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    Physics, Grade 12, Unit-1 Lesson - 1

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    Thermodynamics is the study of energy conversion between heat and other forms. Key terms include heat, temperature, moles, and molar mass. Mole is a unit for counting particles and is equal to Avogadro's number of 6.02x1023 particles. Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy of particles - the higher the temperature, the faster particles vibrate. The triple point is the specific temperature and pressure where solid, liquid, and gas phases can coexist, like water at 273K and 0.00610x105Pa.

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    Physics, Grade 12, Unit-1 Lesson - 1

    Uploaded by

    Ruth
    4K views2 pages
    Thermodynamics is the study of energy conversion between heat and other forms. Key terms include heat, temperature, moles, and molar mass. Mole is a unit for counting particles and is equal to Avogadro's number of 6.02x1023 particles. Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy of particles - the higher the temperature, the faster particles vibrate. The triple point is the specific temperature and pressure where solid, liquid, and gas phases can coexist, like water at 273K and 0.00610x105Pa.

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    Physics,Grade 12,Unit-1 Lesson -1

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    Thermodynamics is the study of energy conversion between heat and other forms. Key terms include heat, temperature, moles, and molar mass. Mole is a unit for counting particles and is equal to Avogadro's number of 6.02x1023 particles. Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy of particles - the higher the temperature, the faster particles vibrate. The triple point is the specific temperature and pressure where solid, liquid, and gas phases can coexist, like water at 273K and 0.00610x105Pa.

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    4K views2 pages

    Physics, Grade 12, Unit-1 Lesson - 1

    Uploaded by

    Ruth
    Thermodynamics is the study of energy conversion between heat and other forms. Key terms include heat, temperature, moles, and molar mass. Mole is a unit for counting particles and is equal to Avogadro's number of 6.02x1023 particles. Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy of particles - the higher the temperature, the faster particles vibrate. The triple point is the specific temperature and pressure where solid, liquid, and gas phases can coexist, like water at 273K and 0.00610x105Pa.

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    UNIT-1(THERMODYNAMICS)

    LESSON -1
    Thermodynamics is the study of energy conversion between heat and other forms of
    energy. To learn the laws of thermodynamics and able to apply them successfully, we
    need important terms likes heat and temperature.
    In order to understand temperature and heat at the particle level we need to use and
    understand the term moles and molar mass.
    Mole is a measure of number of discrete particle in a substance

    1mole = 6.02X1023 particle Avogadro’s number

    What is the relation between number of moles, number of particle and Avogadro’s
    number?

    N = nNA equation (1)


    number of number of Avogadro’s number
    particle mole number
    If n = 1, then N =NA = 6.02x1023particle
    What is the relation between molar mass (M), mass of the substance (m) and the number
    of mole?

    m = nM equation (2)
    mass of the number of Molar mass
    substance mole

    Using equation (1) and equation (2)

    N m
    n= N A and n= M

    N m
    NA = M

    NM
    m= NA

    m is given mass for N number of particle


    Special case: - What is the mass of single particle (N =1)?
    M m
    mp = NA or mp = N
    Transfer of thermal energy
    In solid, particles are vibrating. In liquids and gases, the particles are moving more freely.
    It means all cases particles have kinetic energy. This causes particles to collide each other
    so that thermal energy transfers from the energetic molecules to the less energetic
    molecules,
    If particles in a given substance are vibrating faster, then the substance is hotter, and its
    temperature is higher. Therefore, particles in the hotter substance have more kinetic
    energy than those in the colder body.
    Internal energy: -It is the sum of kinetic and potential energy associated with the
    molecules with in a system.
    Temperature: - 1. It is a measure of the average random kinetic energy of particle
    in a body.
    2. It is used to determine in which direction there will be a net thermal
    energy flow.
    Zeros law of thermodynamic: - The zeros law of thermodynamic states that “Two bodies
    that are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third body must be in thermal
    equilibrium with each other.”
    Note: - The temperature scale that should be used in thermodynamic or ideal gas is
    Kelvin (K)
    Absolute zero: -The temperature at which all the random motion of particles in a
    substance ceases. It is 0K.
    Triple point: - The specific temperature and pressure at which all three states of matter
    can coexist. Example, triple point of water is 273K at 0.00610X105Pa
    Critical point: - Critical point occurs when the critical temperature and critical pressure of
    a substance meet.
     Above critical point clear phase boundaries cease to exist.
     It is not possible to form a liquid regardless of any increase in pressure
     Do not confuse critical point with that of boiling point.
    Pressure
    Fusin curve

    Solid Liquid

    Vaporization curve Critical point


    Vapour
    Temperature

    Sublimation curve Triple point


    (Phase diagram showing different states of matter)

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