Audio Amplifier

HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION
FINAL PROJECT
ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT I
Topic:
AUDIO AMPLIFIER
Student: VU HOANG LONG - 20182926

class CTTT Dien tu 01 - K63
Instructor: DR. NGUYEN VU THANG
Hanoi, August 31, 2021

AUDIO AMPLIFIER
Hoang-Long.Vu
August 31, 2021
3
Audio Amplifier Hoang-Long.Vu - 20182926
List of Abbreviation and Symbols

• KVL: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
• KCL: Kirchhoff’s Current Law
• AC: Alternating Current
• DC: Direct Current
• P: Power
• V: Voltage
• I: Current
• R: Resistance
• C: Capacitance
• f : Frequency
• β: gain coefficient
• Z: Impedance
• RMS: Root Mean Square
• p-p peak-to-peak
4
Hoang-Long.Vu - 20182926 Audio Amplifier
List of Figures
1 System Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2 BC547B’s Characteristic Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3 Stage 1: Pre-Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4 Signal over Stage 1: Phase was inverse, Amplitude was amplified . . . . . . 14
5 Q3’s working point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6 Stage 2: Current Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7 Signal at the output terminal of Stage 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8 Stage 3: Power Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9 The Entire Schematic Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
10 Signal Simulation on MultiSim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
11 Schematic for exporting to PCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
12 2D View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
13 3D View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
14 PCB Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
15 Breadboard Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
16 PCB After Printed and Cleaned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
17 PCB Front Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
18 PCB Back Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
19 Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5
Contents
I Introduction 9
1 Description 9
2 Requirement 9
2.1 Functional Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Non-Functional Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3 Specification 9
3.1 Input parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Output parameters (Speaker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 Choosing Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4 Block Diagram 10
II Calculation and Simulation 11
5 Calculation 11
5.1 Stage 1: Pre-Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.2 Stage 2: Current Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.3 Stage 3: Power Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.4 Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.5 Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6 Simulation 20
6.1 Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.2 Signal Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
III PCB Design 21

6.3 Schematic for exporting to PCB Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.4 PCB Preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.5 PCB Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
IV Making Product and Testing 23
7 Testing with Breadboard 23
8 Final PCB 23
9 Comparison 26
6
V Conclusion 27
7
ABSTRACT
Electronic Circuit is an essential subject for every Electronics and Telecom-
munications Engineering student. This subject covers a huge amount of knowl-
edge about electronic devices and circuit theory, help students to profoundly
understand the fountain of the related concepts, also how to apply them to the
real life. Accordingly, to have a general look of what we have learned, I try to
do a project about making An Audio Amplifier.
Within five parts, this report covers the entire process I have followed to
accomplish my final product. In the first part Introduction, I will describe in
details the specification of my amplifier, also its internal structure and features.
The second part Calculation and Simulation will reveal the way how I got
the specific values for each individual parameters, also the schematic design of
my circuit through each stage, then cover up by the simulation. To manufacture
the product, I have to make its PCB Design, and this step will be introduced
in Part III: PCB Design. The last part Making Product and Testing
will finish the whole procedure by comparing the practical measured parameters
with the theoretical calculated ones.
Throughout this project, I have found my happiness of the first productive
circuit I have ever made. Thanks to it, I also understand more about what
you have taught us. Anyway, due to the first time I make a multi-stage circuit
myself, my product maybe not the well-being one, even sometimes I stuck in
difficulties. Nevertheless, it is very kind of you that you are always ready to
help me overcome those drawbacks and accomplish my achievement.
Sincerely,
Long.
8
Part I
Introduction
1 Description
• An audio amplifier is a device or a system that helps to amplify audio signals with low-
power source such as output signal from smart phone’s audio jack. The application
of audio amplifiers can be seen everywhere, mostly in loudspeaker or music system
in house club, movie theater, etc.
• The audio amplifier receives a very small input signal, normally measured as mili-
watts (mW) and amplifies each individual parameter of the original signal through
multi-stages. At the output, the obtained power is much higher than the pure one
(about some watts), depends on the properties of the output speaker(s).
• Those parameters that will be modified (particularly amplified) are usually ampli-
tude (Voltage), strength (Current), or power. In some complex system, also fre-
quency could be change to shift the tone’s height (deeper within lower frequency and
vice versa). However, in the restriction of this project, my device only works with
amplitude, intensity and power.
2 Requirement
2.1 Functional Requirement
• Able to amplify the audio signal.
• Minimize the effects of noise, signal distortion.
• Compatible with variety of common sources.
• Working properly with 12V DC-supplier.
2.2 Non-Functional Requirement

