Project:

Client:
Consultant:
Engineer:
Km:
Case:
Name
Date: 9/8/2021

CONTENTS

*- Specifications and Cross Sections

*- Design Data and Specifications

*- Specifications used
*- Develop Typical section
*- Transversal Distribution of Wheel Loads

*- Design of deck slab

*- Design of Overhang Slab
*- Design of Interior Slab

*- Design of Girder
*- Design Loads
*- Bending Moments and Shear Forces
*- Design for Flexure
*- Design for Shear

Assumptions
- Main reinforcements are placed parellel to center line of roadway.
- The bottom of the slab is assumed level.
- Center to center of support is assumed perpendicular to supports, not neccesarily
parallel to centerline of roadway.
- The additional amount of concrete thickness for crossfall is not considered for
the flexural design, but the weight is included as dead load.

1 SPECIFICATIONS AND CROSS SECTION

1.1 Subject Information:
Superstructure type:- Simple four span R.C.Box Girder
Clear span : 18.00 m
Clear Roadway 7.30 m
Sidewalk 0.800 m

1.2 Design Data and Specifications

Material Specifications
a. Reinforcement
For Reinforcement use Deformed bars of G60 Steel
Fy = 400 Mpa fs = 160 Mpa
Es = 200000 Mpa

b. Concrete
ϒ= 25 kN/m3
fc' = 24 kN/m3
fc = 0.40*f c' = 9.6 Mpa
Ec = 0.043*gc* 1.5*sqrt(fc') = 26332.01 Mpa …………………………….[AASHTO LRFD Eqn. 5.4.2.4-1 ]

c. Wearing Surface and Damp proof

ϒ= 22.5 kN/m3

d. Others
Modular ratio n = Es/Ec = 8
β= 0.85
Modulus of rupture =fr =0.63sqrt(fc') = 3.09 MPa ……………………………[AASHTO LRFD Eqn. ]

2 SPECIFICATION USED
i. ERA Bridge Design Manual 2013
ii. AASHTO Load and Resistance Factor Design 2007

a. Select resistance factor………[AASHTO LRFD Art 5.5.4.2.1]

ϕ
- For tension controlled reinforced concrete sections 0.9

-For tension-controlled prestressed concret sections 1

- For shear and torsion 0.9

-For bearing on concrete 0.7

-For compression in strut-and-tie models 0.7

b. Select Load Modifier…………..[AASHTO LRFD Art 1.3.3,Art 1.3.4,Art 1.3.5]

Strength Service Fatigue

Ductility, ȠD 0.95 1.00 1.00
Redundancy, ȠR 1.00 1.00 1.00
Importance, ȠI 1.05 1.00 1.00
Ƞ = ȠD* ȠR *ȠI 1.00 1.00 1.00

c. Select Applicable Load Combination……….[AASHTO LRFD Art 3.4.1&Table 3.4.1-1]

Strength I Limit State

U=Ƞ*(1.25*Dc+1.5*Dw+1.75*(LL+IM)+1.00*(WA+FR)+….)

Service I Limit State

U=Ƞ*1*Dc+1*Dw+1*(LL+IM)+1.00*(WA+FR)+….)

Fatigue Limit State

U = 0.75(LL+IM)

b Live Load
i.Truck Load …..[AASHTO LRFD Art 3.6.1.2.2]
Rear and Middle axel ,P1= 145 KN (Axel spacing=4.3 m for Strength and servive limit stae and 9 m for Fatigue limit state)

Front axel,P2= 35 KN (Axel spacing=4.3 m for )

ii. Tandem Load …..[AASHTO LRFD Art 3.6.1.2.3]

Design tandem axel load= 110 KN (Ahel spacing=1.2 m)

iii. Lane Load …..[AASHTO LRFD Art 3.6.1.2.4]

Design lane load is 9.3 N/mm distributed along the longitudinal direction and 3000 mm along transeverse direction.

P= 9.3 KN/m
= 3.1 KN/m2
c. Multiple Presence factor………….[AASHTO LRFD Art 3.6.1.1.2]

-shall not be applied to fatigue limit state

NL m
1.00 1.20
2.00 1.00
3.00 0.85
>3.00 0.65

d. Dynamic load alowance ………..[AASHTO LRFD Art 3.6.2]

Component Limit state IM
Deck joints- All limit state 75%
Fatigue and fracture limit state 15%
All other Cpts
All other limit state 33%

