Why did the Propaganda Movement started?

The Propaganda Movement was a literary and cultural organization formed in 1872 by Filipino migrs who had settled in Europe. Composed of Filipino liberals exiled in 1872 and students attending Europe's universities, the organization aimed to increase Spanish awareness of the needs of its colony, the Philippines. Its prominent members included Jos Rizal, author of Noli Me Tangere (novel) and El Filibusterismo, Graciano Lpez Jaena, publisher of La Solidaridad, the movement's [1] principal organ, Mariano Ponce, the organization's secretary and Marcelo H. del Pilar. Goals Specifically, the Propagandists aims were: 1. Representation of the Philippines in the Cortes Generales, the Spanish parliament; 2. Secularization of the clergy; 3. Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality; 4. Creation of a Public school (government funded)public school system independent of the friars; 5. Abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandala (forced sale of local products to the government). 6. Guarantee of basic freedoms of of speech|speech and Freedom of association. 7. Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government service; 8. Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain; 9. Secularization of Philippine parishes; 10. Recognition of human rights

The Death of Gomburza & The Propaganda Movement

In February 17, 1872, Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jocinto Zamora (Gomburza), allFilipino priest, was executed by the Spanish colonizers on charges of subversion. The charges against Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora was their alleged complicity in the uprising of workers at the Cavite Naval Yard. The death of Gomburza awakened strong feelings of anger and resentment among the Filipinos. They questioned Spanish authorities and demanded reforms. The martyrdom of the three priests apparently helped to inspire the organization of the Propaganda Movement, which aimed to seek reforms and inform Spain of the abuses of its colonial government. The illustrados led the Filipinos quest for reforms. Because of their education and newly acquired wealth, they felt more confident about voicing out popular grievances. However, since the illustrados themselves were a result of the changes that the Spanish government had been slowly implementing, the group could not really push very hard for the reforms it wanted. The illustrados did not succeeded in easing the sufferings of the Filipinos; but from this group arose another faction called the intelligentsia. The intelligentsia also wanted reforms; but they were more systematic and used a peaceful means called the Propaganda Movement. Goals of the Propaganda Movement

Members of the Propaganda Movement were called propagandists or reformists. They worked inside and outside thePhilippines. Their objectives were to seek: Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain Equal status for both Filipinos and Spaniards Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes Secularization of Philippine parishes. Recognition of human rights

The Propaganda Movement never asked for Philippine independence because its members believed that once Spain realized the pitiful state of the country, the Spaniards would implement the changes the Filipinos were seeking. The Propagandists The Filipinos in Europe were much more active in seeking reforms than those in Manila. They could be divided into three groups: The first included Filipinos who had been exiled to the Marianas Islands in 1872 after being implicated in the Cavite Mutiny. After two many years in the Marianas, they proceeded to Madrid and Barcelona because they could no longer return to the Philippines. The second group consisted of illustrados in the Philippines who had been sent to Europe for their education. The third group was composed of Filipinos who had fled their country to avoid punishment for a crime, or simply because they could not stand Spanish atrocities any longer. Still, not all Filipinos living in Spain were members of the Propaganda Movement. Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena and Marcelo H. del Pilar were it most prominent members. Lopez Jaena was a brilliant orator who wrote such pieces as "Fray Botod," "Esperanza," and "La Hija del Fraile," which all criticized the abuses of Spanish friars in the Philippines. Del Pilar was an excellent writer and speaker who put up the newspaper Diarion Tagalog in 1882. His favorite topic was the friars. Some of his most popular writings included "Caiingat Cayo", "Dasalan at Tocsohan," and "Ang Sampung Kautusan ng mga Prayle". "Caingat Cayo" was a pamphlet answering the criticisms received by Jose Rizals novel Noli Me Tangere. "Dasalan" was parody of the prayer books used by the Church, while "Ang Sampung Kautusan" was a satirical take on the Ten Commandments, which highly ridiculed the Spanish friars. Jose Rizal was recognized as the great novelist of the Propaganda Movement. He was the first Filipino become famous for his written works. He wrote a poem entitled Sa Aking mga Kababata when he was only eight years old. His novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, clearly depicted the sufferings of the Filipinos and the rampant abuses committed by the friars in the colony. Because of his criticisms of the government and the friars, Rizal made a lot of enemies. He was executed at Bagumbayan (later renamed Luneta Park and now called Rizal Park) on December 30, 1896. The writings produced by the Propaganda Movement inspired Andres Bonifacio and other radicals to establish the Katipunanand set the Philippine Revolution in place. Continue to La Solidaridad & La Liga Filipina.

GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA

Graciano Lpez Jaena

December 18, 1856 Jaro, Iloilo, Philippines January 20, 1896 (aged 39) Died Madrid, Spain Writer, journalist, orator, Occupation propagandist Born Graciano Lpez Jaena (December 18, 1856-January 20, 1896) was a journalist, orator, revolutionary, and national hero from Iloilo, the Philippines, who is well known for his newspaper, La Solidaridad. [1] [2] Philippine historians[who?] regard Lpez Jaena, along with Marcelo H. del Pilar and Jos Rizal, as the triumvirate of Filipino propagandists. Of these three ilustrados, Lpez Jaena was the first to arrive in Spain and may have founded the genesis of the Propaganda Movement.

Contents

1 Biography 2 Public Holiday 3 Legacy 4 Notable works 5 References

o 5.1 Bibliography 6 External links

Biography[edit]
His parents sent Lpez Jaena to Jaro to study at St. Vincent Ferrer Seminary which had been opened under the administration of Governor General Carlos Mara de la Torre y Nava Cerrada. While there, he served as a secretary to an uncle, Claudio Lpez, who was the honorary vice consul of Portugal in Iloilo. His ambition to become a physician convinced his parents that this was the better course of action. Lpez Jaena sought enrollment at the University of Santo Tomas but was denied admission because the required Bachelor of Arts degree was not offered at the seminary in Jaro. Instead he was appointed to the San Juan de Dios Hospital as an apprentice. Unfortunately, due to financial problems, he dropped out and returned to Iloilo to practice medicine. During this period, his visits with the poor began to stir feelings about the injustices that were common.[citation needed] At the age of 18 he wrote the satirical story "Fray Botod" which depicted a fat and lecherous priest. Botods false piety "always had the Virgin and God on his lips no matter how unjust and underhanded his acts are."[citation needed] This incurred the fury of the friars. Although the story was not published, a copy circulated in Iloilo but the friars could not prove that Lpez Jaena was the author. He got into trouble for refusing to testify that certain prisoners died of natural causes when it was obvious that they had died at the hands of the mayor of Pototan. Lpez Jaena continued to agitate for justice and finally went to Spain when threats were made on his life. Lpez Jaena sailed for Spain in 1879. There he became a leading writer and speaker for Philippine reform. Lpez Jaena pursued his medical studies at the University of Valencia but did not finish. Once Rizal reproached Lopz Jaena for not finishing his medical studies.[citation needed] Graciano replied, "On the shoulders of slaves should not rest a doctor's cape." Rizal countermanded, "The shoulders do not honor the doctor's cape, but the doctor's cape honors the shoulders." He then moved to the field of journalism. Losing interest in politics and academic life, he soon enjoyed his life in Barcelona and Madrid. However, his friends forgave him these indiscretions due to his talent with words. Mariano Ponce who was another of the Filipino propagandists in Spain observed, "... a deafening ovation followed the close of the peroration, the ladies waved their kerchiefs wildly, and the men

applauded frantically as they stood up from their seats in order to embrace the speaker." Rizal noted, "His great love is politics and literature. I do not know for sure whether he loves politics in order to deliver speeches or he loves literature to be a politician."

La Solidaridad In addition he is remembered[by whom?] for his literary contributions to the propaganda movement. Lpez Jaena founded the fortnightly newspaper, La Solidaridad. When the publication office moved from Barcelona to Madrid, the editorship was succeeded to Marcelo H. del Pilar. His talent can be seen in the publicationDiscursos y Artculos Varios (Speeches and Various Articles). Lpez Jaena died of tuberculosis on January 20, 1896, eleven months short of his 40th birthday. The following day he was buried in an unmarked grave at the Cementerio del Sub-Oeste of Barcelona. He died in poverty. His death was followed by Marcelo H. del Pilar's on on July 4 and on December 30 by Jos Rizal's by firing squad, thus ending the great triumvirate of propagandists. His remains have not been brought back to the Philippines.

