MODULE GUIDE 4

JORIZAL2

LESSON 4 – Jose Rizal’s Life: Higher Education and Life Abroad

Learning Outcome:
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
1. Analyze and evaluate the important events in the life Rizal abroad;
2. Reflect on the importance of Higher Education to the life of Jose Rizal;
3.Explain the principles of assimilation advocated by the propaganda
movement;
4. Appraise Rizal’s relationship with other propagandists;
5. Examine Rizal’s growth as a propagandist and disavowal of assimilation.

Discussion
This lesson deals with an analysis and evaluation of Jose Rizal's life: his quest for higher
education and struggles and challenges in his life abroad. He was not only busy academically
but he spent much of his time in self-improvement via self-education. In his spare hours he also
learned sculpture, painting, languages and kept up with the latest research in philosophy and
science. It will also examine the contributions of Rizal as the leader of the propaganda
movement that awakened the Filipino people from the abuses of the Spanish colonizers.an
unwavering campaign for political and social freedoms. In this module, students are initiated to
a reflective study about the aspects of Rizal’s life, a genius with many talents and most
importantly his good traits and virtues that are worthy to be emulated.Now, let us discuss
important ideas and information regarding Rizal’s life: Higher Education and Life Abroad.
TOPIC 1- A STUDENT AT THE ATENEO (1872-1877)

Introduction: Jose was sent to Manila four months after the martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za and
with Dona Teodora still in prison. He studied in the Ateneo Municipal - a college under the
supervision of the Spanish Jesuits. Ateneo Municipal, a bitter rival of the Dominican-owned
College of San Juan de Letran formerly the Escuela Pia (Charity School)- for poor boys in Manila
established in 1817, In 1859- name was changed to Ateneo Municipal by the Jesuits and later
became the Ateneo de Manila. RIZAL ENTERS ATENEO • June 10, 1872- Jose, accompanied by
Paciano, went to Manila to take the entrance examinations on Christian Doctrine, arithmetic,
and reading at the College of San Juan de Letran, and passed them. His father was the first one
who wished him to study at Letran but he changed his mind and decided to send Jose at Ateneo
instead. Father Margin Fernando, college registrar of Ateneo Municipal, refused to admit Jose
because: He was late for registration and; He was sickly and undersized for his age (11 years
old). Upon the intercession of Manuel Xeres Burgos, nephew of Father Burgos, he was admitted
at Ateneo. Jose adopted the surname Rizal at the Ateneo because their family name Mercado
had come under suspicion of the Spanish authorities. Ateneo was located in Intramuros, within
the walls of Manila. He boarded in a house on Caraballo Street, 25 min walk from the college.
The boarding house was owned by Titay, who owed Rizal family P300. Jose boarded there to
collect part of the debt. JESUITS SYSTEM OF EDUCATION • Jesuits trained the character of the
student by rigid discipline, humanities and religious instruction. They heard Mass early in the
morning before the beginning of daily class. Classes were opened and closed with prayers.
Students were divided into two groups: Roman Empire- consisting of the internos (boarders)
with red banners. Second group, Carthaginian Empire- composed of the externos (non-
boarders) with blue

banners each of these empires had its rank. Students fought for positions. With 3 mistakes,
opponent‘s position could lose his position. - 1st best: emperor - 2nd best: tribune - 3rd best:
decurion - 4th best: centurion - 5th best: standard-bearer. Ateneo students’ uniform is
consisted of hemp-fabric trousers´ and striped cotton coat. The coat was called Rayadillo and
was adopted as the uniform for Filipino troops during the days of the First Philippine Republic.
RIZAL’S FIRST YEAR IN ATENEO (1872-1873) • Rizal‘s first professor in Ateneo was Fr. Jose Bech.
Rizal was placed at the bottom of the class since he was a newcomer and knows little Spanish.
He was an externo (Carthaginians), occupying the end of the line. But at the end of the month,
he becomes emperor´ of his Empire. He was the brightest pupil in the whole class, and he was
awarded a prize, a religious prize. Rizal took private lessons in Santa Isabel College during noon
recesses to improve his Spanish language paying three pesos for those extra lessons. He placed
second at the end of the year, although all his grades were still marked Excellent´ SUMMER
VACATION (1873) • Rizal didn‘t enjoy his summer because his mother was in prison so Neneng
(Saturnina) brought him to Tanawan. But without telling his father, he went to Santa Cruz to
visit her mother in prison. He told her of his brilliant grades. After summer, he returned to
Manila and now boarded inside Intramuros at No. 6 Magallanes Street. Dona Pepay, who had a
widowed daughter and 4 sons, was his landlady. PROPHECY OF MOTHER’S RELEASE • Dona
Teodora told her son of her dream the previous night. Rizal, interpreting the dream, told her
that she would be released from prison in 3 months‘ time. It became true. Dona Teodora
likened his son to the youthful Joseph in the Bible in his ability to interpret dreams. • Teenage
Interest in Reading. The first favorite novel of Rizal was The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander
Dumas. His boyish imagination was stirred by the sufferings of Edmond Dantes (the hero) in
prison, his spectacular escape from the dungeon of Chateau de If, his finding a buried treasure
in the rocky island of Monte Cristo, and his dramatic revenge on his enemies who had wronged
him. Rizal also read non-fiction. He persuaded his father to buy a costly set of Cesar Cantu‘s
historical work entitled Universal History. He also read Travels in the Philippines by Dr. Feodor
Jagor, a German scientist-traveler who visited Phil in 1859-60.He was impressed by: Jagor‘s
keen observations of the defects of Spanish colonization; and his prophecy that someday Spain
would lose the Philippines and that America would come to succeed her as colonizer. THIRD
YEAR IN ATENEO (1875-76)
• June 16, 1875- He became an interno in Ateneo. Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, one of his
professors, inspired him to study harder and write poetry. Rizal‘s best professor in Ateneo. Rizal
described him as model of uprightness, earnestness, and love for the advancement of his
pupils. He returned to Calamba with 5 medals and excellent ratings.

FOURTH YEAR IN ATENEO • March 23, 1877- Rizal, 16 years old, received from his Alma Mater,
Ateneo Municipal, the degree of Bachelor of Arts, with highest honors. Rizal was the highest in
all subjects and won five medals at the end of the school term. He excelled in all his subjects
and was the most brilliant Atenean, he was truly “the pride of the Jesuits” EXTRA-CURRICULAR
ACTIVITIES IN ATENEO • He was an active member, later secretary, of Marian Congregation - a
religious society. He was accepted because of his academic brilliance and devotion to Our Lady
of Immaculate Conception, the college patroness. He is also a member of the Academy of
Spanish Literature and the Academy of Natural Sciences. He studied painting under Agustin
Saez, a famous painter, and sculpture under Romualdo de Jesus. He continued his physical
training under hi sports-minded Tio Manuel. SCULPTURAL WORKS IN ATENEO • He carved an
image of The Virgin Mary on a piece of batikuling (Philippine hardwood) with his pocketknife.
The Jesuits fathers were amazed. Father Lleonart requested him to carve for him an image of
the Sacred Heart of Jesus. He intended to take the image with him in Spain but forgot to do so.
So the Ateneo boarders placed it on the door of their dormitory. It plays a significant part in
Rizal‘s last hours at Fort Santiago. POEMS WRITTEN IN ATENEO • Mi Primera Inspiracion (My
First Inspiration) - first written poem of Rizal, which was dedicated to his mother on her
birthday. He wrote it when he was 14 years old. El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes
( The Departure: Hymn to Magellan‘s Fleet). Y Es Espanol: Elcano, el Primero en dar la Vuelta al
Mundo (And He is Spanish: Elcano, the Fist to Circumnavigate the World). El Combate:
Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo (The Battle: Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo) In 1876, he wrote poems on
religion, education memories and war. (e.g. In Memory of my Town)
RIZAL’S POEM ON EDUCATION •Through Education Our Motherland Receives Light- education
plays in the progress and welfare of a nation.