3 DEVELOP TYPICAL SECTION

a. Top Flange (ts)
ts≥ Clear span between fillets,hauncs or web divided by 20…………………..[AASHTO LRFD Art 5.14.1.5.1a]
ts≥ 175 mm………………………………………………………………………[AASHTO LRFD Art 9.7.1.1]
ts=(s+3000)/30………………………………………………………………………[AASHTO LRFD Table 2.5.2.6.3-1]
where s=Girder Spacing

ts= 175 mm

Use , ts= 200 mm

b. Girder Spacing and Overhange length

Gs= 2.2 m
Number of Girder= 4
Overhange length= 1.2 m
c. Web thickness (bw)
shall be determined by the requirements ofn shear, torsion,concrete cover and placement of concrete.

bwmini= 200 mm ……………[AASHTO LRFD Art 5.14.1.5.1c]

Assume
* 4 bars per row
* Spacing between bars =1.5*bar diameter 48 mm
* Concrete cover= 50 mm
* main bar diameter= 32 mm
* Stirrup diameter= 12 mm

bw=2*concrete cover+2*stirrup diameter+n*main bar diameter+(n-1)*spacing between bars

bw= 396 mm

Use , bw= 400 mm

d. Structure Depth (D)

D≥0.07*L………………………………………….[AASHTO LRFD Table 2.5.2.6.3-1]

D≥ 1295 mm

Use ,D= 1400 mm

e. Reinforcement

-At l;east one third of the bottom layer of the transverse reinforcement in deck slab shall be extended into
the exterior face of the outside web and anchored by a standard 90 o hook. ………………………..[AASHTO LRFD Art 5.14.1.5.2]

- The design moment shall be the maximum of ……………………………………………………………………………..[AASHTO LRFD Art 5.7.3.3.2]
- The ddesign moment from strength limit state
- The minimum of 1.2 times the cracking moment and 1.33 times the ultimate moment from strength limt state.
- Control of cracking by distyribution reinforcement shall satisfay the requirements of ….[AASHTO LRFD Art 5.7.3.4]

- Skin reinforcement bar shall be provided if the effective deopth of the component exceeds 900 mm……..[AASHTO LRFD Art 5.7.3.4]

- Shrinkgae and temeprature reinforcement shall be provided according to the provisions in AASHTO LRFD rt 5.10.8]

f. Effective flange width…{AASHTO LRFD Art 4.6.2.6]

{█((𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)/4@12∗𝑡𝑠+max⁡(𝑏𝑤,0.5∗𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟@𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠)┤
i.Interiror Girder
beff,int= mini

beff,int= 2200 mm

ii.Exterior Girder {█((𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ)/8@6∗𝑡𝑠+max⁡(0.5∗𝑏𝑤,0.25∗𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟@𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑔)┤

beff,ext=beff,int/2+ mini

beff,ext= 2100 mm

g. Summary
Given Data
Clear Rdwy width, Rw= 7.30 m
Clear Rdwy width, W2= 0m
Sidewalk width, SW= 0.800 m
Total bridge width, WT= 8.90 m
No. of lane= 2
Multiple presence factor for double lane loading= 1.00 [AASHTO LRFD Table 3.6.1.1.2.1]
Multiple presence factor for single lane loading= 1.20 [AASHTO LRFD Table 3.6.1.1.2.1]
PRELIMINARY DIMENSIONS
No. of girders= 4
width of support= 0.5 m
expansion length left at both sides= 0.05 m
c/c of support= 18.50 m
Design span length, S= 18.50 m
Top slab thickness,ts= 0.20 m
Recommended min. girder depth=0.07*L= 1.30 m
Use Girder depth D= 1.40 m
c/c girder spacing, Gs= 2.20 m
End of slab to center of exterior girder, c= 1.2 m
Use web width, bw= 0.40 m
Clear span b/n girders= 1.80 m
Wall slenderness= 4.50 m OK!!!! [AASHTO LRFD Section 5.7.4.7.1-1]
Overhang slab thickness near ext. girder= 0.25 m
Overhang slab length= 1.000 m
fillet= 0.10 m
Exterior diaphragm depth= 1.20 m
Interior diaphragm depth= 0.00 m
Width of diaphragm= 0.25 m
Number of exterior diaphragm= 2
Number of interior diaphragm= 0
Total number of diaphrams= 2
c/c spacing of diaphragms= 18.65 m
Assumed wearing surface thickness= 0.10 m
Crown slope in the transverse direction= 2.00 %
exterior girder bottom slab half edge length= 1.300 m
depth of post= 0.30 m
width of post= 0.25 m
Average spacing between posts= 1.50 m
Height of post 0.85 m
Number of post= 13.00
depth of rail= 0.25 m
Width of rail= 0.40 m
Face of rail from end of curb= 0.10 m
Edge of post from exterior edge of curb= 0.05 m
curb 1, width= 0.80 m
curb 1, height (interior)= 0.25 m
curb 1, height (exterior)= 0.30 m
unit weight of concrete= 25 KN/m3
unit weight of Asphalt= 22.5 KN/m3 [AASHTO LRFD Table3.5.1.1]
f for moment= 0.90 [AASHTO LRFD Section 5.4.2.2]
f for shear= 0.90 [AASHTO LRFD Section 5.4.2.2]
 4 TRANSVERSAL DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS

The T-beam deck superstructure is classified as Type (e) cross section as listed inAASHTO LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.1-1 (cast-in-place concrete T-beam with monolithic concrete deck).
Approximate method of analysis specified in Art. 4.6.2.2.2 is applicable to this type of superstructure. Distribution factors for live load bending moment and
live load shear will be determined from LRFD tables in Section 4 of LRFD specifications.

a. Distribution factor for moment …..[AASHTO LRFD Art 4.6.2.2]

Criteria: Propposed Remark

1000 ≤ S ≤ 4900 2200 mm Ok

1100 ≤ ts ≤ 300 200 mm Ok

6000 ≤ L ≤ 73000 18500 mm Ok

Nb≥4 4 Ok

4*10^9 ≤ kg ≤ 3*10^12 292800000000 Ok

kg=n*(I+A*eg^2) where
kg= Longitudinal stiffness parameter 292800000000 mm^4
n=EB/ED ,the ration of modulus of elasticity of beam material to modulus of deck material) 1
I=Moment of inertia of the beam 57600000000 mm^4
A=Area of the girder 480000 mm2
eg=The distance between center of gravities of the beam and the deck 700 mm

(kg/L*ts3) 0.1 = 1.071

i.Interior Beams……[AASHTO LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1]
One Design Lane Loaded

mg msl = 0.06+(S/4300)0.4*(S/L)0.3*(kg/L*ts3)0.1 0.492 *P

Two or more lane loaded

mg mml = 0.075+(S/2900) 0.6*(S/L) 0.2*(kg/L*ts3) 0.1 0.668 *P

mgm,interior= 1.34 *P (Wheel load)

ii. Exterior Beams ……[AASHTO LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.2d-1]

One Design Lane Loaded….Using Lever Rule

c= 1.2 m
d1= 0.250 m
d2= 1.950 m
Gs= 2.20 m

Rext1= 0.47727273 *P (P=Axel load)

mg mse= =m*Rext1 0.572727273 *P

Two or more lane loaded

mg mme= e*mgmse 1.46 *P

e=0.77+de/2800 1.09

de= 900.00 mm OK!!!

mgm,exterior= 1.46 *P (Wheel load)

Skew Correction factor 1 [Non -Skeweed Bridge]

b. Distribution factor for Shear………….[AASHTO LRFD Art 4.6.2.2.3]

Criteria: Propposed Remark

1000 ≤ S ≤ 4900 2200 Ok

1100 ≤ ts ≤ 300 200 Ok

6000 ≤ L ≤ 73000 18500 Ok

Nb≥4 4 Ok

i.Interior Beams …[AASHTO LRFD Table 4.6.2.2-3a-1]

One Design Lane Loaded

mg vsl = 0.36+S/7600 0.649 *P

Two or more lane loaded

mg vml = 0.2+S/3600-(S/10700)2 0.769 *P

mg vinterior = 1.54 *P (wheel load)

ii. Exterior Beams …..[AASHTO LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.3b-1]

One Design Lane Loaded….Using Lever Rule

mg mse= =m*Rext1 0.572727272727273 *P

Two or more lane loaded

mg mme= e*mgmse 1.54 *P

e=0.6+de/3000 1.00

de= 900.00 mm

Skew Correction factor 1 [Non -Skeweed Bridge]

mg vexterior = 1.54 *P

Summary

Moment Shear
Interior 1.34 1.54 *P
Exterior 1.46 1.54 *P

2 DESIGN OF DECK SLAB

2.1 Design of Overhange Slab

i. Dead Load

Component Manitude (KN/m) Lever arm (m) Moment @the face of exterior girder (KNm/m)
W1 2.5 0.775 1.94
W2 1.09 0.825 0.90
W3 6.375 0.575 3.67
W4 3.125 0.333 1.04
Sum= 7.54 KNm/m

ii. Live Loads

For the design of deck overhange with cantilever not exceeding 1800 mm from centerline of exterior girder to the face of structurally continous concrete railing,
the outside wheel loads may be replaced with uniformly distributed line load 14.6N/mm.intensity located at 300 mm from the face of the railing or curb. ….[AASHTO LRFD Art 3.6.1.3.4]

a. Truck Load
Width of primary strip=1140+0.833X………………..[AASHTO LRFD Table 4.6.2.1.3-1]

