Name: Vidanes, Gwyneth G.

Grade and Section: Grade 12 – STEM 1

Subject: Biology – WEEK 1

PROCESSING QUESTIONS:

1. What do you think are the importance of these discoveries in the development of cell theories?

- Because cells are the foundation of all life, it is important to be aware of these discoveries
because they provide a greater understanding of how cells provide structure to all living
organisms. These findings enhance our understanding to the foundations of every cell, and
also pave the road for more advanced technologies and medicines.

2. Knowing these postulates and discoveries, explain the phrase “cell is the fundamental or basic
unit of life?”

- All living organisms are made up of cells, hence, the cell is called the fundamental unit of
life. To keep our systems running, each cell in a living thing has a specialized function. It is
also responsible for the performance of a variety of processes to sustain life. Furthermore,
they provide structure, nutrients, and convert these into energy.

3. What do you think were the evidences when Virchow postulated that all new cells arise from
existing cells?

- As evidence, Virchow released his statement entitled 'omnis cellula e cellula.' This explains
that microscopic observations revealed the cell as life's smallest functional unit. Furthermore,
a cell has the ability to gather resources and replicate itself.

ACTIVITY 1:
 1. Looking at the timetable you made, what can you say about the development of cell theory as
time passed by?

- The development of cell theories has been increasingly precise over the years.  Scientists
continue to explore further into the structure, functions, and significance of various cell
tissues so that we can understand more about them. These theories have also paved the path
for the development of scientific innovations that benefit both human society and the
environment.

ACTIVITY 2:

Parts Characteristics Functions

*given*
Cell membrane provides protection for a cell; It also provides a
fixed environment inside the cell, and that
membrane has several different functions.
Cytoplasm functions to support and suspend organelles and
cellular molecules; It is the medium for
chemical reaction
Endoplasmic Reticulum to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to
function
Golgi Apparatus helps process and package proteins and lipid
molecules, especially proteins destined to be
exported from the cell.
Mitochondria to perform cellular respiration; to oxidize the
food to provide energy to the cell
Chloroplasts convert light energy into relatively stable
chemical energy via the photosynthetic process;
carry out functions like fatty acid and amino
acid synthesis
Lysosomes Responsible for the breakdown/digestion of
macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
and nucleic acids); repairs the cell membrane
Peroxisomes contain digestive enzymes for breaking down
toxic materials in the cell and oxidative enzymes
for metabolic activity
Vacuoles help maintain water balance; responsible for
storage, ingestion, digestion, excretion, and
expulsion of excess water.
Cytoskeletons helps cells maintain their shape and internal
organization; provides mechanical support that
enables cells to carry out essential functions like
division and movement
Nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell;
carries the genes

PROCESSING QUESTIONS:

1. What are the two kinds of specialized cells that most animals have that plants do not have?

- Plant cells lack a centrosome and lysosomes, but animal cells have. Most animals have two
types of animal cells. This is also what differentiates an animal's cell from other types of
cells.

2. Why are these structures called “organelles”?

 - Organelle is derived from the idea that these structures are sections of cells, similar to how
organs are parts of the body, hence the suffix -elle, which is a diminutive. Organelles are
made up of cells, however they are much smaller than organs.

3. Why do you think mitochondria are sometimes called the “powerhouse” of a cell?

- Mitochondria are commonly referred to be a cell's "powerhouses" because they produce

adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's primary energy-carrying molecule. As a result, they
are the main organelles implicated in the release of energy from food.

ACTIVITY 3:

Cell part Cytoplasm Chloroplasts

Structure of Appearance It is clear in color; has a gel-like a round, oval, or disk-shaped body;
appearance. green in color
Function functions to support and suspend convert light energy into relatively
organelles and cellular molecules; stable chemical energy via the
It is the medium for chemical photosynthetic process; carry out
reaction functions like fatty acid and amino
acid synthesis
What would happen if a cell does If a cell is deprived of cytoplasm, it Plants without chloroplasts would
not have this part? will lose its form and become be unable to obtain energy from the
deflated and flat. sun and would die, leaving us
without food.

PROCESSING QUESTIONS:

1. Which special organelles make a plant cell different from an animal cell? What makes them
different?

- Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and other specialized plastids, as well as a big central
vacuole. The plasma membrane of plant cells is surrounded by the cell wall, which offers
tensile strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress; chloroplasts allow
plants to capture the Sun's energy in energy-rich molecules.

2. What are the functions of the skin cells in our body? How important is it?

- The skin cells serve a variety of purposes. It is a stable but flexible exterior layer that
functions as a barrier, shielding your body from harmful elements such as moisture, cold, and
sun rays, as well as viruses and dangerous compounds from the outside world. These skin
cells are important because the skin stores vital chemicals and nutrients in the body while
also acting as a barrier to harmful substances entering the body and shielding the body from
the sun's harmful UV radiation.

3. Can we consider cancer cells as part of our body cells? Why can these cells do to our body?
 - No, our bodies do not contain cancer cells at all. When cancer cells clump together, tumors
form and spread throughout the body. These cells can also split and move to different places
of the body. Cancer cells frequently evade the immune system by preventing immune cells
from distinguishing them from other cells, leaving the body vulnerable. Which is why it's
important for us to maintain our health in order to avoid the risks of cancer.

QUIZ:

Identification

1. Cell wall
2. Mitochondria
3. Chloroplast
4. Cell membrane
5. Endoplasmic reticulum
6. Nucleus
7. Cell nucleus
8. RNA
9. Cytokinesis
10. Nucleoli

Essay

1. How do cell parts harmoniously function to keep the cell alive?

- Each part of the cell has a particular role to play. The body is able to function effectively
when they perform their specific tasks, and as a result, the body remains healthy and disease-
free. If one part of a cell malfunctions, it can affect the entire cell, causing the cell cycle to be
disrupted and some elements of the plant or animal's body to be damaged.

2. Why is it important to understand and appreciate the biologists’ contribution to your knowledge
about cells?

- Understanding and appreciating biologists' contributions to your knowledge of cells is

important because biologists can develop new vaccines, technology, and medications to
improve everyone's quality of life by understanding how cells behave in our healthy and ill
states. It also expands our understanding of the cells in our bodies, allowing us to learn more
about how they function, such as combating diseases, repairing damaged tissues, and
transferring nutrients to other parts of our body.

3. How do different cells in the body keep you alive?

- The body's various cells keep you alive by performing their functions as they are cooperating
with each other. For example, the mitochondria and chloroplast: Chloroplasts turn sunlight
into food, and the mitochondria then produce energy in the form of ATP. The entire cycle is
disturbed if the chloroplasts, for example, fail to work properly. Therefore, every component
of the cell must continue to work in order to keep the plant or animal's body healthy and
functional.