•The Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education- showed that Education without
God is not true education RIZAL’S RELIGIOUS POEM •Al Nino Jesus (To the Child Jesus)- written
when he was 14 years old, expressing his Catholic faith devotion. •A La Virgen Maria (To the
Virgin Mary)

MOTHER’S OPPOSITION TO HIGHER EDUCATION • Both Don Francisco and Paciano wanted
Jose to pursue higher learning in the university. But Dona Teodora who is a woman of
education and culture objects to Rizal desire for University education. She knew what
happened to the Gom-Bur-ZA, and told her husband “ Don’t send him to Manila again, he
knows enough. If he gets to know more the Spaniards will cut off his head”.

TOPIC 2- THE UNIVERSITY OF STO. TOMAS (1877- 1882)

RIZAL ENTERS THE UNIVERSITY • Rizal took the course on Philosophy and Letters. Two reasons
why Rizal enrolled in these course: His father like it; and He was still uncertain as to what career
to pursue. It was the following term (1878-1879) RIZAL TOOK UP THE MEDICAL COURSE • Two
reasons: He received the advice of Father Pablo Ramon, Ateneo’s Rector to study medicine and
to be able to cure his mother’s growing blindness. • He excelled in all subjects in the surveying
course in Ateneo. • He obtained gold medals in agriculture and topography FINISHES
SURVEYING COURSE IN ATENEO

• 1877-1878 Rizal took the vocational course leading to the title of ―perito agrimensor” (expert
surveyor). He passed the final examination in the surveying course on November 25, 1881. He
remained loyal to Ateneo. LITERARY WORKS (1879) • Liceo-Artistico-Literario (Artistic-Literary
Lyceum) of Manila, a society of literary men and artists, held a literary contest. 1. A La Juventud
Filipino (to the Filipino youth)- a poem written by Rizal, it was the first prize winner. Two
reasons why Rizal‘s poem is a classic in the Philippine literature: 1. It was the first great poem
in Spanish written by the Filipino, whose merit was recognized by Spanish literary authorities. 2.
It expressed for the first time the nationalistic concept that the Filipino, and not the foreigners,
was the ―fair hope of the fatherland. 2. THE COUNCIL OF THE GODS (1880) An allegorical
drama written by Rizal which he entered in the literary contest of ArtisticLiterary Lyceum in
1880 to commemorate the fourth centennial of the death of Cervantes. It was a literary
masterpiece based on the Greek classics. The prize was awarded to Rizal, a gold ring on which
was engraved the bust (figure) of Cervantes. 3. Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig) a zarzuela,
written by Rizal. It was staged by the Ateneans on December 8, 1880, on the occasion of the
annual celebration of the Feats Day of the Immaculate Conception, Patroness of the Ateneo.
CHAMPION OF THE FILIPINO STUDENTS • Rizal was the champion of the Filipino students. In
1880. Rizal founded a secret society of Filipino students. He became the chief of the secret
students’ society.

UNHAPPY DAYS AT THE UST • Rizal found the atmosphere at the University of Santo Tomas
suffocating to his sensitive spirit. He was unhappy at this Dominican institution of higher
learning because: (1) the Dominican professors were hostile to him (2) the Filipino students
were racially discriminated by the Spaniards (3) the method of instruction was obsolete and
repressive

TOPIC 3- IN SPAIN 1882-1885

After finishing the 4th year of the medical course in the University of Santo Tomas, Rizal
decided to complete his studies in Spain. SECRET MISSION IN SPAIN • to observe keenly the life
and culture, languages and customs, industries and commerce, and governments and laws of
the European nations. In order to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his oppressed
people from Spanish tyranny.
RIZAL IN BARCELONA • May 3, 1882- Rizal departed on board the Spanish Steamer Salvadora
bound for Singapore. Rizal’s departure for Spain was kept secret to avoid detection by the
Spanish authorities and the friars • June 16, 1882- Rizal finally reached his destination—
Barcelona. ARTICLES WRITTEN BY RIZAL • Amor Patrio (Love Of Country) a nationalistic essay
written by Rizal under his pen name Laong Laan which urged his compatriots to love their
fatherland, the Philippines. Basilio Teodoro Moran- publisher of Diariong Tagalog. Other written
articles of Rizal: - Los Viajes (Travels)- second article - Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid)-
returned to him because the Diariong Tagalog had ceased publication for lack of funds.

RIZAL IN MADRID • November 3, 1882- Rizal enrolled in Universidad Central de Madrid in two
courses- Medicine and Philosophy and Letters. Rizal led a Spartan life in Madrid. • He also
studied in Painting and Sculpture in the Academy of Fine Arts and took lessons in French,
German and English.

CIRCULO HISPANO-FILIPINO (HISPANO-PHILIPPINE CIRCLE) • Shortly after his arrival, Rizal

joined the Circulo Hispano-Filipino (HispanoPhilippine Circle), a society of Spaniards and
Filipinos. • “They Ask Me For Verses” (Me Piden Versos) - a poem written by Rizal in response
to the request of the members of the society. It is a sad poem in which Rizal poured out the cry
of his agonizing heart. RIZAL AS LOVER OF BOOKS • Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and
Eugene Sue’s The Wandering Jew aroused the sympathy of Rizal to his oppressed and
unfortunate people. RIZAL AS A MASON • March 1883- Rizal joined the Masonic Lodge Acacia in
Madrid under his Masonic name Dimasalang. Rizal‘s reasons of becoming a mason: 1. the bad
friars in the Philippines, by their abuses unworthy of their priestly habit or calling, drove Rizal to
desperation and Masonry; 2. he needed the help of the Masons to fight the bad friars in the
Philippines, for Masonry, to Rizal, was a shield to use in his fight against the evil forces of
tyranny. RIZAL IN PARIS, CAPITAL CITY OF FRANCE • June 17 1883, Rizal sojourn in Paris. He
stayed at a cheaper hotel on 124 Rue de Rennes in the Latin Quarter. • Like all tourist, Rizal was
attracted by the beautiful sights of Paris. He visited important landmarks like the Place de la
Concorde, Arch of Triumph, the Cathedral of Notre Dame and others. Rizal improved his mind
by observing closely the French way of life. He spent his hours in museums, botanical garden
and art galleries. According to Rizal “Paris is the costliest capital in Europe.” Prices of food,
drinks, theatre, laundry, hotels and transportation were too high. •

Two hospitals where Rizal made some observations:

Laennec Hospital- where Rizal observed Dr. Nicaise treating his patients Lariboisiere Hospital-
where Rizal observed the examination of different diseases of women. •

August 20, 1883 he returned to Madrid and continues with his studies.