• Easy to use, repair and customize.
• Low price.
• Small and portable.
3 Specification
3.1 Input parameters
• Supplier: 12V-DC.
9
• Input audio signal:

Voltage(RMS): 10-100mV-AC.
Frequency: 16Hz-20kHz.
3.2 Output parameters (Speaker)

• Resistance: 4Ω.
• Power: 3W.
• Voltage amplification factor: 45.
3.3 Choosing Devices

In this circuit, I use 5 transistors, including 3 power transistors. The transistor for
amplitude amplifying purpose named BC547B, which is a very common NPN transistor
type could be found in every electronic device store. BC548 one is also good, but I do not
choose it due to its lower cut-off voltage, compared to the previous one. For the power
transistors, TIP41C and TIP42C are good choices, where TIP41C is NPN transistor
type, TIP42C is PNP one.
All the installed capacitors are biased capacitors, which ranged from 220µF to 2.2mF
(depending on the formula C = 2πf1 Zc , where f ≈ 16Hz - the minimum listening level of
humans ZC = Zi/o ), are used for restricting the DC current.
4 Block Diagram
Figure 1: System Block Diagram
10
Part II
Calculation and Simulation
5 Calculation
For the suitable design purpose, I choose the voltage divider configuration for the first
stage, the next stage will base on the Emitter Follower Darlington connection, and the
last will be applied the AB class power amplifier configuration.
Accordingly, the first configuration have large voltage amplification coefficient, mean-
while the remained ones have the voltage amplification factor approximate one.
Following the requirement, the system has the input voltage from 10mV to 100mV ,
while the output speaker has the resistance of 4Ω and power of 3W . Consequently, I
obtain the maximum amplitude amplification factor so that the system works properly:
First, I calculate the maximum can-be-reached AC output voltage applied on the speaker:
√ p
(1) Vomax (p) = 2P R = 2(3W )(4Ω) ≈ 4.9V
Within the input voltage of maximum 100mV , I obtain the maximum voltage amplifi-
cation factor of the entire circuit:
V omax 4.9V
(2) Avmax = = ≈ 49
V imax 100mV
Hence we choose the maximum can-be-reached voltage amplification factor of 49.
Anyway, for safe working purpose, I choose the gain of the first stage of slightly less
than the absolution of −45 (by round up the bias resistance in the below calculation,
negative sign due to the specification of voltage divider configuration, that cause the
phase reverse of the signal but not affects the sound’s quality), while the other ones have
the gain approximate one, so that the entire absolute gain of the system close to 45 as
requirement.
For whom want to know why I choose the value 12V for the supplier, this value
has obtained from the maximum required AC output voltage applied on the speaker as
mentioned above:
√ √
(3) Vomax (p − p) = 2 2 × Vomax (rms) = 2 2 × 3.46V ≈ 9.79V
⇔ Choose Vsupplier = 12V .

To make sure that the entire circuit works properly throughout all the stages, I choose
the voltage difference between the emitter and collector (denoted as VCE ) of every tran-
sistor equals to six volts (VCE = 6V ), which is a half of the power supplier’s voltage. At
this point, I ensure that the range of AC signal’s amplitude that the signal is transmitted
without distortion reaches the maximum value.
5.1 Stage 1: Pre-Amplifier

Choosing the Q-Point
Base on BC547B’s datasheet, I choose the working point of this transistor:
11
• CE-voltage difference: VCEQ1 = 6V .
• Base current: IBQ1 = 50µA.
• Collector current: ICQ1 = 12mA.