E= 1431.55 mm Where :
M LL=(P/E)*X 17.73 KNm/m x is distance from the load to point of support. 350.00 mm
p is truck wheel load 72.5 KN
MLL+IM= 23.57 KNm/m

b.Railing Load
Highway Railing Load= 44.48 KN
Width of primary strip=1140+0.833X………………..[AASHTO LRFD Table 4.6.2.1.3-1]

E= 1681.45 mm Where :
M RL=(Ph/E)*h 33.73 KNm/m x is distance from the load to point of support. 650.00 mm
h is the lever arm 1275.00 m

c.Design Tandem
Since the single wheel load of tandem is smaller than truck load no nee of designing for tandem load.

d. Pedestrian Load …….[AASHTO LRFD Art 3.6.1.6]

Pedestrianj live load= 0.0041 Mpa

Dynamic allowance need not be considered

MRL=(Ph/E)*h 2.05 KNm/m

e. Lane Load
Lane load= 3.1 KN/m2

Mlane load = 1.55 KNm/m

iii. Total Design Moment

M D=1.25*M DL+1.75*(MAX(M LL+IM,M RL)+M LANE+MPEDESTRIAN) 74.75 KNm/m

iv. Reinforcement
M design = 74.75 KNm/m
Assume a= 17.45 mm ϕ= 0.9
Ast=M design/(ϕ*fy*(d-a/2)) 1186.88 mm2 fc'= 24 Mpa
fy= 300 Mpa
a=Ast*fy/(0.85*b*fc' ) 17.45 mm Ø 16 mm
D= 300 mm
s=b*as/Ast 160 mm Cover= 50 mm
d= 242 mm
b= 1000 mm
Ig= 2250000000 mm 4
yt= 150 mm
Minimum Reinforcement fr= 3.09 Mpa
M cr=fr*Ig/yt 46.30 KNm/m
1.2*M cr= 55.55 KNm/m
1.33.M D= 99.42 KNm/m

Provide Ø 16 C/C 160 Bar S1

2.2 Design of Interior Slab

i. Dead Load
Cpt Thickness(m) Unit weight(KN/m3) Weight(KN/m2)
Rc slab 0.20 25 5
Wearing surface 0.10 22.5 2.25
WDL= 7.25 KN/m2

M DL=0.8*(WDL*L2/8) 3.509 KNm/m

ii. Live Load

-Method of Analysis:
-Approximate metehod of analysis
-Internal forces are computed using the moment distribution

-Width of Primay strip……………………….[AASHTO LRFD Table 4.6.2.1.3-1]

Epostive moment=660+0.55*S 1870 mm
ENegative moment=1220+0.25*S 1770 mm

-For Maximum Postive Moment

-The first wheel shall be placed at 0.4 times girder spacing p= 72.5 KN
a= 0.88 m
FEMAB= 22.968 KNm b= 1.32 m
S= 2.20 m
FEMBA= -15.312 KNm c= 0.48 m
d= 1.72 m
FEMBC= 21.27 KNm

FEMCB= -5.94 KNm

DfAB=D fDC= 1

DfBA=D fCD= 0.429

DfBC=DfCB= 0.571

Joint A B C D
Member AB BA BC CB CD DC
DF 1 0.429 0.571 0.571 0.429 1
FEM 22.968 -15.312 21.27 -5.94 0 0
Net -22.97 -5.96 5.94 0.00
Balance Joint -22.97 -2.55 -3.41 3.39 2.54 0.00
Carry Over -1.28 -11.48 1.70 -1.70 0.00 1.27
Net 1.28 9.79 1.70 -1.27
Balance Joint 1.28 4.19 5.59 0.97 0.73 -1.27
Carry Over 2.10 0.64 0.49 2.80 -0.64 0.36
Net -2.10 -1.12 -2.16 -0.36
Balance Joint -2.10 -0.48 -0.64 -1.23 -0.93 -0.36
Carry Over -0.24 -1.05 -0.62 -0.32 -0.18 -0.46
Net 0.24 1.67 0.50 0.46
Balance Joint 0.24 0.71 0.95 0.29 0.22 0.46
Carry Over 0.36 0.12 0.14 0.48 0.23 0.11
Net -0.36 -0.26 -0.71 -0.11
Balance Joint -0.36 -0.11 -0.15 -0.40 -0.30 -0.11
Carry Over -0.06 -0.18 -0.20 -0.08 -0.05 -0.15
Net 0.06 0.38 0.13 0.15
Balance Joint 0.06 0.16 0.22 0.07 0.06 0.15
Final Moment 0.00 -25.34 25.34 -1.68 1.68 0.00

