 1) Sieve analysis.
2) Bulking of sand by volume method.
 Reduced maintenance
3) iii.Specific gravity test.
 Extended life cycle
 Aesthetics
3.3 Coarse Aggregates
A high-strength concrete is always a high-performance
concrete, but a high-performance concrete is not always a In this investigation hard broken granite aggregate is used.
high-strength concrete. The size aggregate is various from12 mm to 20 mm. The
source the aggregates is Kavadpalli.
2. Materials Used
The following tests were conducted on the Coarse
1) Cement Aggregates
Volume 6 Issue 1, January 2017
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Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: ART20163189 DOI: 10.21275/ART20163189 215
1) Specific Gravity Table 1: Property of Super Plasticizers
2) Fineness Modulus Usage High-range water reducing type super plasticizer
3) Water Absorption Classification Polycarbixylate based super plasticizer
4) Aggregate Impact Test Appearance Light brown liquid
5) Aggregate Crushing Test Solid Content Min. 40%
Viscosity Max. 1000 cPS
3.4 Fly Ash (25ºC)
Density 1.10 – 1.20 mg/l
Finely divided residue that results from the combustion of Ph 4.0 – 7.5
ground or powdered coal." It is primarily the inorganic
portion of the source coal in a particulate form. Fly ash is a 3.6 Tests Conducted on HPC
very fine material consisting predominantly of small spheres
of glass. The material once considered as a waste by product, 3.6.1 Compressive Strength Test
finding difficulty to be disposed off, has now become a 3.6.2 Split Tensile Strength
material of considerable value, when used in connection with 3.6.3 Flexural Strength Test
concrete as an admixture.
4. Results
The following fly ash tests are discussed in detail:
1) Moisture content, Table 2: Test Results on Cement
2) Loss on ignition, S.No Test Name Result
3) Silicon oxide content, 1 sieve test 8%
4) Alumina oxide content, 2 standard consistency 29 %
3 Initial setting time 52 min
5) Calcium oxide content,
4 Final setting time 480 min
6) Chloride content,
5 Specific gravity test 3.15
7) Free calcium oxide content,
3 days 7 days 28 days
8) Total alkali oxides content, 6 Compressive strength N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
9) Particle density determination (by Pycnometer bottle and 22.12 30.12 44.23
Le-Chatlier Flask methods),
10) Fineness determination (by dry sieving, wet sieving, Table 3: Test Result on Fine Aggregate
Blaine air permeability and laser methods)
S. No Test Name Result
The following tests for fly ash cement pastes, mortars, or 1 Sieve analysis Zone lll
concretes are outlined: 2 Bulking of sand by volume method 12.5%
1)Soundness (expansion test), 3 Specific gravity test 2.51
2)water requirement (expressed as water content of test 4 Relative density 45% (medium dense)
specimen divided by water content of control specimen to
achieve equal specified consistencies) Table 4: Test Result on Coarse Aggregate
3)Preparation and curing of specimens, determination of S.No Test Name Result
compressive strength (28 days). 1 Fineness modulus 7.5
2 Specific gravity 2.83
3.5 Super Plasticizers 3 Water absorption 2.1%
4 Crushing strength 22.43%
Plasticizers or water reducers, and super plasticizer or high 5 Impact test 28.12%
range water reducers, are chemical admixtures that can be
added to concrete mixtures to improve workability. Table 5: Test Result on Compressive Strength
Specifications Compressive strength(N/mm2)
In order to produce stronger concrete, less water is added Addition of fly ash 3 days 7 days 28 days
(without "starving" the mix), which makes the concrete 0% 26.68 29.77 45.77
mixture less workable and difficult to mix, necessitating the 10% 25.44 32.22 50.44
use of plasticizers, water reducers, super plasticizers or 20% 24.58 34.60 52.33
dispersants. Plasticizers are also often used when pozzolanic 30% 23.58 35.56 55.56
ash is added to concrete to improve strength. This method of 40% 22.98 28.25 44.23
mix proportioning is especially popular when producing Super plasticizers
high-strength concrete and fiber-reinforced concrete. 0% 26.68 29.77 45.77
0.50% 29.11 32.85 54.12
Adding 1-2% plasticizer per unit weight of cement is usually 1% 30.01 35.98 54.85
1.50% 30.98 36.01 55.12
sufficient. Adding an excessive amount of plasticizer will
2% 25.12 28.12 44.85
result in excessive segregation of concrete and is not
advisable. Depending on the particular chemical used, use of
too much plasticizer may result in a retarding effect.