Public Holiday[edit]
Main article: Lopez Jaena Day December 18, Lopez Jaena's birthday, is a public holiday every year in Iloilo province and Iloilo City.[1]

Legacy[edit]

In his honor, the Jaro Plaza has been renamed the Graciano Lpez Jaena Park, where there is also a statue of him.[3] The Graciano Lopez Jaena Foundation Inc works to continue his legacy and supports various public recognition of his life and works, such as the Dr. Graciano Lopez Jaena Poetry Contest..[2]

An Order of DeMolay Chapter, a youth fraternal group for young men originating in freemasonry, was founded around 1965 in Jaro, and named Graciano Lopez-Jaena Chapter because Lopez Jaena was the first and foremost Freemason from Jaro.

Graciano Lopez Jaena - Propagandist and Prince of Filipino Orators

(Dec 18, 1856 Jan 20, 1896) / From Silent Storms: Inspiring Lives of 101 Great Filipinos raciano Lopez Jaena was born to a poor couple, in beautiful Jaro, Iloilo, where fresh sea breeze blows. He finished high school as the best theologian, but preferred medicine, to the disappointment of his mother who dreamed of him as a priest. He entered San Juan de Dios Hospital as an eager apprentice; after two years, he returned to his hometown and dared to practice. Although without a physician license, many availed themselves of his medical services for he was willing to treat for free. Rendering free service to the people deepened his consciousness of their truly miserable condition. His frequent interaction with the poor made him see more clearly the many abuses of the friars and the authorities. He sowed in the peoples mind the idea of freedom. He wrote a satire: Big Bellied Friar exposing the friars greed and cruelty, and fondness for beautiful women at his beck and call. His writings and teachings incensed the Spanish authorities who threatened to exile him. He left Iloilo for Negros Occidental, then fled to Europe, reaching Spain in 1880. While financial help from caring friends, he took medical courses at the University of Valencia, but his passion for reforms took him away from his studies into the field of journalism. Silent storms must have swirled in his restless mind. He began the Propaganda Movement two years before Rizal, and nine years ahead of del Pilar. He wrote many papers advocating reasonable reforms, and had them published in Madrid, Barcelona, and London. He fought for liberty in the Philippines (Filipinas) freedom of speech (without deportation); converting Filipinas as a province of Spain, and representation in the Spanish Cortes (parliament). The last was important because the policy of all political parties (in Spain) toward Filipinas tended to be one of neglect and indifference,

He wrote well with liquor. With a round of drinks, he would fill sheet after sheet with strong patriotic prose which made him one of the pillars of the Propaganda Movement. He was most popular for his speeches. He became a member of the Progressive Republican Party. Deputized to go on a speaking tour, he espoused liberal ideas. His words flowed from his lips like burning lava from the crater of an erupting volcano. Rizal said of Graciano Lopez Jaena: t he most talented Filipino I had ever known, even more superior than myself. He delivered perhaps more than a thousand speeches, but only nine were published. In a banquet tendered in honor of Juan Luna and Felix Resurrection Hidalgo, who were awarded major prizes in painting, Jaena gave a speech: Filipinas, I salute you with invocation of hope in my lips. Behold her! The blue seas in her mantle, the most beautiful sky in the world, her crown, adorned by resplendent stars. Whoever has not seen those islands has not seen the loveliest spot on earth. At last, Oh, Filipinas, after a dark night of more than three -hundred years, there has dawned upon you the radiant sun of justice. All Europe views with ecstasy the first fruit of your evolution on the path of progress on the marvelous and delicate canvases of your sons Luna and Resurrection, in spite of the theocracy, ever despotic and ignorant, living amid shadows and mysteries that for centuries has refused your entrance to the concert of modern culture. The crowning glory of his labors was La Solidaridad, the Propaganda Movement publication he cofounded in Barcelona with del Pilar. This fortnightly publication received regular subsidy from Junta de la Propaganda, a group of patriots in Manila. In La Solaridaridad he wrote: It is a grave deception when they say that the friars are preserving Filipinas for Spain. Nono, the friars are not keeping the archipelago for Spain; very much to the contrary, it seems that the government in Spain and in Filipinas) are preserving the islands for the friars. His attacks to the church and authorities were never subtle. His fame as a writer evidently spread far and wide, for in 1888, he was offered, through the American Ambassador in Madrid, the editorship of a Spanish paper in New York. He refused it saying, My brain and my pen belong to the Philippines, and not to any foreign country. Aside from his journalistic writings, he translated the lyrics of Visayan folksongs, including Balitaw and the Lolay into Spanish and published them under the title Islas Filipinas: Cantores de Visayas. He also wrote two novelettes: Esperanza (Hope) and La Hija del Fraile (The Daughter of a Friar). He planned to join Rizal in Hongkong to organize a colony in Borneo where Filipinos could live in freedom away from despotic rulers, but this did not materialize. His mind always raging like a storm, full of passion he persevered with propaganda. He became destitute, and his tuberculosis worsened. Death claimed the life of a brilliant fiery mind at age 40 LA SOLIDARIDAD