Using the momet distribution the end moment becomes

MBA=MBC= 25.34 KNm
The maximum posive momet per strip becomes Mp= 16.26 KNm

-For maximum Negative Moment

-The wheel shall be placed far from 0.9 m to the left and right of the support. p= 72.5 KN
a= 1.30 m
FEMAB= 15.77 KNm b= 0.90 m
S= 2.20 m
FEMBA= -22.78 KNm c= 0.9 m
d= 1.30 m
FEMBC= 22.78 KNm

FEMCB= -15.77 KNm

DfAB=D fDC= 1

DfBA=D fCD= 0.429

DfBC=DfCB= 0.571

Joint A B C D
Member AB BA BC CB CD DC
DF 1.000 0.429 0.571 0.571 0.429 1.000
FEM 15.77 -22.78 22.78 -15.77 0.00 0.00
Net -15.77 0.00 15.77 0.00
Balance Joint -15.77 0.00 0.00 9.01 6.76 0.00
Carry Over 0.00 -7.89 4.51 0.00 0.00 3.38
Net 0.00 3.38 0.00 -3.38
Balance Joint 0.00 1.45 1.93 0.00 0.00 -3.38
Carry Over 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.97 -1.69 0.00
Net -0.72 0.00 0.72 0.00
Balance Joint -0.72 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.31 0.00
Carry Over 0.00 -0.36 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.16
Net 0.00 0.16 0.00 -0.16
Balance Joint 0.00 0.07 0.09 0.00 0.00 -0.16
Carry Over 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.04 -0.08 0.00
Net -0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00
Balance Joint -0.03 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00
Carry Over 0.00 -0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01
Net 0.00 0.01 0.00 -0.01
Balance Joint 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01
Final Moment 0.00 -29.53 29.53 -5.32 5.32 0.00

Using the momet distribution the end moment becomes

MBA=MBC= 29.53 KNm
The maximum posive momet per strip becomes Mp= 20.02 KNm

Lane load moment = 0.8WL2/8 = 1.50 KNm

Summary
M LL+IM(+VE)= 21.63 KNm

M LL+IM(-VE)= 26.63 KNm

M Lane = 1.50 KNm

iii. Factored Design Moment

M D=1.25*M DL+1.75*(MLL+IM+MLANE)

MD-ve = 53.611 KNm

MD+ve= 44.86 KNm

iv. Reinforcement

a.Top Reinforcement

Assume a= 17.45 mm Mdesign = 53.61 KNm

Ast=M design/(ϕ*fy*(d-a/2)) 1489.84 mm2 ϕ= 0.9
fc'= 24 Mpa
a=Ast*fy/(0.85*b*fc' ) 21.91 mm fy= 300 Mpa
Ø 16 mm
s=b*as/Ast 130 mm D= 200 mm
Cover= 50 mm
d= 142 mm
b= 1000 mm

Provide Ø 16 C/C 130 Bar S1

b.Bottom Reinforcement

Assume a= 17.45 mm Mdesign = 44.86 KNm

Ast=M design/(ϕ*fy*(d-a/2)) 1246.71 mm2 ϕ= 0.9
fc'= 24 Mpa
a=Ast*fy/(0.85*b*fc' ) 18.33 mm fy= 300 Mpa
Ø 16 mm
s=b*as/Ast 160 mm D= 200 mm
Cover= 50 mm
d= 142 mm
b= 1000 mm

Provide Ø 16 C/C 160 Bar S2

c. Distribution Reinforcement………………[AASHTO LRFD Art 9.7.3.2]

-For main rebar perpendicular to the traffic ,the distribution reinforcement is givern as percentage of the main slab
rebar as given below:

As(distr.)%= 67 %
3840/√𝑆
≤67%

As(distr.)%= 998.19 mm2

Ø= 14 mm
s=b*as/Ast 150 mm

Provide Ø 14 C/C 150 Bar S3

d. Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement

Shall be provided near the surface of the concrete exposed to daily temperature changes in strucural mas concrete
As≥0.75*b*h/(2*(b+h)*fy) ……………………………………… [AASHTO LRFD Art.5.10.8-1]
0.233≤As≤1.27
where:
where As=area of reinforcement in each direction and each face(m2/mm)
As (temp and shrink.)= 233.00 mm2/m b=least width of component section (mm)
h=least thickness of the componenet section (mm)
fy=Specified yield strength of reinforcing bars<=520Mpa
S≤ 450 mm
{█(3∗ℎ@450)┤
mini Ø= 10 mm
spacing = 450 mm

Provide Ø 10 C/C 450 Bar S4

 3 Design of Longitudinal Girder
3.1 Loads
a. Dead Load
i.Exterior Girder

Cpt Load(KN/m)
W1 2.5
W2 1.09
W3 6.375
W4 3.125
W5 14
W6 4.5
W7 3.263
W8(Fillet) 0.25
Sum= 35.10 KN/m