RIZAL’S SALUTE TO LUNA AND HIDALGO. • In the evening of June 25, 1884, a banquet was
sponsored by the Filipino community to celebrate the double victory of the Filipino artist in the
National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid - Luna’s Spoliarium winning the first prize and
Hidalgo’s Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace second prize. Rizal was the guest speaker. It
was a magnificent speech of Rizal, he saluted Luna and Hidalgo being the two glories of Spain
and the Philippines. He also assailed with refined sarcasm the bigotry and blindness of certain
unworthy Spaniards who could not comprehend the universality of Genius. STUDIES
COMPLETED IN SPAIN • June 21, 1884- conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine. He was
not awarded his Doctor‘s diploma due to the fact that he did not present the thesis required for
graduation nor paid the corresponding fees. June 19, 1885- Licentiate
“Excellent”(Sobresaliente).
TOPIC 4- CONTINUED STAY IN EUROPE 1885-1887 • Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to
specialize in Ophthalmology. He travelled and observed European life and customs in Paris,
Heidelberg, Leipzig, and Berlin.

PARIS (1885-1886) • He was 24 years old and already a physician, he went to Paris to obtain
knowledge in Ophthalmology. In November 1885, he worked for four months as an assistant to
Dr. Louis de Weckert, a leading French ophthalmologist. • Outside of his working hours, he also
found time to relax and be with his good friends like the Pardo de Taveras, Juan Luna and Felix
Resurreccion Hidalgo. At the studio of Juan Luna, he improved his painting technique. He
became a model to Juan Luna’s several paintings. In the home of the Pardo de Tavera, Rizal
played the flute, he admitted that he had no natural aptitude for music. GERMANY IN
HEIDELBERG • In February 1886, Rizal left Paris and went to Germany. He arrived in Heidelberg,
a historic city in Germany famous for its old university and romantic surroundings. • He lived
near the University of Heidelberg and worked as an assistant to Dr. Otto Becker at the
University Eye Hospital. Outside his apprenticing hours, he also listened to lectures delivered by
Dr. Becker and Prof. Wilhelm Kuchne. • Rizal devoted his free time visiting Heidelberg Castle,
Neckar River, the theatre and some old churches found in the city. The Neckar River and the
beautiful spring flowers blooling along its banks reminded him of how dearly he missed
Calamba.

• April 22, 1886, Rizal wrote a touching poem entitled To the Flowers of Heidelberg. IN
WILHELMSFELD •

A mountainous village near Heidelberg where Rizal spent his summer vacation.

• Rizal lived with the family of Pastor Karl Ullmer, a Protestant pastor who became his good
friend and admirer. The pleasant personality and talents in languages and sketching endeared
him to the Ullmer’s family. •
For three months he enjoyed the hospitality and kindness of the family.

June 25, 1886, he returned to Heidelberg.

FIRST LETTER TO BLUMENTRITT • July 31, 1886 Rizal wrote his first letter in German to
Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, Director of the Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria. Rizal wrote to
him after learning that this ethnologist was interested in the Tagalog language. He sent him a
book entitled Arithmetica. Published in 2 languages- Spanish and Tagalog. By UST Press of 1868.
Author was Rufino Baltazar Hernandez a native of Santa Cruz, Laguna. Ferdinand reciprocated
the thoughtful gesture of Rizal by sending him two books. The exchanged marked the beginning
of their long and beautiful friendship. IN LEIPZIG • In August 1886, Rizal arrived in Leipzig. He
stayed here for two months doing a lot of writing and translating. • He very much liked what he
saw, the magnificent buildings, wide and clean streets and amiable people. • William Tell-
written by Schiller, Rizal translated it from German into Tagalog so that Filipino might know the
story of the champion of Swiss independence. • Hans Andersen’s Fairy Tales - Rizal also
translated this in Tagalog for his nephews and nieces. • Because of his knowledge of German,
Spanish, and other European languages, Rizal worked as proof-reader in a publishing firm. • He
attended some lectures on history and psychology at the University of Leipzig and met
Professor Friedrich Ratzel- a famous German historian and Dr. Hans MeyerGerman
anthropologist. They had become his friends. IN BERLIN • In November 1886, Rizal arrived in
Berlin. He was enchanted by this city because of its scientific atmosphere and the absence of
racial prejudice.

• Dr. Feodor Jagor - Rizal met for the first time this celebrated German scientisttraveler and
author of Travels in the Philippines, a book which Rizal read and admired during his student
days in Manila. • Dr. Rudolf Virchow- a famous German anthropologist. (Dr. Jagor, introduced
Rizal to Dr. Virchow) • Dr. Ernest Schweigger (1830-1905)- famous German ophthalmologist
where Rizal worked • Rizal became a member of the Anthropological Society, the Ethnological
Society, and the Geographical Society of Berlin, upon the recommendation of Dr. Jagor and Dr.
Meyer • Tagalische Verkunst (Tagalog Metrical Art)- Rizal wrote this scholarly paper in German
which he read before the society in April 1887. This paper was published by the society in the
same year, and elicited favorable comments from all scientific quarters GERMAN WOMEN AND
THEIR CUSTOMS • Rizal wrote a letters addressed to his sister, Trinidad. He said that German
woman is serious, diligent, educated, and friendly. She is not gossipy, frivolous and
quarrelsome. • Aside from women, Rizal admired the German customs. The Christmas custom
of the German delighted him most of his yuletide custom he wrote on Christmas eve. Another
interesting German custom observed by Rizal is self-introduction to strangers in a social
gathering.

NOLI ME TANGERE PUBLISHED IN BERLIN (1887)

• March 21, 1887- the Noli Me Tangere came off the press. The title Noli Me Tangere is a Latin
phrase which means “Touch Me Not”. “Noli Me Tangere, are words taken from the Gospel of
St. John (Chapter 20 Verses 13 to 17). Rizal dedicated his Noli Me Tangere to the Philippines
—“To My Fatherland”. It contains 63 chapters and an epilogue. Maximo ViolaThe savior of Noli,
he gave him the needed funds to publish the novel.

GRAND TOUR FROM GERMANY TO ITALY • May 11, 1887- Rizal and Viola left Berlin by train
going to Dresden, one of the best cities in Germany • May 13- 16, 1887- Rizal and Viola went to
Leitmeritz, Bohemia to visit Professor Blumentritt. A kind-hearted, old Austrian professor who
became a dear friend of Rizal. • With Prof. Blumentritt as their guide, Rizal and Viola visited the
churches, the residence of the Bishop and other important buildings of the city. • From May 20-
30, 1887 -They visited other cities in Europe like, Prague, Viennathe "Queen of Danube", Lintz,
Rheinfall, Munich and Nuremberg. They visited museums, magnificent buildings, cathedrals and
beautiful sights.
• June 2 to 3, 1887- stayed at Schaffhausen, Switzerland. GENEVA- This Swiss city is one of the
most beautiful cities in Europe, visited by world tourists every year. • June 19, 1887- Rizal
treated Viola to a blow-out. It was his 26th birthday. Rizal and Viola spent fifteen delightful days
in Geneva. • June 23, 1887- Viola and Rizal parted ways—Viola returned to Barcelona while
Rizal continued the tour to Italy • June 27, 1887- Rizal reached Rome, the “Eternal City” and
also called the “City of the Caesars. After a week of wonderful sojourn in Rome, Rizal prepared
to return to the Philippines. TOPIC 5- FIRST RETURN TO THE PHILIPPINES 1887-1888 TRAVEL TO
THE PHILIPPINES The stunning beauty of the European lands did not stop Rizal from
continuously adoring his native land. After the Noli Me Tangere was published, he decided to
return to Calamba despite the many warning he received from friends and relatives alike. •

He had four reasons for returning to the Philippines: a) To perform an operation on Dona
Teodora’s eyes; b) To defend his oppressed countrymen more effectively than doing so in a
foreign land
c) To find out how his Noli was received by the Filipinos and Spaniards; and d) To know the
reason for Leonor Rivera’s long silence. • July 3, 1887, Rizal left Marseilles (France), it was his
first return to the Philippines after leaving it to study in Spain five years ago. •

August 6, 1887, he arrived in Manila and visited some friends.