La solidaridad
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La solidaridad

Type

Biweekly newspaper

Format

Broadsheet

Editor

Graciano Lpez Jaena Marcelo H. del Pilar

Founded

1889

Political alignment

Independent

Language

Spanish

Ceased publication

1895

La Solidaridad (The Solidarity) was an organization created in Spain on December 13, 1888. Composed of Filipino liberals exiled in 1872 and students attending Europe's universities, the organization aimed to increase Spanish awareness of the needs of its colony, the Philippines, and to propagate a closer relationship between the colony and Spain.[1]

Headed by Jos Rizal's cousin, Galicano Apacible, it also issued a newspaper of the same name which was published in Barcelona, Spain on February 15, 1889. It was edited by Graciano Lpez Jaena and later on by Marcelo H. del Pilar.[2] The newspaper published not only articles and essays about the economic, cultural, political, and social conditions of the country, but also current news, both local and foreign, and speeches of prominent Spanish leaders about the Philippines.
Contents
[hide]

1 Members

o o

1.1 Other members 1.2 International members

2 Trivia 3 History 4 Notable contributors 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links

Members[edit]

Dr. Jos Rizal (Laong Laan) Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel) Antonio Luna (Taga-Ilog) Mariano Ponce (Tikbalang) Jose Maria Panganiban (Jomapa)

Staff of La Solidaridad

Other members[edit]

Pedro Paterno Antonio Maria Regidor Isabelo de los Reyes Eduardo de Lete Jos Alejandrino Jumar lim Robert Lacamra

International members[edit]

Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt (Austrian ethnologist) Dr. Miguel Morayta Sagrario (Spanish historian, university professor and statesman)

Note: Some friends of the Propaganda Movement also contributed

Trivia[edit]

Laong-Laan (Jos Rizal's pen name) used as the same name of a railway station

History[edit]

In order to find a venue where the desire of the Propaganda Movement towards achieving assimilation can be expressed, La Solidaridadwas established.[3] The first issue of La Solidaridad came out on February 15, 1889. Published fortnightly, it served as the principal organ of the reform movement for six years.[2] In general, its funds came from the Comite de Propaganda in the Philippines. Rizal was first offered the position of its editorship. However, he declined because he was very busy annotating Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas in London. In the end,Graciano Lpez Jaena showed an interest in becoming the editor.[2] On April 25, 1889, La Solidaridad published the letter entitled "The aspirations of the Filipinos" which was written by the Asociacin Hispano-Filipina de Madrid (English: Hispanic Filipino Association of Madrid).[3] It pursued desires for:[4]

Representation in the Cortes Abolition of censure An expressed and definite prohibition of the existing practices of exiling residents by purely administrative order, and without a writ of execution from the courts of justice.

On December 15, 1889, Marcelo H. del Pilar replaced Graciano Lpez Jaena as the editor of La Solidaridad.[2][3] Under his editorship, the aims of the newspaper expanded and drew the attention on politicians and even Spanish ministers.[3] Using propaganda, it pursued desires for:

That the Philippines be a province of Spain Representation in the Cortes Filipino priests instead of Spanish friars--Augustinians, Dominicans, and Franciscans--in parishes and remote sitios

Freedom of assembly and speech Equal rights before the law (for both Filipino and Spanish plaintiffs)

After years of publication from 1889 to 1895, La Solidaridad had begun to run out of funds. It ceased publication on November 15, 1895, with 7 volumes and 160 issues. In del Pilar's farewell editorial, he said :

We are persuaded that no sacrifices are too little to win the rights and the liberty of a nation that is [5] oppressed by slavery.