Weight of diaphragm (P1)= 5.625 KN

RA= WDL*L/2+P1 L= 18.50 m

WDL= 35.10 KN
VDL= P1+WDL*(L/2-x) P1= 5.625 KN

M DL= 0.5*WDL*(L*x-x2)

x/L x V DL (KN) MDL (KNm)

0 0 330.33 0.00
0.05 0.925 297.86 290.54
0.1 1.85 265.39 551.04
0.15 2.775 232.92 781.50
0.2 3.7 200.45 981.93
0.25 4.625 167.98 1152.33
0.3 5.55 135.51 1292.69
0.35 6.475 103.04 1403.01
0.4 7.4 70.57 1483.30
0.45 8.325 38.10 1533.56
0.5 9.25 5.63 1553.78

ii. Interior Girder

Cpt Load(KN/m)
W1 11
W2 4.95
W3 12
W4(Fillet) 0.5
SUM= 28.45 KN/m

Weight of diaphragm (P2)= 11.25 KN

RA= WDL*L/2+P2 L= 18.50 m

WDL= 28.45 KN
VDL= P2+WDL*(L/2-x) P2= 11.25 KN

M DL= 0.5*WDL*(L*x-x2)

x/L x V DL (KN) MDL (KNm)

0 0 274.41 0.00
0.05 0.925 248.10 241.66
0.1 1.85 221.78 458.98
0.15 2.775 195.46 651.95
0.2 3.7 169.15 820.59
0.25 4.625 142.83 964.88
0.3 5.55 116.52 1084.82
0.35 6.475 90.20 1180.43
0.4 7.4 63.88 1251.69
0.45 8.325 37.57 1298.61
0.5 9.25 11.25 1321.19

b. Live Load

i.Truck Load

Case 1: Maximum Effect Under the Rear Axel

V X=P*(A+B+C/4) Where
A=y/L
B=(y-4.3)/L
C=(y-8.6)/L

M X=P*(A+B+C/4) Where
A=x*y/L
B=x*(y-4.3)/L
C=x*(y-8.6)/L

L= 18.50 m
P= 72.50 KN

Shear Force Bending Moment

x/L x
A B C/4 V lltr1 A B C/4 M LL,TR1
0 0 1 0.7676 0.1338 137.85 0 0 0 0.00
0.05 0.925 0.95 0.7176 0.1213 129.69 0.88 0.66 0.11 119.96
0.1 1.85 0.9 0.6676 0.1088 121.54 1.67 1.24 0.20 224.84
0.15 2.775 0.85 0.6176 0.0963 113.38 2.36 1.71 0.27 314.63
0.2 3.7 0.8 0.5676 0.0838 105.22 2.96 2.10 0.31 389.33
0.25 4.625 0.75 0.5176 0.0713 97.07 3.47 2.39 0.33 448.93
0.3 5.55 0.7 0.4676 0.0588 88.91 3.89 2.60 0.33 493.45
0.35 6.475 0.65 0.4176 0.0463 80.75 4.21 2.70 0.30 522.88
0.4 7.4 0.6 0.3676 0.0338 72.60 4.44 2.72 0.25 537.23
0.45 8.325 0.55 0.3176 0.0213 64.44 4.58 2.64 0.18 536.48
0.5 9.25 0.5 0.2676 0.0088 56.29 4.63 2.48 0.08 520.64

Case 1: Maximum Effect Under the Middle Axel

MX=P*(A+B+C/4) Where
A=(x-4.3)*y/L
B=x*y/L
C=x*(y-4.3)/L

L= 18.50 m
P= 72.50 KN

Bending Moment
x/L x
A B C/4 M LL,TR2
0 0 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00
0.05 0.925 0.00 0.88 0.166 75.74
0.1 1.85 0.00 1.67 0.309 143.10
0.15 2.775 0.00 2.36 0.428 202.07
0.2 3.7 0.00 2.96 0.525 252.66
0.25 4.625 0.24 3.47 0.598 312.54
0.3 5.55 0.88 3.89 0.649 392.13
0.35 6.475 1.41 4.21 0.676 456.64
0.4 7.4 1.86 4.44 0.680 506.05
0.45 8.325 2.21 4.58 0.661 540.37
0.5 9.25 2.48 4.63 0.619 559.61