AT HIS HOMETOWN • August 8, 1887, he reached Calamba. He opened a medical clinic and
restored his mother’s vision. Such “miraculous” news spread throughout the community like
wild fire, thus, his clinic was flocked by people aspiring for a better eyesight. Newly arrived from
Germany, he began to be known as “ Doctor Uliman” (from the word Aleman) and soon he
acquired a lucrative medical practice. He earned $900 from his services as physician. • Rizal
opened a gymnasium for young folks, where he introduced European sports to discourage his
town mates from idleness and gambling. • He also took part in Calamba’s civic affairs and on his
spare time made paintings of the towns landscapes and translated the German poems of Von
Wildernath into Tagalog. • His happy days at Calamba was marred with the death of his older
sister, Olimpia, and to see Leonor Rivera. His family begged him not to see her at her
hometown in Camiling because of increasing concerns about his safety. Also Leonor’s mother
objected to their relationship. THE CONTROVERSY OVER THE NOLI • Copies of the Noli Me
Tangere had arrived at the Philippines weeks before Rizal’s return to the Philippines. Some of
copies of his book fell into the hands of the Spaniards especially the friars. They found the novel
“heretical, impious, and scandalous in the religious order and anti-patriotic, subversive of public
order, injurious to the government of Spain and its function in the Philippine Islands in the
political order”. • The controversy over the novel had reached the office of Governor General
Emilio Terrero. He requested Rizal to come to Malacańang Palace. Rizal met Governor General
Emilio Terrero who informed him of the charges against him. As a defense, Rizal told Terrero
that Noli only expose reality. Not having read the book yet and out of curiosity, the governor
general asked for a copy of the controversial novel, which he later confessed that he enjoyed
reading. He saw no problem on the book, yet to protect Rizal’s life which was then in danger, he
assigned Jose Taviel de Andrade, a young Spanish lieutenant, as Rizal’s personal bodyguard. The
friars asked Governor General

Terrero to deport him, but the latter refused because there was no valid charge against Rizal in
court. • While still in Calamba, Rizal was seen as a troublemaker. There are groundless tales
circulated by his enemies that he was “a German spy, an agent of Bismarck, a Protestant, a
Mason, a witch, a soul beyond salvation, etc.” Realizing that his family’s and friend’s safety
were risked; and that his fight against the Spaniards have better chance of winning if he’d stay
abroad, Rizal, six months after, finally decided to sail back to Europe. His plan was to return to
Europe via Hong Kong, Macao, Japan and the United States TOPIC 6- TRAVELS IN ASIA ( HONG
KONG, MACAU AND JAPAN) AND THE U.S. FIRST TRIP TO HONG KONG AND MACAU • On
February 3, 1888, with a heavy heart, Rizal left Manila for Hong Kong. His powerful enemies
refused to give him peace and quiet. Anonymous letters with threats on his life were sent to his
parents’ house in Calamba. • On February 8, 1888- Rizal arrived in Hong Kong and he was
welcomed by Filipino residents. • Jose Sainz de Varranda, Terrero’s former secretary, followed
Rizal in the said British colony, and was believed to be commissioned by the Spanish authorities
to spy on the hero. • While in Hong Kong, Rizal engaged in cultural activities. Among the
experiences while he observed were: a) The Chinese way of celebrating their New Year, which
included making noise and exploding firecrackers to drive away evil spirits; b) Chinese lauriat
parties, where they served many different types of dishes; c) Chinese theatres which used
symbolisms and noisy music to entertain an equally noise audience; d) He also managed to visit
different churches and cemeteries that were owned by Catholics, Protestants, and Muslims. •
On February 18-21, 1888, Rizal also visited Macau, a Portuguese colony near Hong Kong. He
was invited to stay at the residence of Don Juan Francisco Lecaros, who was a former Filipino
delegate to the Spanish Cortes. For two days, Rizal enjoyed being a tourist and visited different
cultural places which included churches, botanical gardens, theaters and the Macao Casino. •

February 22, 1888- Rizal left Hong Kong, his destination was Japan.

IN JAPAN • February 28, 1888- Rizal arrived in Yokohama, the next day he went to Tokyo and
stayed at Tokyo Hotel for six days.

• Shortly after his arrival, Juan Perez Caballero-secretary of the Spanish Legation, visited Rizal at
his hotel who latter invited him to live at the Spanish Legation. Rizal being an intelligent man,
realized that the Spanish diplomatic authorities were instructed from Manila to keep track of
his activities. Since it was economical to stay at the legation and he believed that he had
nothing to hide, he accepted it. • March 7, 1888- Rizal checked out of Tokyo Hotel and lived at
the Spanish Legation • Rizal was impressed by the scenic Japan and had keenly observed the
life, customs, and culture of the people. The things which favourably impressed Rizal in Japan
were: the beauty of the country; the cleanliness, politeness, and industry of the Japanese
people; the picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese women; there were very few
thieves in Japan; beggars were rarely seen in the city, streets, unlike in Manila and other cities.
• April 13, 1888, Rizal left Japan and boarded the Belgic, bound for the United States.

RIZAL’S VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES (April- May 1888) • April 28, 1888, Rizal arrived in San
Francisco, California. The ship was held under quarantine by the American health authorities,
reasoning that there was a cholera epidemic in the Far East where their ship come from. Rizal
and other first class passenger of the ship were released from quarantine and allowed to land
after seven days. • On May 4, 1888, Rizal arrived in San Francisco and registered at the Palace
Hotel and stayed for two days. May 6, 1888, he was in Oakland, he boarded the train for his
grand transcontinental trip to the American continent. He was able to see places such as
Sacramento, Reno, (Nevada), Colorado, Nebraska, Chicago, Albany and on May 13 he reached
New York. He stayed in this city for three days, he visited the scenic and historic places. RIZAL’S
IMPRESSIONS OF AMERICA •

Good impressions a) the material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, huge
farms, flourishing industries and busy factories; b) the drive and energy of the American People
c) the natural beauty of the land d) the high standard of living;

e) the opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants. •

Bad impression a) the lack of racial equality: “America is the land par excellence of freedom but
only for the whites”

May 16, 1888- Rizal left New York for Liverpool, England.

TOPIC 7- REFORMIST WORKS IN EUROPE (1889-1981) IN LONDON • May 25, 1888 to mid-March
1889- Rizal decided to stay in London because he could improve his English, study and do an
annotation of Antonio Morga’s Sucecos de las Islas Filipinas and perceived it was a place for him
to carry on the reforms he wanted for the Philippines. ANNOTATING MORGA’S BOOK • May
1888-March 1889- He spent ten months (10) in the reading room of the British Museum deeply
immersed in his historical studies in London. This was the greatest achievement of Rizal in
London, the annotating of Morga’s book, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Historical Events of the
Philippine Islands), which was published in Mexico, 1609.

