EM4 – ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS (FOR ECE)

SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER

COMPLEX NUMBERS AND COMPLEX VARIABLES

A Complex Number is a combination of a real number and imaginary numbers.
𝒛 = 𝒂 + 𝒋𝒃
Lesson #1 – The j-Operator
It is a constant which when multiplied to a quantity will rotate by 90° counterclockwise
without changing its magnitude. We now simply say that the j-operator is the imaginary
unit and define it by the property 𝑗 2 = −1. Using the imaginary unit, we build a general
complex number out of two real numbers.
𝑗 2 = −1
𝑗 3 = −𝑗
𝑗4 = 1
𝑗5 = 𝑗

𝑗 6 = −1
But what if exponents will be larger?
Steps in Solving
1. Divide the large exponent by 4.
2. Let the remainder be the new exponent of the j-operator then simplify using the
solved equivalent values of smaller exponents above.

Sample Problems
Simplify the following.

1. 𝑗 45
Solution
45
= 11 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 1
4
𝑗1 = 𝑗
𝒋𝟒𝟓 = 𝒋
2. 𝑗 158
Solution
158
= 39 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 2
4
𝑗 2 = −1
𝒋𝟏𝟓𝟖 = −𝟏
3. 𝑗 1987
Solution
1987
= 496 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 3
4

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 EM4 – ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS (FOR ECE)
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER

𝑗 3 = −𝑖
𝒋𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟕 = −𝒊

Lesson #2 – Theorem on Complex Numbers

If (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗) = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 0

Forms of Complex Numbers

1. Standard/Cartesian/Rectangular Form
𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏
Where: a is the real part and jb is the imaginary part

2. Steinmetz/Polar Form
𝑧 = 𝑟∠𝜃
Where: r is the magnitude/absolute value/hypotenuse of a right triangle
𝜃 is the argument/direction with respect to the real axis (measured in degrees)

3. Exponential Form
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝜃
Where: r is the magnitude, 𝜃 is the angle measured in radians

4. Trigonometric Form
𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
Where: r is the magnitude and 𝜃 is the angle measured in degrees

Conversion/Transformation

1. Rectangular Form to Polar Form

By Pythagorean Theorem:
𝑟 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏2
and
𝑏
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝑎

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 EM4 – ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS (FOR ECE)
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER

2. Polar Form to Rectangular Form

𝑎 𝑏
cos 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 =
𝑟 𝑟
𝑎 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑏 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

Sample Problems
Convert the following.

1. Convert (6 − 𝑗3) to exponential form.

Solution
𝑟 = √(𝑎) 2 + (𝑏)2
𝑟 = √(6)2 + (−3)2
𝑟 = √45 = 6.70820

𝑏
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝑎
3
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
6
𝜃 = 0.46365 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Therefore:
(𝟔 − 𝒋𝟑) = √𝟒𝟓𝒆−𝒋𝟎.𝟒𝟔𝟒

2. Convert (5𝑒𝑗0.725 ) to rectangular form

Solution
𝑎 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑏 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑎 = 5𝑐𝑜𝑠0.725 = 3.74250
𝑏 = 5 sin 0.725 = 3.31568
Therefore:
𝟓𝒆𝒋𝟎.𝟕𝟐𝟓 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟒𝟑 + 𝒋𝟑. 𝟑𝟏𝟔
3. Convert 10𝑐𝑗𝑠 30° to exponential form.
10𝑐𝑗𝑠 30° 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 10 (cos 30° + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛30°)
𝑟 = 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 = 30°
Since 𝜃 in exponential form requires to be in radian we have to convert 30° in radians.

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 EM4 – ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS (FOR ECE)
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER

𝜃 = 30° = 0.52360 𝑟𝑎𝑑

Therefore:
𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒋𝒔 𝟑𝟎° = 𝟏𝟎𝒆𝒋𝟎.𝟓𝟐𝟒

Activity #1. Write your answers and solution on your cattleya notebook. Strictly No
Solution, No Points!
I. Simplify the following:

1. 𝑗 403
2. 𝑗 68
3. 𝑗 2021
4. 𝑗 784
5. 𝑗 195

II. Convert the following:

6. 10 + 𝑗6 to exponential and trigonometric form

7. 8𝑒 −𝑗0.258 to rectangular and trigonometric form
8. 6(cos 35 ° + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛35°) to rectangular and exponential form

Lesson #3 – Operations of Complex Numbers

Addition and Subtraction

Steps:
-All complex numbers should be in rectangular form
-Combine all real parts
-Combine all imaginary parts

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏) + (𝑐 + 𝑗𝑑 )
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (𝑎 + 𝑐 ) + 𝑗 (𝑏 + 𝑑 )

𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = (𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏) − (𝑐 + 𝑗𝑑 )
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = (𝑎 − 𝑐 ) + 𝑗 (𝑏 − 𝑑 )

Multiplication
Multiplication of complex numbers can be done either in rectangular or polar form.