ICQ1
• Amplification Factor: β = IBQ1 = 240.
Figure 2: BC547B’s Characteristic Line
Calculating
DC-mode parameters
β+1
• Calculate Emitter Resistance REQ1 Emitter Current: IEQ1 = β × ICQ1 = 240+1
241 ×
12mA ≈ 12mA
VCC VEQ1 1.2V
Choosing VEQ1 = 10 = 1.2V ⇔ R4 + R5 = REQ1 = IEQ1 = 12mA = 100Ω
R4 + R5 = REQ1 = 100Ω
• Calculate Collector Resistance RCQ1

Apply KVL:
VCC = VCQ1 + VCEQ1 + VEQ1 ⇔ VCQ1 = VCC − VCEQ1 − VEQ1 ⇔ VCQ1 = 12V −
6V − 1.2V = 4.8V
12
Figure 3: Stage 1: Pre-Amplifier
VCQ1 4.8V
⇔ R3 = ICQ1 = 12mA = 400Ω
R3 = 400Ω
• Determine R4 and R5
As mentioned above: Stage 1 has the voltage gain: Av1 ≈ −45.
From the AC-mode parameters section, we obtain the value of re : re = 2.17Ω
The voltage gain can be determined via the following formula:
Av1 = − β1 (rβ1eR3
+R4 )
= − (reR 3
+R4 )
R3 400Ω
⇔ R4 = |Av1 |
− re = 45 − 2.17Ω = 6.72Ω
Choose R4 = 6.2Ω,
so that the voltage gain is Av1 = −47.8 (under 49 is still good).
From the above section: R4 + R5 = REQ1 = 100Ω
⇔ R4 = 6.2Ω, R5 = 93.8Ω .
• Determine R1 and R2
240×100Ω
For stability, choose R2 so that: 10R2 ≤ βREQ1 ⇔ R2 ≤ 10 = 2.4kΩ
Choose R2 = 2.4kΩ
R2 R1 R2
Denote: ET H = R1+R2 VCC , RT H = R1 k R2 = R1 +R2
13
Apply KVL: IBQ1 RT H + IEQ1 REQ1 = ET H − VBEQ1

⇔ R1 = 12.8kΩ
AC-mode parameter
• re model resistance: re ≈ 26mV
ICQ1 = 2.17Ω
• Input Impedance: Zi1 = R1 k R2 k βQ1 (re + R4 ) ⇔ Zi1 = 1007.5Ω .
• Output Impedance: Zo1 = R3 = 400Ω
Figure 4: Signal over Stage 1: Phase was inverse, Amplitude was amplified
14
5.2 Stage 2: Current Amplifier

The amplification factor of transistor Q2 is the same as the two previous ones: β2 =
240.
Following the TIP41C’s data-sheet, at 25°C, the Amplification factor of this transistor
is 54, where the collector current is 0.6A. However, once TIP41C is an power transistor
and works with the high current, the heat through it will quickly raise and pull up the
amplification factor. In this case, I choose the following arguments for the corresponding
parameters:
• CE-voltage difference: VCEQ3 = 6V .
• Collector current: ICQ3 = 0.6A.
• Amplification Factor: β3 = 60.