RIZAL AND THE LA SOLIDARIDAD • December 31, 1888- inauguration of Asociacion La

Solidaridad (Solidaridad Association), a patriotic society. They crusade for reforms in the
Philippine Government. By unanimous vote of all members, Rizal was chosen honorary
president. This was a recognition of his leadership among all Filipino patriots in Europe. •
February 15, 1889Graciano Lopez Jaena founded the patriotic newspaper called La Solidaridad
in Barcelona. A fortnightly periodical which served as the organ of the Propaganda Movement.
• Its aims were as follows: to work peacefully for political and social reforms; to portray the
deplorable conditions of the

Philippines so that Spain may remedy them; to oppose the evil forces of reaction and
medievalism; to advocate liberal ideas and progress; to champion the legitimate aspirations of
the Filipino people to life, democracy and happiness. During his stay in London, Rizal also made
used of his time in writing essays and articles for La Solidaridad. He also wrote La Vision del Fray
Rodriguez (The Vision of Fray Rodriguez)-pamphlet which published in Barcelona under his
nom-de-plume Dimas Alang in order to defense his novel. • In London, Rizal received both good
news and bad news from news. The good news that Rev. Vicente Garcia was defending his Noli
from the attacks of the friars. On the other hand, the bad news were that the Filipino
signatories of the “ Petition of 1888” and the tenants of the Calamba agrarian trouble were
facing persecution; that his brothers-in-law Manuel T. HIdalgo and Mariano Herbosa, were
exiled to Bohol and was denied Christian burial, respectively; and his friend, Laureno Viadoa, a
UST medical student, was imprisoned for possessing some copies of his Noli. IN PARIS • It was
mid-March 1899, Rizal decided to move to Paris. He noticed that Parisian life was different from
the life he experienced in London. It was a city bursting with merriment, exciting events, and
unending social gathering. The cost of living was also very high. • Rizal never lost his focus
although life in Paris was gay, he continued to spend long hours at the National library in Paris.
There, he went on reviewing and rewriting his historical annotations on De Morga’s Sucesos de
las Islas Filipinas. It was published on January 1890. He also wrote a satirical booklet entitled
Por Telefono, in answer to Fr. Salvation Fort, a Spanish friar who hurled attacks on the Noli Me
Tangere and caused its banning. • He continued his study on various languages especially the
French language, which he was able to perfect during his 10 months stay at the French capital
city. • He organized a social club called Kidlat Club , a social club which brought together young
Filipinos residing in Paris. Soon, the members of the said club founded a new Filipino society -
the Indios Bravos, an organization which envisioned Filipinos being recognized by Spain for
being excellent in various fields of knowledge. • In between his more serious activities, Rizal
also had leisurely activities like socializing with friends in their homes. Among those he
frequently visited were the homes of the Pardo de Taveras, the Venturas, the Lunas, the
Bousteads and others. • Although Rizal lived a frugal life, he prepared a sumptuous Christmas
dinner for some of his friends. Shortly after New Year, he visited London for the last time In
BRUSSELS

• January 28, 1890, left Paris for Brussels. He left the extravagant and gay social life in Paris and
stayed in a boarding house owned by the Jacoby sisters in Brussels. • From 1889- 1890, Rizal
continued contributing for La Solidaridad under the pseudonyms Dimas Alang and Laong Laan.
Among the 10 articles he had contributed below were some of the most famous and important
articles: a) The Philippines Within a Century-article written by Rizal which he expressed his
views on the Spanish colonization in the Philippines. b) The Indolence of the Filipinos- It is an
able defence of the alleged indolence of the Filipinos. c) the Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la
Lengua Tagala (The New Orthography of the Tagalog Language) In this article, he laid down the
rules of the new Tagalog orthography • From Calamba, Rizal received letters telling that the
agrarian trouble in the province was getting worse, and as such, he decided to go home. But
instead of going home, a letter from Paciano told him that they already lost the case against the
Dominicans and they were in need of a lawyer who would defend their family and the families
in Calamba from Madrid. • Rizal wrote a letter to Ponce, he announced that he was leaving
Brussels and decided to go to Madrid because this case must be presented to the Supreme
Court and he needs to pay close attention to the developments of the case.
MISFORTUNES IN MADRID (1890-1891) • August, 1890, Rizal arrived in Madrid. Upon arrival in
Madrid. Rizal immediately sought help of the Filipino colony, The Asociacion Hispano-Filipina,
and the liberal Spanish newspaper in securing justice for the oppressed Calamba tenants.
Nothing came out of this, several newspapers were sympathetic to the plight of the Calamba
tenants but this did not translate to any form of action. By this time, Francisco Rizal and other
tenants were already forcibly evicted from Calamba by Governor General Valeriano Weyler.
Their houses were burned and more people were exiled regardless of their gender. • August
1890, Rizal attended a social reunion of the Filipinos in Madrid. After drinking so many glasses
the guests became more talkative. One of them, Antonio Luna became drunk. Rizal challenged
Antonio Luna, it was about the latter’s frustration with his unsuccessful “love affair” with Nellie
Boustead, and so gave negative remarks on the lady which Rizal did not tolerated. The Filipinos
tried to pacify them, pointing out that such a duel would damage their cause in Spain.
Fortunately, Luna, realized his mistakes he apologized and Rizal immediately accepted his
apology and became good friends again.

• Rizal challenged Wenceslao Retana in a duel. Retana had insulted Rizal and his family by
writing in La Epoca, an anti-Filipino newspaper, that the Rizal family in Calamba was ejected
from their lands because they did not pay their rents. Rizal was, by nature neither hot-
tempered but when the honor of his people, family, women or friends was besmirched, he
never hesitated to fight even if he were risking his own life. Retana at once published a
retraction and an apology, he knew that Rizal was superior in both pistol and sword. •
December 1890, Rizal received a letter from Leonor Rivera announcing her coming marriage to
Henry Kipping, an Englishman (the choice of her mother).This was a big blow for him and his
heart broke. • Another marked event in Madrid was the Marcelo H. del Pilar-Jose Rizal rivalry
for leadership in the Asociacion Hispano Filipino. A fraction emerged from the Filipinos in
Madrid, the Rizalistas and Pilaristas. The group decided that the leader must be elected by two-
thirds vote. Rizal won the election, he was offered the appointment but he did not want to see
the Filipinos in Madrid divided so he thought it best to leave the city. • Rizal took a vacation in
the resort city of Biarritz on the fabulous French Riviera. He was a guest of the rich Boustead
family at its winter residence—Villa Eliada. The one month vacation in this city worked wonders
for Rizal. This is where he was able to finish his second novel El Filibusterismo. • March 30,
1891, Rizal bade farewell to the hospitable and friendly Bousteads and proceeded to Paris by
Train. He stayed at the home of his friend Valentin Ventura.

RETIREMENT FROM THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT • April 1891, Rizal was back to Brussels
where he became busy revising and polishing the manuscript of El Filibusterismo. • Rizal retired
from the Propaganda Movement. He notified the Propaganda authorities in Manila to cancel his
monthly allowance and devote the money to some better cause, such as the education of a
young Filipino student in Europe. He desired to publish his second novel, to practice his medical
profession, and later when he became financially independent, he expected to make a more
vigorous campaign for his country’s redemption. • Simultaneously with his retirement from the
Propaganda Movement, Rizal ceased writing articles for La Solidaridad. Many of his friends in
Spain urged him to continue writing because his articles always attracted considerable attention
in European countries. • M.H. Del Pilar himself realized the need for Rizal’s collaboration in
both the Propaganda Movement and in the La Solidaridad newspaper because the enthusiasm

for the reform crusade was declining. He wrote to Rizal begging for forgiveness for any
resentment and requesting him to resume writing for the La Solidaridad. • Rizal replied to Del
Pilar’s letter, he wrote denying any resentment and explaining why he stopped writing. Below
are reasons why Rizal stopped writing for La Solidaridad: a) b) c) d)

Rizal need to work on his book ; He wanted other Filipinos to work also; Rizal considered it very
important to the party that there be unity in the work ; Marcelo H. Del Pilar is already at the top
and Rizal also have his own ideas it is better to leave del Pilar alone to direct the policy.