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Test Result Explained by the Following Graphs.
Figure 5: Graph Drawn between Compressive Strength Vs

Figure 1: Graph Drawn between Compressive Strength Vs Addition of Super Plasticizer for 7 days
Addition of Fly Ash for 3 days

Addition of Fly Ash for 7 days Figure 6: Graph Drawn between Compressive Strength Vs
Addition of Super Plasticizer for 28 days
Table 6: Test Result on Split Tensile Strength

Specifications Split tensile strength (N/mm2)
Addition of fly ash 3 days 7 days 28 days
0% 2.26 2.50 3.00
10% 2.40 2.68 3.51
20% 2.60 2.90 3.53
30% 2.70 3.08 3.70
40% 2.16 2.55 2.8
Super plasticizers
0% 2.26 2.67 2.9
0.50% 2.70 3.20 3.54
1.0% 2.87 3.35 3.68
1.50% 2.96 3.45 3.72
2.0% 2.22 2.54 2.85
Addition of Fly Ash for 28 days
Figure 4: Graph Drawn between Compressive Strength Vs Figure 7: Graphs Drawn between Split Tensile Strength Vs
Addition of Super Plasticizer for 3 days Addition of Fly Ash for 3 days
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Figure 8: Graphs Drawn between Split Tensile Strength Vs Figure 12: Graphs Drawn between Split Tensile Strength Vs
Addition of Fly Ash for 7 days Addition of Super Plasticizer for 28 days
Table 7: Test Results on Flexural Strength

Specifications Flexure strength (N/mm2)
Addition of fly ash 3 days 7 days 28 days
0% 3.12 5.45 7.05
10% 4.25 5.7 7.42
20% 5.12 6 7.92
30% 5.25 6.2 8.05
40% 3.02 5.35 6.95
Super plasticizers
0% 3.12 5.45 7.05
0.50% 4.62 5.90 7.12
1% 4.82 5.98 7.35
Figure 9: Graphs Drawn between Split Tensile Strength Vs 1.50% 4.91 6.01 7.48
Addition of Fly Ash for 28 days 2% 3.00 5.32 6.95
Figure 10: Graphs Drawn between Split Tensile Strength Vs

Addition of Super Plasticizer for 3 days Figure 13: Graphs drawn between Flexural strength vs
Addition of fly ash for 3 days
Figure 11: Graphs Drawn between Split Tensile Strength Vs

Addition of Super Plasticizer for 7 days Figure 14: Graphs drawn between Flexural strength vs

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5. Conclusions
1) Fly ash is added at different proportions namely 0%,
10%, 20%, 30% and 40%.
2) For 43 grade cement with M40 mix, by adding up to
30% of fly ash to the cement, the strength is increased
and by adding 40% of fly ash the strength is decreasing.
3) The test results show that on addition of 30% of fly ash
to cement it has gained maximum strength at 28 days
period but the rate of strength gain compared to ordinary
Portland cement concrete OPCC is at slower rate at
initial days.
4) The compressive strength increased by 22.44%, split
tensile strength increased by18.37% and flexural
Figure 15: Graphs drawn between Flexural strength vs
strength increased by 16.18% when compare to normal
concrete.
5) By use of fly ash as admixture, the cost of construction is
also considerably reduced.
6) Non-biodegradable fly ash is effectively utilized in
H.P.C, so it reduces the disposal problem of fly ash.
7) For 43 grade cement with M40 mix, by adding 0%,
0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% of super plasticizer to the mix
prepared the strength is slightly increased and at adding
2.0% of plasticizer to the mix prepared the strength will
slightly decreased.
8) The test results show that on addition of 1.5% of super
plasticizers to concrete it has gained maximum strength
at 28 days period
Figure 16: Graphs drawn between Flexural strength vs 9) The compressive strength increased by 20.22%, split
Addition of Super Plastisizer for 3 days tensile strength increased by16.32% and flexural
strength increased by 13.46% when compare to normal
concrete.
10) Super plasticizer may not increase the strength of
concrete directly. But it helps in reducing the w/c ratio.
Which in turn result in the increase of strength of
concrete due to reduction of w/c ratio.
11) It is concluded that when compare to super plasticizer,
fly ash gives more desirable properties to concrete and
eco friendly.
References
[1] A&Court, C. L., "Mix Design and Abrasion Resistance
Figure 17: Graphs drawn between Flexural strength vs of Concrete," Symposium on Mix Design and Quality
Addition of Super Plastisizer for 7 days Control of Concrete, Cement and Concrete Association,
London (1954)
[2] Abdun-Nur, E. A., Fly Ash in Concrete, Highway
Research Board Bulletin 284, Washington, D.C. (1961)
[3] ASTM Committee C-9, Manual of Concrete Testing,
1976 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 14,
Philadelphia (1976)
[4] ASTM, Manual of Cement Testing, 1988 Annual Book
of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.01 (1988)
[5] ASTM Committee C-9, Manual of Aggregate and
Concrete Testing, 1989 Annual Book of ASTM
Standards, Part 14, Philadelphia (1989)
[6] American Coal Ash Association, Proceeding: Eigth
International Ash Utilization Symposium,
Vols. 1 and 2. EPRI CS-5362 (1987)
Figure 18: Graphs drawn between Flexural strength vs
Addition of Super Plastisizer for 28 days