ICQ3
• Base current: IBQ3 = β3 = 10mA.
In the below figure, VCE = 4V , but within the low level of IC , when VCE changes a
little bit, the gain hardly changes.
Figure 5: Q3’s working point
DC-mode parameters
• Determine R7
Emitter Current of Transistor Q3: IEQ3 ≈ ICQ3 = 0.6A
VEQ3 6V
⇔ R7 = REQ3 = IEQ3 = 0.6A = 10Ω
Choose R7 = 10Ω
15
Figure 6: Stage 2: Current Amplifier
• Determine R6
Emitter Current of Q2: IEQ2 = IBQ3 = 10mA
IEQ2 10mA
Base Current of Q2: IBQ2 = β3 +1 = 240+1 ≈ 41.5µA.
Apply KVL:
12V −0.7V −0.7V −6V
VCC − IBQ2 R6 − VBEQ2 − VBEQ3 − VEQ3 = 0 ⇔ R6 = 41.5µA ≈ 110kΩ
When the power transistor is heated, the amplification argument will raised, then I
choose R6 = 120kΩ .
AC-mode parameter
IEQ3 = 26mV
0.61A ≈ 42.62mΩ
• Input Impedance: Zi2 = RBQ2 k βQ2 βQ3 (REQ3 k Zi3 ) ⇔ Zi2 = R6 k βQ2 βQ3 (R7 k
Zi3 ) ⇔ Zi2 ≈ 63.55kΩ .
• Output Impedance: Zo3 ≈ re = 42.62mΩ
• Checking again
Obtaining from above and below, I have:
– The current gain of the first stage: Ai1 = 0.75

– The Input Impedance of Stage 3: Zi3 = 151.5Ω
Zi3
– The maximum current gain of the last stage: Ai3 = Av3 × RL = 37.88
IL (p)
⇔ The output current of Stage 2: Io2 = Ii3 = 2 × Ai3 ≈ 64mA
16
– The input current of Stage 2: Ii2 = Io1 = Ii1 ×Ai1 = Ai1 × ZVin
in
100mV
= 0.75× 1007.5Ω ≈
0.75mA
Io2
Thus the required current gain through Stage 2 is: Ai2 = Ii2 = 854
Ai2 ×Zi3 640×151.5Ω
⇔ The required input impedance of stage 2: Zi2 = Av2 = 1 = 129.3kΩ
larger than the above calculated Zi2 .
Figure 7: Signal at the output terminal of Stage 2
17
5.3 Stage 3: Power Amplifier
Figure 8: Stage 3: Power Amplifier
In this stage, both two transistors TIP41C and TIP42C has the amplification factor
βQ4 = βQ5 = 60 (equal to βQ3 ) in the above analysis.
Determine Parameters
As mention above, for working properly: VCEQ4 = VCEQ5 = 6V

The two diodes are connected between two base-terminal of the corresponding tran-
sistors Q4 and Q5 help to bias the two transistors, so that the two transistors turn into
working condition (B-E biased)
The speaker has resistance RL = 4Ω q
⇔ The root mean square current through the speaker: IL (rms) = 3W 4Ω ≈ 0.87A
√
⇔ The peak current through the speaker: IL (p) = 2 ∗ IL (rms) ≈ 1.22A
The current of the speaker is generated by the difference of two instant values of
two emitter currents of transistors Q4 and Q5. It means those two currents have the
amplitudes act as two reverse-phase sinusoid waves.
Therefore, the root mean square current of those two currents are:
IEQ4 (p) = IEQ5 (p) = IL (p) = 1.22A
⇔ The base current of Q4: IBQ4 = βIQ4 EQ4 1.22A
+1 = 60+1 ≈ 20mA
Apply KVL:
18
IBQ4 R8 = VCC − VBEQ4 − VEQ4 = VCC − VBEQ4 − (VCC − VCEQ4 ) = 5.3V ⇔ R8 =

5.3V
20mA ≈ 264Ω
Choose R8 = R9 = 264Ω
AC Parameters
IL = 26mV
1.22A ≈ 21.3mΩ
• Input Impedance: Zi3 = R8 k βQ4 (re + RL ) = 151.5Ω ⇔ Zi3 = 151.5Ω .
• Output Impedance: Zo3 = RL k re ≈ 21.3mΩ
5.4 Gain
• Stage 1: AvL1 = −47.8, Zi1 = 1007.5Ω, Zo1 = 400Ω
• Stage 2: AvL2 ≈ 1, Zi2 = 63.55kΩ, Zo2 = 42.62mΩ
• Stage 3: AvL3 ≈ 1, Zi3 = 151.5Ω, Zo3 = 21.3mΩ
The current gain of each stage:
• Stage 3: Ai3 = 37.88 (calculated in the checking section of stage 2 calculation)
• Stage 2: Ai2 = Av2 × Zi2