THE PRINTING OF THE EL FILIBUSTERISMO • July 5, 1891- Rizal left Brussels for Ghent, a famous
university city in Belgium because the cost of printing in Ghent was cheaper than in Brussels. F.
Meyer-Van Loo Press-a printing shop that give Rizal the lowest quotation for the publication of
his novel. • August 6, 1891-the printing of his book had to be suspended because Rizal could no
longer give the necessary funds to the printer. Valentin Ventura- the savior of the Fili, when he
learned of Rizal’s predicament he sent him the necessary funds. • September 18, 1891- El
Filibusterismo came off the press. Rizal gratefully donated the original manuscript and an
autographed printed copy to Valentin Ventura

TOPIC 8- BACK IN HONGKONG • On October 18, 1891, after the Fili’ was published, Rizal left
Europe. Aboard the S.S Melbourne, he sailed to Hongkong where he lived for seven months. His
reasons for venturing to Hongkong were the following: a) To leave his rivalry with del PIlar b) To
facilitate a Propaganda Movement in Hongkong; and c) To be proximate to his family in the
Philippines • On November 20, 1891, Rizal arrived in Hongkong and was cordially welcomed by
the Filipino residents in the city, particularly, his friend Jose Ma. Basa.

• December 1, 1891- Rizal wrote his parents asking their permission to return home. Rizal had a
continued correspondence with his family in Calamba and had been aware of the unsettled
agrarian problem. On the same date, his brother-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo, sent him a letter
relating the sad news of the “deportation of twenty-five persons from Calamba, including
father, Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano and the rest of us.” FAMILY REUNION IN HONG KONG • The
Christmas of 1891 in Hong Kong was one of the happiest Yuletide celebrations in Rizal’s life, he
had a happy family reunion. • While in Hongkong, Rizal practiced his medical career. With the
help of his friend, Dr Lorenzo P. Marquez, they built a large clientele and opened a medical
clinic where he was recognized as an excellent eye surgeon. He was equally supported and
aided both morally and financially by his family and friends with his chosen career. • Another
marked event during Rizal’s stay in Hongkong was his plan to move the landless Filipino to
Borneo and transform the said wilderness into a “New Calamba” through the so-called Borneo
Colonization Project. • In April 1802, he visited Borneo and negotiated with the British
authorities who are willing to provide 100,000 acres of land for the Filipinos. Many Filipino
patriots found this project amusing, thus, promoted the said project. However, there were a
number who objected it, one of which was Rizal’s brother-in-law, Hidalgo. • Twice did Rizal
wrote a letter addressed to Governor General Eulogio Despujol informing his Borneo
colonization project, with whom he received no response. Instead, Despujol commanded the
Spanish consul-general in Hongkong to notify Rizal that such project was very unpatriotic, and
by immigrating Filipinos to Borneo, the Philippines will surely be lacking of laborers. • Despite
the many oppositions from friends and relatives, he decided to return to Manila on the
following reasons:

a) To discuss with Governor General Despujol his Borneo colonization project; b) To form the La
Liga Filipina in the Philippines; and c) To prove that Eduardo de Lete’s allegations on him and his
family in Calamba were wrong. • Before his departure, he wrote three more letters- the first
addressed to his parents and friends; the second one, to Filipinos; and the last Governor
General Eulogio Despujol.

• Instead of having the protection he desired, Rizal and his sister, Lucia fell into the Spanish trap
- a case was secretly filed against Rizal, and Despujol ordered his secretary, Luis de la Torre, to
verify whether the patriot had neutralized himself as German citizen or not. And so, the siblings
sailed across the China Sea without prior knowledge of what awaits then in the Philippines.

TOPIC 9- RIZAL’S GREAT LOVES 1) Second Love: Leonor Valenzuela (1878) Leonor “Orang”
Valenzuela, Rizal’s second object of affection, is literally the girl-next-door. They met when Rizal
was a sophomore medical student at the University of Santo Tomas, during which time he also
lived at Doña Concha Leyva’s boarding house in Intramuros, Manila. Orang, who was then 14
years old, was his neighbour. During the courtship, Rizal was said to have sent Leonor private
and secret love letters, which he wrote using invisible ink made with water and salt—he was
adept in chemistry, too. To read the letters, Orang had to heat the letter over a candle or a
lamp. Rizal also frequented the Valenzuelas’ home, which was a hang out place of the students
in the area. There are, however, documents that may serve as proof that Rizal’s efforts were
not effective. Some accounts say he was courting Leonor Valenzuela and his second cousin
Leonor Rivera at the same time—thus the need for invisible letters. (Still, we need to appreciate
the effort that went with it.) Rivera apparently knew of this and gave way to Rivera’s attraction
for Rizal. When Rizal left for Spain in 1882, it was said that he did say goodbye to Orang, but
kept in touch with the help of Rizal’s close friend, Jose “Chenggoy” Cecilio.

2) Third Love: Leonor Rivera, Age 15, 1890)

(1878-

Jose Rizal was never the preferred choice of Leonor Rivera’s mother, who confiscated all the
correspondences between Leonor and Rizal till it

frittered down to zero. Rizal was 18 going on 21 and was devoted to Leonor. But he was just
then opening his eyes to Europe’s Enlightenment, where the women were pleasing and the
men were gallant. Rizal really was in love with Leonor Rivera. He even invented a coded
alphabet so that they could write sweet nothings to each other. But soon, Leonor faded in
memory. Why? Because in Europe, Rizal conveniently romanced other girls and forgot he was
engaged to her. Eventually the Leonor Rivera-Rizal engagement did not survive the long-
distance romance. In the end, it turned into an idealized one (reflected as Maria Clara in Rizal’s
novel, Noli me Tangere), a painful love match doomed to fail from the very start. Yes, count this
one as real love. As an engaged couple, they showed real affection for each other while it
lasted.

3) Fourth Love: Consuelo Ortiga Y Reyes, (1884)

In Madrid, Rizal courted Consuelo Ortiga, age 18, the daughter of Señor Pablo Ortiga y Rey, who
was once mayor of Manila and who owned the apartment where the Circulo Hispano Filipino
met regularly. Rizal, age 23, was then acquiring and developing his charming ways with women.
He treated them with special consideration and with gallant courteousness. All the young
Filipino expatriates courted Consuelo, and she in turn encouraged every one including José
Rizal, Eduardo Lete, the Paterno brothers (Pedro, Antonino, Maximiano), Julio Llorente,
Evangelista, Evaristo Esguerra, Fernando Canon and others. Rizal gave Consuelo gifts: sinamay
cloth, embroidered piña handkerchiefs, chinelas (slippers) -- all ordered through his sisters in
Calamba (see his letters). Consuelo accepted all the swains’ regalos but played Eduardo Lete
against Rizal. She finally rejected Rizal’s attention in favor of Eduardo’s, a Filipino Spanish
mestizo from Leyte who, a year later, dumped her. Two-timing Consuelo didn't really catch
Rizal's true fancy except that he impulsively joined the crowd.

