WATERPROOFING

ARCH.ALLEN R. BUENAVENTURA. MSCM

 Effective Waterproofing
Main Objectives
1) Withstand hydrostatic pressure & crack bridging capabilities
2) Prevent vapour from entering the walls

Hydrostatic pressure is the constant

force of water pressure against
below-grade foundation walls.

Water weighs 60 pounds per cubic

foot, and during heavy rains the
ground can become saturated with it.

Even a well-constructed foundation

wall can suffer water damage under
those conditions.
 Effective Waterproofing
Main Objectives
• Prevent water vapor from entering the walls

Water can enter a foundation wall as

a liquid through a crack, joint, or the
concrete pores, or as vapor due to
temperature and humidity variances
between the interior of the structure
and the exterior soil.

If the structure is built on a slope

and/or heavy rains or melting snow
are concerns, it is always a good idea
to be aware of how much water
pressure might be present.
 Waterproofing System
(positive, negative or integral)

• Choose a system that is designed to act as

a barrier against water infiltration
• Must be applied evenly to all
sides of a wall
• Needs to be continuous
• Areas need to withstand jobsite and
environmental exposure
• Must be strong, flexible, and tear resistant
• Can accommodate movement
Positive-Side Waterproofing
Positive-Side Waterproofing
Advantages
• Most often used on new construction
• Best option when possible, protects structure from
water damage before water even has a chance to
penetrate

• Provides freeze-thaw protection

• Protects concrete against corrosive elements in
groundwater and soil contaminates

Disadvantages
• Difficult and expensive to repair (injection, etc)
• Needs extra attention during construction (GC,
waterproofer, 3rd party inspector, manufacturer, etc)
Negative-Side Waterproofing
Negative-Side/Interior Waterproofing
Advantages
• Can be performed on existing construction,
elevator pits, and tank liners
• Prevents water from entering the structure (but
not the foundation wall)
• Repairs are easy (due to the exposed substrate)
Disadvantages
• Lack of protection against freeze-thaw cycles
• Foundation is susceptible to water damage if
not applied continuously
Types of Waterproofing
◼ Sheet Membrane Waterproofing
• Lose laid – PVC, HDPE, etc.
• Bonded – self-adhesive, hot applied
◼ Liquid Waterproofing
• One or two component
• Applied by hand, by spray
• Hot applied, cold applied
◼ Bentonite Waterproofing
◼ Metal Oxide Waterproofing
◼ Cementitious Waterproofing
Cementitious Systems—These systems contain Portland
cement with and sand combined with an active waterproofing agent.
These systems include metallic, crystalline, chemical additive and
acrylic modified systems. These systems can be applied as negative or
positive side waterproofing.

Sheet-Membrane Systems—Sheet
membranes used in below grade applications are similar
to the materials used in roofing applications and include
thermoplastics, vulcanized rubbers and rubberized
asphalts. The thickness of these systems varies from 20
to 120 mils.

Fluid Applied Systems—These systemsinclude

urethanes, rubbers, plastics and modified asphalts. Fluid
membranes are applied as a liquid and cure to form one
monolithic seamless sheet. Fluid systems can be applied to
vertical and horizontal applications. For foundation wall
applications typical fluid applied systems are 60 mils in
thickness.
Bentonite Clays—Natural clay systems, known as
bentonite act as waterproofing by swelling when exposed
to moisture thus becoming impervious to water. This
swelling can be 10 to 15 percent of the thickness of the
base material. Clay panels and sheets are popular for use
in blind-side waterproofing applications such as on
retaining earth systems and elevator and sump pits
 CEMENTITIOUS WATERPROOFING

Method
• surface is cleaned.
• surface is made smooth with the layer of tape
crete and pop
• left for 2 hrs
• then coating of priemer.
• then 1st coating of tapecrete left for 1 day.
• then another coating of tapecrete.then
protection plaster(1:4)to protect layer of
tapecrete.
 TAPCRETE
TAPECRETE is an acrylic based Polymer Modified
Cementitious Composite coating system.