Maximum truck load effects

x VLL+Truck M LL,TR
0 137.85 0.00
0.925 129.69 119.96
1.85 121.54 224.84
2.775 113.38 314.63
3.7 105.22 389.33
4.625 97.07 448.93
5.55 88.91 493.45
6.475 80.75 522.88
7.4 72.60 537.23
8.325 64.44 540.37
9.25 56.29 559.61

ii. Tandem Load

V X=P*(A+B) Where
A=y/L
B=(y-1.2)/L

M X=P*(A+B) Where
A=x*y/L
B=x*(y-1.2)/L

L= 18.50 m
P= 55 KN

Shear Force Bending Moment

x/L x
A B VLL,Tandem A B M LL,Tandem
0 0 1 0.94 106.43 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.925 0.95 0.89 100.93 0.88 0.82 93.36
0.1 1.85 0.9 0.84 95.43 1.67 1.55 176.55
0.15 2.775 0.85 0.79 89.93 2.36 2.18 249.56
0.2 3.7 0.8 0.74 84.43 2.96 2.72 312.40
0.25 4.625 0.75 0.69 78.93 3.47 3.17 365.06
0.3 5.55 0.7 0.64 73.43 3.89 3.53 407.55
0.35 6.475 0.65 0.59 67.93 4.21 3.79 439.86
0.4 7.4 0.6 0.54 62.43 4.44 3.96 462.00
0.45 8.325 0.55 0.49 56.93 4.58 4.04 473.96
0.5 9.25 0.5 0.44 51.43 4.63 4.03 475.75

iii.Lane Load

L= 18.50
Lane load= 9.3 KN/m

x/L x V lane M lane

0 0 86.025 0.00
0.05 0.925 77.4225 75.59
0.1 1.85 68.82 143.23
0.15 2.775 60.2175 202.91
0.2 3.7 51.615 254.63
0.25 4.625 43.0125 298.40
0.3 5.55 34.41 334.21
0.35 6.475 25.8075 362.06
0.4 7.4 17.205 381.95
0.45 8.325 8.60249999999999 393.89
0.5 9.25 0 397.87

3.2 Design Shear Force and Bending Moment

a. Strength Limit State
i.Shear Force
L= 18.50 m
mgv,exterior = 1.54
mgv,Interior = 1.54
IM= 1.33
Ƞ= 1.00
Vdesign=Ƞ*(1.25*Dc+1.5*Dw+1.75*mg*(LL+IM))

Exterior Girder Interior Girder

x/L x
VDL (KN) Vlane VLL,Truck V LL,Tandem V LL+IM V DESIGN VDL (KN) Vlane VLL,Truck VLL,Tandem VLL+IM VDESIGN
0 0 330.327384868421 132.28 211.965154850457 163.66 281.91 1137.74524 274.41 132.28 211.965155 163.66 281.91 1067.852
0.05 0.925 297.857146381579 119.05 199.423506562397 155.20 265.23 1044.81805 248.10 119.05 199.423507 155.20 265.23 982.6169
0.1 1.85 265.386907894737 105.82 186.881858274337 146.74 248.55 951.89085 221.78 105.82 186.881858 146.74 248.55 897.3822
0.15 2.775 232.916669407895 92.59 174.340209986277 138.29 231.87 858.963655 195.46 92.59 174.34021 138.29 231.87 812.1475
0.2 3.7 200.446430921053 79.37 161.798561698217 129.83 215.19 766.036459 169.15 79.37 161.798562 129.83 215.19 726.9128
0.25 4.625 167.976192434211 66.14 149.256913410157 121.37 198.51 673.109263 142.83 66.14 149.256913 121.37 198.51 641.6781
0.3 5.55 135.505953947368 52.91 136.715265122096 112.92 181.83 580.182067 116.52 52.91 136.715265 112.92 181.83 556.4434
0.35 6.475 103.035715460526 39.68 124.173616834036 104.46 165.15 487.254871 90.20 39.68 124.173617 104.46 165.15 471.2087
0.4 7.4 70.5654769736842 26.46 111.631968545976 96.00 148.47 394.327676 63.88 26.46 111.631969 96.00 148.47 385.974
0.45 8.325 38.0952384868421 13.23 99.0903202579162 87.54 131.79 301.40048 37.57 13.23 99.0903203 87.54 131.79 300.7392
0.5 9.25 5.625 0.00 86.5486719698561 79.09 115.11 208.473284 11.25 0.00 86.548672 79.09 115.11 215.5045

Factored Shear Force Diagram Shear

Exterior
1200

f(x) = − 100.461833283762 x + 1137.74524188464

f(x) = − 92.1456326258676 x + 1067.85163579912
1000

800
Vdesign [KN]

600

400

200

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

X [m]

ii.Bending Moment
L= 18.50 m
mgm,exterior = 1.46
mgm,Interior = 1.34
IM= 1.33
Ƞ= 1.00
M design=Ƞ*(1.25*Dc+1.5*Dw+1.75*mg*(LL+IM))