4) Fifth Love: O Sei-San, Age 22, The Samurai’s Daughter (1888)

Rizal had fallen in love not only with the view of Japan but more to its women, particularly with
the 23year old Seiko Usui. Rizal affectionately called her OSei-San. Rizal was attracted by her
regal loveliness and charm. Rizal saw in her the qualities of his ideal womanhood—beauty,
charm, modesty and intelligence. Rizal was almost tempted to settle in Japan with O-SeiSan.
Although, she was very dear to him, his love for his country and fellow Filipinos was greater.
Sacrificing his personal happiness, Rizal had to carry on his libertarian mission in Europe, leaving
behind the lovely O-Sei-San. “O Sei San, sayonara, sayonara! …. No woman like you has ever
loved me. … Like the flower of the chodji that falls from the stem whole and fresh without
stripping leaves or withering... you have not lost your purity nor have the delicate petals of your
innocence faded--sayonara, sayonara.” Rizal.

5) Sixth Love: Gertrude Beckett, Age 19, (1886) In May 1888 Rizal visited London for a short
time, boarding the house of the Beckett family: Mr. & Mrs. Beckett, their two sons, and their
four daughters. The eldest daughter was named Gertrude.She was a buxom young lady with
blue eyes and brown hair. She fell in love with Rizal and gave him all of her attention during the
family picnics and gatherings. When Rizal stayed indoors during rainy days painting and
sculpting, she helped him mix his colors and prepare his clay. Rizal enjoyed her company.
Eventually their flirtatious friendship drifted towards a blossoming romance. He affectionately
called her "Gettie," and in return she called him "Pettie."Rizal withdrew before his relationship
with Gettie could become more serious, realizing that he had a greater mission to fulfill and
that in order to accomplish it he could not yield to the option of marrying her. He suppressed
the yearnings of his heart and decided to leave so that the lady may forget him. Before he did,
however, he finished a

number of sculptural works, one of which was a carving of the heads of the Beckett sisters.

6) Seventh Love: Suzanne Jacoby (1890) On January 28, 1890, Rizal left for Brussels, Belgium. He
stayed for a considerable time, paying for room and board. His landladies had a pretty niece
named Petite Suzanne Jacoby. She was taken by Rizal's charm and gallantry, and provided him
good company. Rizal could have flirted with the lady, considering that his beloved Leonor was
far away and he was a lonely man in a strange and foreign land, but he realized he could not
deceive her. Suzanne fell in love with Rizal, and wept when he left for Madrid in July 1890. She
wrote to him in French: "Where are you now? Do you think of me once in a while? I am
reminded of our tender conversations, reading your letter, although it is cold and indifferent.
Here in your letter I have something which makes up for your absence. How pleased I would be
to follow you, to travel with you who are always in my thoughts. You wish me all kinds of luck,
but forget that in the absence of a beloved one a tender heart cannot feel happy. A thousand
things serve to distract your mind, my friend; but in my case, I am sad, lonely, always alone with
my thoughts -- nothing, absolutely nothing relieves my sorrow. Are you coming back? That's
what I want and desire most ardently -- you cannot refuse me. I do not despair and I limit
myself to murmuring against time which runs so fast when it carries us toward a separation, but
goes so slowly when it's bringing us together again. I feel very unhappy thinking that perhaps I
might never see you again. Goodbye! You know with one word you can make me very happy.
Aren't you going to write to me?"

7) Eight Love: Nellie Boustead (1891) In 1891, Rizal took a vacation in Biarritz in order to find
reprieve from his troubles in Madrid. He was a guest of the Boustead family in their winter
residence, Villa Eliada. Mr. and Mrs. Boustead had two beautiful daughters, Adelina and Nellie.
After having lamented his frustrated romance with Leonor Rivera on account of the lady's
engagement to another man, Rizal came to develop considerable affection for Nellie, the
prettier and younger daughter of Mr. Eduardo Boustead. He found her to be intelligent, morally
upright, and full of life. Rizal wrote to his closest friends about his intention to marry her. Rizal's
friends were delighted to hear that he had found a suitable girl whom he at last wished to settle
down with. Even Antonio Luna, who had previously loved Nellie, encouraged Rizal to court her
and ask for her hand in marriage. With all the encouragement from the friends he held dear,
Rizal wooed Nellie (also called Nelly) who, in turn, returned his affections. Rizal's marriage
proposal failed for two reasons: first, Nellie demanded that he give up his Catholic faith and
convert to Protestantism, which was her religion. Rizal did not like this idea. Second, Nelly's
mother did not approve of Rizal, as she had no desire to entrust her daughter to a man who
was wanting in wealth and persecuted in his own country. In spite of the circumstances, Rizal
and Nellie parted as good friends.

5. Teaching and Learning Activities The students will answer the following study guides for their
Reflection Paper. TOPIC 1- A STUDENT AT THE ATENEO (1872-1877) A.

How was Jose Rizal able to enrol at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila?

B.

Describe the physical characteristics of Rizal at that time?

C.

What was the system of education given by the Jesuits?

D.
Was Rizal already a perfect student when it comes to his studies? Explain your answer.

TOPIC 2- THE UNIVERSITY OF STO. TOMAS (1877- 1882) A.

Why did Rizal’s mother opposes his desire to study for a higher education?

B.

What prompted Rizal to study medicine? Did he take it seriously?

C.

How did Rizal show his talent in literary works?

D.

Why was Rizal unhappy at UST? Explain your answer.

TOPIC 3- IN SPAIN 1882-1885 A. What is the secret mission of Rizal in going to Spain? Is this
mission important? Justify your answer. B.

What organizations did Rizal join in Spain?

C. Identify the accomplishments of Rizal in Spain. How was he able to accomplish it? Explain
your answer? D.

Did Rizal excelled and finished his studies? Justify your answer?
TOPIC 4- CONTINUED STAY IN EUROPE 1885-1887 A. What are the places that he visited in
Europe? What were his impressions about these cities and what did he learned about their
culture? What did he accomplished in visiting these cities? B. How does Rizal spend his free
time in Europe? Are these other activities important? Justify your answer. C. Make a
comparison of the customs of Filipino women and German women during the time of Rizal.
What have you learned? Explain your answer.

TOPIC 5- FIRST RETURN TO THE PHILIPPINES 1887-1888 A. What were the reasons of Rizal
returning to the Philippines? Did he accomplished his agenda? Explain your answer? B. What
are the controversies about his novel Noli Me Tangere? Did these affect his stay in the
Philippines? Justify your answer. C.

Why did he fail to see Leonor Rivera? Explain your answer.

TOPIC 6- TRAVELS IN ASIA ( HONG KONG, MACAU AND JAPAN) AND THE U.S.

A. What are the places that he visited in Asia? What were his impressions about these cities and
what did he learned about their culture? B.

What did he accomplished in visiting these cities?

TOPIC 7- REFORMIST WORKS IN EUROPE (1889-1891) A. What are two the greatest
achievement of Rizal when he went back to Europe? Explain its importance to the lives of the
Filipino people. B. What are the goals of La Solidaridad? What are the contributions of Rizal to
this organization? C. What are the misfortunes of Rizal when he was in Madrid? How these did
affected him? D. What is the importance of the Propaganda Movement? What are the
accomplishments of this movement? Was it successful? Explain your answer. E. Explain the
Rizal- Del Pilar rivalry. Do you agree with the decision of Rizal not to accept the appointment as
president and retire from the propaganda movement? Explain your answer. F.
Was Rizal able to accomplish his secret mission in Europe? Justify your answer.