Zi3 =1× 63.55kΩ
151.5Ω = 419.14
−1007.5Ω
• Stage 1: Ai1 = Av1 × Zi1
Zi2 = −47 × 63.55kΩ = 0.75
⇔ The amplification factor of the system: AV = AvL1 Zi1Z+R

i1
s
×AvL2 Zi2Z+Z
i2
o1
×AvL3 Zi3Z+Z
i3
o2
≈
−47 where Rs ≈ 0
⇔ AV = −47 .
The current amplification factor of the system: AI = − Z RL × AV ⇔ AI = 11838 .
i1
(Denote the direction of output current is down to ground throughout the load).
5.5 Power
• Stage 1: P1 = Vo1 × Io1 = −Vi1 Av1 × Ii1 Ai1 = 100mV × 47 × 0.75mA = 3.525mW
• Stage 2: P2 = Vo2 × Io2 = −Vi2 Av2 × Ii2 Ai2 = 1 × Vo1 × Ii3 = 4.7V × 64mA = 0.3W
• Output Voltage: Vo = Vi × |Av | = 100mV

√
2
× 47 = 3.32V
• Output Current: Io = Ii × |Ai | = 0.1mA

√
2
× 11838 = 0.84A
Vo
⇔ Po = Vo × Io = 2.78W (RL = Io = 3.95 ≈ 4Ω)
Po = 2.78W
19
6 Simulation
6.1 Schematic
Figure 9: The Entire Schematic Diagram
6.2 Signal Results
Figure 10: Signal Simulation on MultiSim
20
Part III
PCB Design
In this design step, I use Software Altium Designer to derive the PCB layout.
6.3 Schematic for exporting to PCB Design

Replace some suitable components (Also available resistors on the market) for PCB
designing purpose:
Figure 11: Schematic for exporting to PCB
21
6.4 PCB Preview
Figure 12: 2D View
Figure 13: 3D View
22
6.5 PCB Layout
Figure 14: PCB Layout
Part IV
Making Product and Testing
7 Testing with Breadboard
Links to videos of breadboard testing: One Drive or Google Drive
8 Final PCB
Link to videos of PCB Testing: Google Drive
23
Figure 15: Breadboard Testing
Figure 16: PCB After Printed and Cleaned
24
Figure 17: PCB Front Side
Figure 18: PCB Back Side
25
9 Comparison
Figure 19: Comparison
The measurement video was shown in the above link.
26
Part V
Conclusion
Comprehensively, over many times of modifying and testing, finally my calculation
results match with the simulation, and then with the breadboard testing and my final
PCB. Respectfully, this process and those trials considerably helps me to fill up my lack
of knowledge that I can not even consider without the time for this project. Moreover, I
become more familiar with the use of some very effective electronics-related software such
as Multisim, Proteus, Altium, which will be furthermore very helpful for my higher
studying on the field of Electronics and Telecommunications.
Anyway, though I have worked hard and achieve a desirable accomplishment, my final
project seems not to be the best one. Within the significant development of technology,
everyday I see many kind of audio amplifier, or in the other word loudspeaker, with
the tiny size but burly sound, also very high resolution, etc. Nevertheless whatever the
world was, I have tried and will try my best to understand the basis principle of what I
learn, from the simplest thing, like this project. With this way of approach, I hope those
essential knowledge will help me to accelerate my further studying and career.
On the way I gain my goal, without a great guide, I can not easily get it. Sincere
thanks to my teacher Dr. Nguyen Vu Thang, who lighten the procedure step by step,
so that I can get the right path to accomplish my project with the minimized consumed
effort. Due to the limit of time, perhaps my product ends up by just a PCB, without the
optimization of size and efficiency. Anyway, I am really looking forward to receive you
feedback on my project so that I know my lackage and do better on the next projects.
Once again, thank you very much for your devotion.
Thank you!
27
Reference
1. Robert L. Boylestad, and Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory
11th Edition. Pearson, 2012.
2. Pham Hong Dat, Pham Huy Thong, Nguyen Duc Thanh, Pham Thanh Son, Bai tap
lon mon hoc Dien tu tuong tu I - Mach khuech dai am thanh. HUST, 2020.
3. Dr.Nguyen Tien Hoa, Thesis Template. HUST, 2020.
4. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/
5. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/
6. https://electronics.stackexchange.com/
7. https://www.alldatasheet.com/
28