Exterior Girder Interior Girder

x/L x
M DL(KN) M lane MLL,Truck M LL,Tandem MLL+IM M DESIGN MDL(KN) Mlane MLL,Truck MLL,Tandem MLL+IM MDESIGN
0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0
0.05 0.925 290.54 110.15 174.80 136.04 232.48 962.77 241.66 100.92 160.155548 124.64 213.01 851.4477
0.1 1.85 551.04 208.70 327.61 257.25 435.72 1816.53 458.98 191.22 300.166885 235.70 399.22 1606.991
0.15 2.775 781.50 295.66 458.44 363.63 609.72 2561.29 651.95 270.89 420.034012 333.17 558.65 2266.63
0.2 3.7 981.93 371.02 567.28 455.19 754.48 3197.04 820.59 339.94 519.756929 417.06 691.28 2830.365
0.25 4.625 1152.33 434.79 654.13 531.93 870.00 3723.79 964.88 398.37 599.335634 487.37 797.12 3298.195
0.3 5.55 1292.69 486.97 719.00 593.83 956.27 4141.52 1084.82 446.17 658.77013 544.09 876.16 3670.121
0.35 6.475 1403.01 527.55 761.88 640.91 1013.30 4450.26 1180.43 483.35 698.060414 587.23 928.42 3946.142
0.4 7.4 1483.30 556.53 782.78 673.17 1041.10 4649.98 1251.69 509.91 717.206488 616.78 953.88 4126.259
0.45 8.325 1533.56 573.92 787.37 690.60 1047.20 4753.92 1298.61 525.85 721.41076 632.75 959.48 4222.581
0.5 9.25 1553.78 579.72 815.40 693.21 1084.48 4854.57 1321.19 531.16 747.090092 635.14 993.63 4319.866

Factored Bending Moment Diagram Mexterior

M design [KNm]

Polynomial (Mexterior)
6000.00

5000.00
f(x) = − 60.8915223479757 x² + 1080.79158160949 x + 16.8199549796373

4000.00 f(x) = − 53.4704128446595 x² + 954.949715794209 x + 15.4109535153755

3000.00

2000.00

1000.00

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

X [m]
 Factored Bending Moment Diagram Mexterior

M design [KNm]
Polynomial (Mexterior)
6000.00

5000.00
f(x) = − 60.8915223479757 x² + 1080.79158160949 x + 16.8199549796373

4000.00 f(x) = − 53.4704128446595 x² + 954.949715794209 x + 15.4109535153755

3000.00

2000.00

1000.00

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

X [m]
 Factored Bending Moment Diagram Mexterior

M design [KNm]
Polynomial (Mexterior)
6000.00

5000.00
f(x) = − 60.8915223479757 x² + 1080.79158160949 x + 16.8199549796373

4000.00 f(x) = − 53.4704128446595 x² + 954.949715794209 x + 15.4109535153755

3000.00

2000.00

1000.00

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

X [m]

3.2 Design For Flexure

a. Design Loads
The design loads are computed above and the structutre is designed to support thedesign loads.

b. Effective Compression Flange Witdth (beff)

i.Interior Girder

beff,int= 2200 mm

ii.Exterior Girder

beff,ext= 2100 mm

c. Minimum Spacing Limt for Reinforcements [AASHTO LRFD Art.5.10.3.1]

i. Horizontal
For cast-in-place concrete,the clear distance between parallel bars in a layer not be less than
Nominal bar diamter= 32 mm
1.5 times the nominal diameter of the bars 48 mm
1.5 times the maximum size of the coarse aggregate 38 mm
38 mm 38 mm

-The minimum clear distance between bars with no lapping is 48 mm

Use center to center spacing of bars in a layer = 80 mm

-Assuming vertical lapping of bars, one over the other,

The minimum clear distance between parallel bars in a layer is = 48 mm

Therefore, the minimum center to center spacing of bars in a layer with overlap is = 112 mm
Use center to center spacing of bars in a layer with lapping= 120 mm

ii. Vertical
Except in decks where parallel reinforcing is placed in two or more layers with clear distance between layers not exceeding 150 mm,the bars in the upper layers shall be placed
directly above those in the bottom layer,and the clear distance between layers shall not be leass than 25 mm or the nominal diameter of bars.

-Minimum clear distance between two layers of bars is 25mm or dia of bar = 32 mm
-Thus, minimum center to center spacing of bars when there is lap = 96 mm
-Use vertical center to center spacing of bars b/n layers = 100 mm

d. Maximim Spacing Limits of Reinforcemets [AASHTO LRFD Art.5.10.3.2]

Unless otherwise specified,the spacing of the reinforcement in walls and slabs shall not exceed 1.5 times the thickness of the member or 450 mm.