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[7] J. M. Hodgkinson (2000). Mechanical Testing of
Advanced Fibre Composites. Cambridge: Woodhead
Publishing, Ltd. p. 132–133.
[8] William D. Callister, Jr.Materials Science and
Engineering.Hoken:John Wiley &
Sons,Inc.,2003pegggy carrasquillo, chapter 14, SYM
STP 169C,significancies of testing and properties of
concrete and concrete making materials, American
society for testing and materials west Conshohocken,
PA.
[9] “Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and
Concrete-Making Materials,” Chapter 12 on Strength,
ASTM STP 169B.
[10] “Studies of Flexural Strength of Concrete, Part 3,
Effects of Variations in Testing Procedures,” by Stanton
Walker and D.L. Bloem, NRMCA Publication No. 75
(ASTM Proceedings, Volume 57, 1957).
[11] “Variation of Laboratory Concrete Flexural Strength
Tests,” by W. Charles Greer, Jr., ASTM, Cement,
Concrete and Aggregates,Winter, 1983.
[12] “Concrete Mixture Evaluation and Acceptance for Air
Field Pavements” by Richard O.Meininger and Norman
R. Nelson, ASCE Air Field Pavement Conference,
September, 1991. NRMCA Publication No. 178.
[13] ASTM D3967-95a, 1996, Standard test method for
splitting tensile strength of rock core specimens
[14] ASTM C496 Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical
Concrete Specimens
[15] J.Premalatha and R.Sundara Rajan, strength properties
of high strength fibrous concrete, THE INDIAN
CONCRETE JOURNAL JULY 2007,PP.(37-41)
[16] Concrete Technology by M.S.SHETTY.
[17] Concrete Technology by M.L.GAMBHIR .
[18] Design of concrete mixes by Dr.N.KRISHNA RAJU.
[19] Super plasticizers in Concrete by
V.S.RAMACHANDRAN
[20] Properties of concrete by A.M.NEVILLE.
Author Profile
Shanagonda Akhila received B.Tech and M.Tech
degree in CIVIL Engineering and Structures under
JNTU HYDERABAD in 2012 and 2014 respectively.
Working as Assistant Professor in Department of Civil
Engineering at Vignan’s Institute of Technology and
Aeronautical Engineering.
Kolla Aswani Chandh received B.Tech and M.Tech

degree in CIVIL Engineering and Transportation
Engineering under JNTU KAKINADA in 2012 and
2016 respectively. Working as Assistant Professor in
Department of Civil Engineering at Vignan’s Institute of
Technology and Aeronautical Engineering.

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International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

High Performance Concrete

1. Introduction 2) Fine Aggregate

Volume 6 Issue 1, January 2017

Figure 5: Graph Drawn between Compressive Strength Vs

Figure 2: Graph Drawn between Compressive Strength Vs

Table 6: Test Result on Split Tensile Strength

Table 7: Test Results on Flexural Strength

Figure 10: Graphs Drawn between Split Tensile Strength Vs

Figure 11: Graphs Drawn between Split Tensile Strength Vs

Volume 6 Issue 1, January 2017

Volume 6 Issue 1, January 2017

Kolla Aswani Chandh received B.Tech and M.Tech

Volume 6 Issue 1, January 2017

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