Use of Tapcrete
TAPECRETE is used for surface treatment, protecting,
waterproofing and repairing concrete and masonry.
Waterproofing of basements, toilets, terraces, roofs,
swimming pools, water towers etc.
General concrete repairs.
Protection of concrete against corrosion, salt attack etc.
T APCRETE

DETAIL OF TAPCRETE
 Water proofing Membranes
 Waterproofing membrane systems include both negative
and positive side waterproofing.
 Positive side waterproofing systems are applied to the
face of the element that is directly
exposed to moisture, the exterior face.
 Negative side waterproofing systems are applied to the
surface of the element opposite the surface exposed to
moisture.
 Positive systems are available in numerous materials and
forms. Negative systems are
limited to
cementitious systems.
 SHEET MEMBRANE WATERPROOFING
• First surface is cleaned .
• Surface is covered with Bituminous coating.
• After that second layer of bituminous coating
• Polybelt sheet is layer is placed over hot
bituminous.
• Then again second layer of polybelt sheet is
placed.
• Similarly third layer of bituminous and polybelt
sheet is placed.
• Then finally covered with geotic sheet layer.
• Then protection layer of 100mm thick PCC is
poured
• For horizontal waterproofing polybelt sheet is used
and for vertical waterproofing asplalt sheet is
 SHEET MEMBRANE WATERPROOFING
Membrane Waterproofing With Insulation-On
Terrace

• After doing proofing.

• layer of thermacol is laid.
• It is covered with cloth called zeotec and joints
are filled with bitumen.
• then scrid concrete (1:4:8)100thk. According
to required slope min.50mm to75mm is laid.
• thermacol layer is not laid adjacent to sides a
distance of 9mm is left and concrete is filled in
it so that rain water doesn’t penetrate in
thermacol.
 LIQUID WATERPROOFING
• Substrate preparation(surface is cleaned and made
suitable for further application)
• Primer is applied by roller or
brush.
• Proofing -then resin is applied.
• Surface will be rainproof
after 30mins.
• Decorative covering
• A hard course providing additional protection and
 LIQUID WATERPROOFING
Advantages o using liquid water proofing-
• Minimum disruption
• Ease and speed of installation
• Cost effective
• Compatible with most substrates and easily detailed
• Proven and guaranteed performance
• Long life
• Technologically advanced
• Range of specifications to suit all needs
• Range of finishes including solar reflectives.
Waterproofing – Sheet Membrane or Liquid

Advantages Disadvantages

Controlled, guaranteed
Laps
thickness

Robust, self-reinforced Complex detailing

Sheet Membrane
No mixing or specialist
equipment

Trafficked immediately

Seamless Variable thickness

Good for complex geometries Cure time

Liquid
Quick coverage with spray
Mixing and spray equipment
application

Minimal substrate preparation

Water Proofing Chemicals
 Bitumen - Mixed with a filler component such as limestone or sand.
Polymers are added to the bitumen such as APP (atactic polypropylene)a
plastic additive that gives rigidity and tear resistance, or SBS (styrene
butadiene styrene) a rubber additive that gives more elastic benefits.
 Base Products - Polyester, fiber glass, rag fiber (hessian), and paper.These
products are bought in roll format and are pulled through the bitumen
mixes on huge rollers. The base product becomes saturated in huge tanks
by the tar like bitumen substance, creating rolls of waterproof material.
Metal Oxide and Cementitious
◼ Primarily Portland cement-
based materials
◼ Positive and negative side
applications
◼ Inflexible, subject to cracking
◼ Low cost
 METAL OXIDE WATER PROOFING
• used in steel structures.
• Add metal-oxide compound to portland cement, sand, and water to
produce a slurry consistency . Blend together .
• Clean masonry surfaces
• Clean concreate surfaces
• Dampen surface for several hours prior to application with water and
maintain damp condition until applying waterproofing.
• Number of Coats: One bond coat and sufficient waterproof coats to make
the surface absolutely waterproof.
• Do not apply waterproofing when temperature is forecast to be 40 deg F
or less within 24 hours of application.
 BENTONITE