𝑧1 𝑧2 = (𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑗𝑑 )
𝑧1 𝑧2 = (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑 ) + 𝑗 (𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 )
Note that: 𝑗 2 = −1

𝑧1 𝑧2 = (𝑟1 ∠𝜃1 )(𝑟2 ∠𝜃2 )

𝑧1 𝑧2 = (𝑟1 𝑟2 )∠(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )

Conjugate of a Complex Number

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 EM4 – ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS (FOR ECE)
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER

Given Z Conjugate Z*
𝒂 + 𝒋𝒃 𝒂 − 𝒋𝒃
𝒓∠𝜽 𝒓∠ − 𝜽
𝒓(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒋𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽) 𝒓(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝒋𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽)
𝒓𝒆𝒋𝜽 𝒓𝒆−𝒋𝜽

Division of a Complex Number

Division of complex numbers can be done either in rectangular or polar form.

𝑧1 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑗𝑑
= ∙
𝑧2 𝑐 + 𝑗𝑑 𝑐 − 𝑗𝑑
𝑧1 (𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏)(𝑐 − 𝑗𝑑)
=
𝑧2 (𝑐 + 𝑗𝑑)(𝑐 − 𝑗𝑑)
𝑧1 (𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 ) − 𝑗(𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑)
=
𝑧2 𝑐2 + 𝑑 2

𝑧1 𝑟1 ∠𝜃1 𝑟1
= = ( )∠(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )
𝑧2 𝑟2 ∠𝜃2 𝑟2

Equality of Complex Number

Complex numbers 𝑍1 = 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏 and 𝑍2 = 𝑐 + 𝑗𝑑 are equal if the real components of 𝑍1
and 𝑍2 and imaginary components of 𝑍1 and 𝑍2 are equal.

Sample Problems

1. If 𝑍1 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 and 𝑍2 = −5 + 𝑗7 are equal, find the value of x and y.

Solution
The given two complex numbers are 𝑍1 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 and 𝑍2 = −5 + 𝑗7. We know that, two
complex numbers 𝑍1 = 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏 and 𝑍2 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 are equal if 𝑎 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 𝑦.

Therefore, 𝒙 = −𝟓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝟕

2. If a and b are real numbers and 7𝑎 + 𝑗 (3𝑎 − 𝑏) = 14 − 𝑗6, then find the values of
a and b.
Solution

Given, 7a + j(3a - b) = 14 – 6j
⇒ 7a + j(3a - b) = 14 + j(-6)
Now equating real and imaginary parts on both sides, we have
7a = 14 and 3a - b = -6
⇒ a = 2 and 3 ∙ 2 – b = -6

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 EM4 – ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS (FOR ECE)
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER

⇒ a = 2 and 6 – b = -6
⇒ a = 2 and – b = -12
⇒ a = 2 and b = 12

Therefore, the value of a = 2 and the value of b = 12.

Activity #2. Write your answers and solution on your cattleya notebook. Strictly No
Solution, No Points!

Given the following Complex Numbers; find the sum, difference, product and
quotient (in rectangular and polar form).
1. A = 3 − j7 and B = −7 + j21
2. A = −3 − j3 and B = 12 + j16

3. If a and b are real numbers and 6𝑎 + 𝑗 (4𝑎 − 2𝑏) = 13 − 𝑗7, then find the values
of a and b.

4. For what real values of m and n are the complex numbers 𝑚2 − 7𝑚 +

𝑗9𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑗𝑛2 + 𝑗20 − 12 are equal.