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HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION

Student: VU HOANG LONG - 20182926

Hanoi, August 31, 2021

List of Abbreviation and Symbols

• KCL: Kirchhoff’s Current Law

• AC: Alternating Current

• DC: Direct Current

• RMS: Root Mean Square

II Calculation and Simulation 11

III PCB Design 21

IV Making Product and Testing 23

7 Testing with Breadboard 23

• Minimize the effects of noise, signal distortion.

• Compatible with variety of common sources.

• Working properly with 12V DC-supplier.

2.2 Non-Functional Requirement

• Small and portable.

• Input audio signal:

3.2 Output parameters (Speaker)

• Voltage amplification factor: 45.

3.3 Choosing Devices

Figure 1: System Block Diagram

⇔ Choose Vsupplier = 12V .

5.1 Stage 1: Pre-Amplifier

• CE-voltage difference: VCEQ1 = 6V .

• Base current: IBQ1 = 50µA.

• Collector current: ICQ1 = 12mA.

Figure 2: BC547B’s Characteristic Line

• Calculate Collector Resistance RCQ1

Figure 3: Stage 1: Pre-Amplifier

Apply KVL: IBQ1 RT H + IEQ1 REQ1 = ET H − VBEQ1

• Input Impedance: Zi1 = R1 k R2 k βQ1 (re + R4 ) ⇔ Zi1 = 1007.5Ω .

• Output Impedance: Zo1 = R3 = 400Ω

5.2 Stage 2: Current Amplifier

• CE-voltage difference: VCEQ3 = 6V .

• Collector current: ICQ3 = 0.6A.

• Amplification Factor: β3 = 60.

Figure 5: Q3’s working point

Figure 6: Stage 2: Current Amplifier

• Output Impedance: Zo3 ≈ re = 42.62mΩ

– The current gain of the first stage: Ai1 = 0.75

Figure 7: Signal at the output terminal of Stage 2

5.3 Stage 3: Power Amplifier

Figure 8: Stage 3: Power Amplifier

Choosing the Q-Point

As mention above, for working properly: VCEQ4 = VCEQ5 = 6V

IBQ4 R8 = VCC − VBEQ4 − VEQ4 = VCC − VBEQ4 − (VCC − VCEQ4 ) = 5.3V ⇔ R8 =

• Input Impedance: Zi3 = R8 k βQ4 (re + RL ) = 151.5Ω ⇔ Zi3 = 151.5Ω .

• Output Impedance: Zo3 = RL k re ≈ 21.3mΩ

• Stage 2: AvL2 ≈ 1, Zi2 = 63.55kΩ, Zo2 = 42.62mΩ

• Stage 3: AvL3 ≈ 1, Zi3 = 151.5Ω, Zo3 = 21.3mΩ

The current gain of each stage:

• Stage 3: Ai3 = 37.88 (calculated in the checking section of stage 2 calculation)

• Stage 2: Ai2 = Av2 × Zi2

⇔ The amplification factor of the system: AV = AvL1 Zi1Z+R

• Output Voltage: Vo = Vi × |Av | = 100mV

• Output Current: Io = Ii × |Ai | = 0.1mA

Figure 9: The Entire Schematic Diagram