TOPIC 8- BACK IN HONGKONG A.

Explain the reasons why Rizal leave Europe and went to Hong Kong?

B.

What is the Borneo Colonization Project? What is the goal of this project?

C.

Why did Rizal wanted to go back to the Philippines? Explain your answer.

TOPIC 9 A.

Describe the personality of the women that Rizal had relations with?

B.

Among the women that Rizal had relations with, who do you think deserves his love? Why?

C.

Explain the reasons why Rizal’s relationship with these women were not successful?

6. Recommended learning materials and resources for supplementary reading

a) RIZAL AT ATENEO - https://www.ateneo.edu/grade-school/news/looking-back-

rizal%E2%80%99s-ateneo b) RIZAL

AT UST - http://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/2016/06/rizal-atuniversity-of-santo-
tomas-1877.html

c) RIZAL’S TRAVEL http://www.joserizal.ph/tr01.html

https://travels-of-rizal.weebly.com/blog/life-and-travels-of-jose-rizal
https://thetravelingtitasofmanila.com/2017/11/17/chasing-rizal-in-madrid/ d) RIZAL’S WORK-
http://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/p/works.html http://www.joserizal.ph/pm01.html
https://allpoetry.com/Jose-Rizal e) RIZAL

AS A MASON issues.html

- http://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/p/rare-

f) RIZAL AND THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT1) http://msc.edu.ph/centennial/solidaridad.html

2) https://www.philippine-history.org/la-solidaridad.htm 3)
https://www.oocities.org/mcc_joserizal/reform_lasolidaridad.html g) RIZAL'SROMANCES-

http://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/2012/02/rizals-

romances.html

7. Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adopted A. Online (synchronous) - Video call via
Messenger and Zoom meetings Actual online classes thru live chats, meetings, consultation via
the following: Video call in messenger, Zoom meetings, Google Meet and other online
platforms. B. Remote (asynchronous) - Independent study and work on: self-guided modules,
supplemental videos, readings, lesson plans, research, and check-ins and exchanges using any
of the following: Google Classroom, Messenger, text and call. 8. Assessment Task

a) Written Document Analysis Worksheet

https://www.archives.gov/files/education/lessons/worksheets/written_document_analysi
s_worksheet_former.pdf

9. References Books

Ocampo, A. R. (2000). Rizal: Without the Overcoat. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, Inc. Purino, A. P.
(2008). Rizal, Thre Greatest Filipino Hero. Manila: Rex Book Store. Viana, A. e. (2011). jose Rizal
Social Reformer and Patriot. Manila: Rex Book Store. Zaide, G. a. (2008). Jose Rizal: Life Works
and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero. Quezon City: All Nations
Publishing Co. Inc.

Electronic Sources: http://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/p/rare-issues.html

http://msc.edu.ph/centennial/solidaridad.html https://www.philippine-history.org/la-
solidaridad.htm https://www.oocities.org/mcc_joserizal/reform_lasolidaridad.html
http://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/2012/02/rizals-romances.html
http://www.joserizal.ph: http://www.joserizal.ph/in01.html

/lolitalacsamanalontokcunanan,dmd2021221stsem
 MODULE GUIDE 2 - COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION

Learning Outcome
At the end of the lesson, students will be able to;
1. Define global communication and its emergence.
2. Analyze the impact of globalization to communication and the great challenges its offer.
3. Identify social media, their uses and functions in global communication.
4. Examine and identify motives leading to the proper use of social media for effective
communication.
 The dynamism of communication today is the major catalyst for human activity, mass
consumption and participation in global life. It has become the basis for understanding across
vast distances and barriers of space and time. The current era has allowed access of resources
that facilitate borderless communication as part of the establishment of intercultural
relationships among different nations.
The world phenomenon called globalization can be defined in various ways: “ the
disappearance of borders between nations and the rise and increase of international relations.’

IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION
The process of communication always play a significant role in the existence of human
life. It has been utilized even prior to the time of human civilization when cave writings were
first discovered. The impact also poses a great challenge among nations which are far apart.
Globalization gave birth to virtual communication which allows anytime-anywhere interaction
even without actual face time.
Time is an important element in global communication especially because different
parts of the world are in different time zones. Even if communication can occur anytime and
anywhere despite distance, there are still limitations especially when it comes to time. This can
happens when people attempt to communicate with each other on the other side of the globe
and their counterparts are usually at home asleep.
The word technology came from two Greek word techne and logos which means art, skill, craft
or manner respectively. Technology can be traced back to the beginning of human history since
as the invention of the spoken language and early forms of writing as the pictographs on the
walls of primitive caves. Mass communication which focuses on that reaches wide audiences
date back Sumerians and Egyptian civilization.
Computer-based communication systems facilitated the exchange of information on a
many to many basis. It has been termed as the “new communication”, the new media or
interactive media.
Technology is one of the greatest inventions of humankind. Its power shapes and
evolves society’s thoughts and ways of life. It serves as a tool to make lives more efficient. The
invention of computers which led to further advancement in technology with through the
creation of many more complex in technology with through the creation of many more complex
software and hardware.
Social Media and Its applications

It refers to the web-based and mobile communication applications that let people interact with
each other and build networks.

The 7 C’s/ uses of Social Media

1. Communicating – the conveying of information as the main function of social media.
2. Cause-support – it can help solve societal problems through and raise awareness
regarding crusades.
3. Competitive
4. Communication research
5. Connecting others
6. Client service
7. Community service.
Functions of Social Media
 1. Identity – the personal information is revealed.
2. Conversation – amount of information exchanged which can have various purposes.
3. Sharing – the exchange, distribution and reception of content.
4. Presence – the awareness of presence of individuals in the network as they appear
active in communication.
5. Relationships – how people in social media relate and connect another as friends,
relatives etc.
6. Reputation – the level of trust among people in social media.
7. Groups – the formed communities whose members belong to a certain aggregation.

Proper Uses of Social Media

1. Know your intentions. “Think before you click”. Always be careful in giving attention,
approval, criticisms, opinion or personal information.
2. Be your authentic self. Develop or maintain a good sense of self when posting or
sharing. Be authentic and communicate from the heart truthfully talking about the
things that really matter.
3. If you tweet, be kind. Post your thoughts without harming others. Messages in social
media must be assessed carefully before they are shared.
 4. Offer random tweets of kindness. Is there anything I can do to help or support? Is a
question you may regularly ask on Twitter. Reach out to help a stranger.
5. Experience now, share later.
6. Be active, not reactive.
7. Respond with full attention
8. Use mobile social media sparingly
9. Practice letting go
10. Enjoy your social media

Conclusion
Global communication has shrunk the world into what has been described as a global
village that overcomes the constraints of time and space. Now, communication can be done
instantaneously from a particular origin to any past of the world easily and efficiently. This type
of communication beyond borders gives no reason for transactions and transmission of
messages within limited to the local territories. They can now be transmitted globally, just as if
the sender and receiver of messages are talking in a small – room like in video conferencing.
Currently, social media has made significant strides in making global communication is not only
happening within a local or territory, the global reach of messages should imply responsible use
of communication through technology.
Note : Learning activities refer to the moodle account.