Notable contributors[edit]
Several writers contributed to La Solidaridad over its six years of existence, like Antonio Luna, Anastacio Carpio, Mariano Ponce,Antonio M.a Regidor, Jose Maria Panganiban, Isabelo de los Reyes, Eduardo de Lete, Jos Alejandrino, and Pedro Paterno. One of the most prolific contributors though was Rizal's

confidante Ferdinand Blumentritt, whose impassioned defense of the Filipino interests was said to have been inspirational to the other writers and the readers of the newspap

JOSE RIZAl

Rizal and the Propaganda Movement

To prove his point and refute the accusations of prejudiced Spanish writers against his race, Rizal annotated the book, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, written by the Spaniard Antonio Morga. The book was an unbiased presentation of 16th century Filipino culture. Rizal through his annotation showed that Filipinos had developed culture even before the coming of the Spaniards. While annotating Morgas book, he began writing the sequel to the Noli, the El Filibusterismo. He completed the Fili in July 1891 while he was in Brussels, Belgium. As in the printing of the Noli, Rizal could not published the sequel for the lack of finances. Fortunately, Valentin Ventura gave him financial assistance and the Fili came out of the printing press on September 1891. The El Filibusterismo indicated Spanish colonial policies and attacked the Filipino collaborators of such system. The novel pictured a society on the brink of a revolution. To buttress his defense of the natives pride and dignity as people, Rizal wrote three significant essays while abroad: The Philippines a Century hence, the Indolence of the Filipinos and the Letter to the Women of Malolos. These writings were his brilliant responses to the vicious attacks against the Indio and his culture. While in Hongkong, Rizal planned the founding of the Liga Filipina, a civil organization and the establishment of a Filipino colony in Borneo. The colony was to be under the protectorate of the North Borneo Company, he was granted permission by the British Governor to establish a settlement on a 190,000 acre property in North Borneo. The colony was to be under the protectorate of the North Borneo Company, with the "same privileges and conditions at those given in the treaty with local Bornean rulers". Governor Eulogio Despujol disapproved the project for obvious and self-serving reasons. He considered the plan impractical and improper that Filipinos would settle and develop foreign territories while the colony itself badly needed such developments.

Noli Me Tngere (Touch me Not / Don't touch me) is a novel written by Jos Rizal, thenational hero of the Philippines, during the colonization of the country by Spain to expose the inequities of the Spanish Catholic priests and the ruling government. The title, in Latinmeaning Touch me not, refers to John 20:17 in the Bible (King James Version) as Mary Magdalene tried to touch the newly risen Jesus, [1] He said "Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended to my Father." Early English translations of the novel used titles like An Eagle Flight (1900) and The Social Cancer (1912), disregarding the symbolism of the title, but the more recent translations were published using the original Latin title. It has also been noted by French writer D. Blumentritt that Noli me tangere was a name used by ophthalmologists for cancer of the eyelids. That as an ophthalmologist himself Rizal was influenced by this fact is suggested in his dedication, To My Country. Originally written in Spanish, the book is more commonly published and read in thePhilippines in either Filipino or English. Together with its sequel, El Filibusterismo, the reading of Noli is obligatory for high school students throughout the archipelago.

El Filibusterismo (lit. Spanish for "The Filibustering" ), also known by its English alternate title The [2] Reign of Greed, is the second novel written by Philippine national hero Jos Rizal. It is the sequel to Noli Me T,ngere and, like the first book, was written in Spanish. It was first published in 1891 in Ghent, Belgium. The novel's dark theme departs dramatically from the previous novel's hopeful and romantic atmosphere, signifying the character Ibarra's resort to solving his country's issues through violent means, after his previous attempt at reforming the country's system have made no effect and seemed impossible with the attitudes of the Spaniards towards the Filipinos. The novel along with its predecessor were banned in some parts of the Philippines as a result of their portrayals of the Spanish government's abuse and corruption. These novels along with Rizal's involvement in organizations that aim to address and reform the Spanish system and its issues led to Rizal's exile to Dapitan and eventual execution. Both the novel and its predecessor, along with Rizal's last poem, are now considered Rizal's literary masterpieces. Both of Rizal's novels had a profound effect on Philippine society in terms of views about national identity, the Catholic faith and its influence on Filipino's choice, and the government's issues of corruption, abuse, and discrimination, and on a larger scale, the issues related to the effect of colonization on people's lives and the cause for independence. These novels later on indirectly became the inspiration to start thePhilippine Revolution. Throughout the Philippines, the reading of both the novel and its predecessor is nowmandatory for high school students throughout the archipelago, although it's now read using English, Filipino, and the Philippines' own dialects.

[1]