Lesson #4 – Power of a Complex Number

Power is a Real Number(n)

𝑍𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏) 𝑛
𝑍𝑛 = (𝑟∠𝜃)𝑛
By De Moivre’s Theorem
𝑍𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 ∠𝑛𝜃

Power is another Complex Number

𝑍𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏)𝑐+𝑗𝑑
Steps in Solving
1. Convert the given base complex number into exponential form 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝜃
2. Then raise “r” by “e”, but to not change the equation we will be using “ln r”
instead of “r” alone: 𝑍𝑛 = [𝑒 ln 𝑟 . 𝑒𝑗𝜃 ]
3. By properties of exponent: 𝑍𝑛 = [𝑒 ln 𝑟+𝑗𝜃 ]𝑐+𝑗𝑑
4. Multiplying the exponents, we will arrive with another set of a complex
number
(ln 𝑟 + 𝑗𝜃 )(𝑐 + 𝑗𝑑 ) = 𝑓 + 𝑗𝑔
𝑍𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑓+𝑗𝑔
𝑍𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑓 . 𝑒𝑗𝑔
Then, ′𝑒 𝑓 ′ 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ′𝑔′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝜃
Therefore,
𝑍𝑛 = 𝑟∠𝜃

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Sample Problems

1. Evaluate 𝑍 = (2 − 𝑗3) 3
Solution
Transform the complex number from rectangular to polar form.
2 − 𝑗3 = 3.60555∠ − 56.31°
𝑍𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 ∠𝑛𝜃
𝑍 = (3.61)3 ∠(3)(−56.31)
3

𝒁𝟑 = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟎𝟒∠ − 𝟏𝟔𝟖. 𝟗𝟑°

2. Evaluate (3 + 𝑗4)(1+𝑗2)
Solution
Transform the base from rectangular to exponential form
3 + 𝑗4 = 5∠53.13° = 5∠0.93 = 5𝑒𝑗0.93
𝑍𝑍1 = [𝑒 ln (5) . 𝑒𝑗0.93 ]1+𝑗2
𝑍𝑍1 = [𝑒 ln(5)+𝑗0.93 . ]1+𝑗2
Multiplying the exponents, we have:
𝑍𝑍1 = 𝑒 −0.25+𝑗4.15 = 𝑒 −0.25 . 𝑒𝑗4.15
𝑍𝑍1 = 0.78𝑒𝑗4.15
𝒁𝒁𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖∠𝟒. 𝟏𝟓

Lesson #5 – Roots of a Complex Number

Root is a Real Number

1 1 𝜃
𝑛√𝑧 = 𝑧 1/𝑛 = (𝑟∠𝜃)𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 ∠
2
Principal Roots
𝜃
𝑛√𝑧 = 𝑛√𝑟∠
𝑛

For nth Roots

In degrees
𝜃 + (360𝑥)
𝑛√𝑧 = 𝑛√𝑟∠
𝑛
In radians
𝜃 + (2𝜋𝑥)
𝑛√𝑧 = 𝑛√𝑟∠
𝑛
Where:
x is the number of revolution
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, … , (n-1)
Note that: When solving for the Principal Roots use x=0

Root is a Complex Number

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SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER

𝑛 𝑐+𝑗𝑑
√𝑧 = √𝑐 + 𝑗𝑦
1
𝑛
√𝑧 = (𝑐 + 𝑗𝑦)𝑐+𝑗𝑑
1
, 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏
𝑐 + 𝑗𝑑
𝑛
√𝑧 = (𝑐 + 𝑗𝑦)𝑎+𝑗𝑏
After arriving in this form, we all know that this is in the form of a complex number raised
to another complex number that was discussed on our last lesson.

Sample Problem

1. Evaluate 2√3 + 𝑗6
Solution
Transforming the complex number from rectangular into Polar form
3 + 𝑗6 = 6.71∠63.43°
𝑛 𝜃
√𝑍 = 𝑟 1/2 ∠
𝑛
1 63.43°
2
√3 + 𝑗6 = (6.71)2 ∠
2
𝟐
√𝟑 + 𝒋𝟔 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟓𝟓∠𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟏𝟓°

3−𝑗3
2. Evaluate √2 + 𝑗3
Solution
1
(2 + 𝑗3)3−𝑗3 = (2 + 𝑗3)0.17+𝑗0.17
Converting the base complex number into exponential form
2 + 𝑗3 = 3.61∠56.31° = 3.61𝑒𝑗0.98
𝑍1
√𝑍 = [𝑒 ln(3.61) . 𝑒𝑗0.98 ]0.17+𝑗0.17
𝑍1
√𝑍 = [𝑒 ln(3.61)+𝑗0.98 ]0.17+𝑗0.17
Multiplying the exponents
𝑍1
√𝑍 = 𝑒 0.052+𝑗0.385
𝑍1
√𝑍 = 1.05𝑒𝑗0.385
𝒁𝟏
√𝒁 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓∠𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟓

Lesson #6 – Logarithm of Complex Number

Natural Logarithm (ln)

Let 𝑍 = 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏
ln|𝑍| = ln |𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏|
Transforming Z in exponential form:
ln |𝑍| = ln(𝑟𝑒𝑗𝜃 )
Applying the properties of logarithm

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SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER

ln|𝑍| = ln 𝑟 + ln 𝑒𝑗𝜃
ln|𝑍| = ln 𝑟 + 𝑗𝜃
ln |𝑍| = ln 𝑟 + 𝑗 𝜃𝑟𝑎𝑑

Logarithm in any Base (log)

log 𝑍
log 𝑛 𝑍 =
log 𝑛
Take note that “Z & n” should be in polar form.

log|𝑍| = log 𝑟 + 𝑗𝜃 log 𝑒

Sample Problems

1. Evaluate ln(3 + 𝑗4)

Solution
Transforming the complex number from rectangular to polar form
3 + 𝑗4 = 5∠0.93
ln 3 + 𝑗4) = ln(5) + 0.93𝑗
(
ln(3 + 𝑗4) = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝒋
4
2. Evaluate ln(1 + 𝑗2)
Solution
Perform first the “complex number raised to the power of a real number”
𝑍𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 ∠𝑛𝜃
Transforming the base complex number from rectangular to polar form
1 + 𝑗2 = √5∠1.11
(1 + 𝑗2)4 = (√5∠1.11) 4
𝑍4 = (√5)4 ∠(4)(1.11)
= 25∠4.44
4
ln(𝑍 ) = ln 25∠4.44
𝐥𝐧(𝒁𝟒 ) = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟐 +𝒋𝟒. 𝟒𝟒
3. Evaluate log (1−𝑗 )(1 + 𝑗√3)
Solution
Converting the complex numbers form rectangular to polar form
𝜋
(1 − 𝑗) = √2∠ −
4
𝜋
(1 + 𝑗√3) = 2∠
3
Using the following formulas:
log 𝑍 = log 𝑟 + 𝑗𝜃 log 𝑒
log 𝑏
log 𝑎 𝑏 =
log 𝑎
𝜋
log(2) + 𝑗 ( ) log 𝑒
log (1−𝑗) (1 + 𝑗 √3) = 3
𝜋
log(√2) + 𝑗 (− 4 ) log 𝑒

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𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏−𝒋) (𝟏 + 𝒋√𝟑) = −𝟎. 𝟕𝟗 + 𝒋𝟏. 𝟐𝟑

Lesson #7 – Trigonometric Functions of Complex Number

Let 𝑍 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦
sin(𝑥 ± 𝑗𝑦) = sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑦 + jcos 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
cos(𝑥 ± 𝑗𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 ∓ 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑦

sin ℎ(𝑥 ± 𝑗𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 + jcosh 𝑥 sin𝑦

cosh(𝑥 ± 𝑗𝑦) = cosh 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ± jsinh 𝑥 sin𝑦

Sample Problems

1. Evaluate cos(0.573 + 𝑗0.783)

Solution
cos(0.573 + 𝑗0.783) = cos(0.573) cosh(0.783) − 𝑗[sin(0.573) sinh(0.783)]
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟑 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟑) = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 − 𝒋𝟎. 𝟒𝟕
2. Evaluate sinh(0.346 − 𝑗0.548)
Solution
sinh(0.346 − 𝑗0.548) = sinh(0.346) cos(0.548) − 𝑗[cosh(0.346) sin(0.548)]
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 (𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟔 − 𝒋𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟖) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎 − 𝒋𝟎. 𝟓𝟓

Activity #3. Write your answers and solution on your cattleya notebook. Strictly No
Solution, No Points!

1. Evaluate 𝑍2 : 𝑖𝑓 𝑍 = 3 + 𝑗8
2. Evaluate (1 − 𝑗)(1+3𝑗)
3. Find the fourth roots of 𝑍 = 1 − 𝑗
4. Evaluate ln (6∠30°)
5. Evaluate log 𝑒 (1 + 𝑗2)

Prepared by: Engr. Ma. Arma P. Espiritu, ECT | Page 10