The ability to expand and contract as it absorbs and expels water; . It can
expand and contract an infinite number of times; . It can swell to 10 to 20
times its volume; It is
inorganic and does not break down with timeThe ratio of their surface area to
physical volume is large and this characteristic enables them to absorb large
quantities of water.
 BENTONITE WATER PROOFING

• Bentonite is a type of clay having the unusual

characteristics of cohesion, binding, sealing, and thickening.
• When installed below grade as a waterproofing
membrane, it becomes hydrated with the moisture that is
naturally present in the soil and forms an impermeable
barrier that absorbs and expels water .
• can expand and contract and is capable of absorbing
seven to 10 times its own weight in water, swelling up to
18 times its dry volume.
• to function properly as a waterproofing barrier, it is
extremely important that this barrier remain under a
constant minimum pressure of 30 to 60 pounds per
square foot .
Bentonite Waterproofing

▪ Bentonite panels
▪ Geotextile encapsulated
▪ HDPE / Bentonite
▪ Reactive systems
▪ Rely on water to activate and to
remain active
Techniques of Water proofing

Spray Waterproofing Sheet Membrane Waterproofing Cavity Wall Waterproofing

Surface Applied Coating Hot Rubber Waterproofing Blind Side Waterproofing

Deck Coating/Traffic Topping Concrete Repair Epoxeal GS & Carbon
Fibre Fillmore

Expansion Joint Systems Epoxy healer sealer

 Integral Waterproofing
Free Space
Advantages
Capillary,
micro-cracks • Turns concrete into a water barrier
in hydrated
cement • Crystalline admixtures block the natural pores, capillaries, and
microcracks

• Durable, easy application, reduced time and expenses

Free space Disadvantages

Filled with
dendritic
• Once the concrete breaks, so does the
(needle-like) waterproofing barrier
structures
• Joints and penetrations cannot be waterproofed
• Cementitious • Built-Up System
• Fluid-Applied Membrane • Bentonite
• Sheet Membrane
Cementitious Waterproofing Materials

• Effectiveness depends on the

concrete itself, the site and
applicators
• Mixed in with wet concrete on-
site and react chemically with
the concrete to add a water
barrier to the mix
• Can be installed on the surface
or can be integral within the mix
• Admixtures can be densifiers,
water repellents or crystalline
• Limitation: These materials do
not give and will not tolerate
any joint or crack movement
 Fluid-Applied Membrane

• An elastomeric coating for

waterproofing Blindside
applications
• Cold applied system using a
spray system to impregnate a
geo-textile
• fabric to create a durable,
seamless membrane
• Limitation: Rely on applicator
for thickness and the liquids can
sometimes contain dangerous
VOCs
• Need to purchase particular
equipment in order to spray
Sheet Membrane
• Can be Self-adhering or
mechanically fastened
• Requires skilled labour to install
• Critical to ensure proper detailing
at the overlaps and penetrations of
the membrane

• Advantages: Uniform thickness and

repairs are easy

• IMPORTANT: Ensure the full

manufacturers’ system is installed –
all accessory products should be
from one manufacturer to avoid
any compatibility issues or
warranty concerns
 Bentonite Clay Membranes

• Moisture resistant
• Ease of installation
• Limitations: Inability to test prior
to installation; can be affected by
certain chemicals found in the soil
that may not allow it to swell when
in contact with water
• Important: Bentonite is not an
effective vapor retarder; however,
it is often combined with sheets of
geotextiles or plastic to increase its
strength and provide a vapour
barrier
Built-Up Waterproofing System

• Time-intensive
• Requires a concrete primer, hot
tar, and two or three felt sheets
• Provide good moisture resistance
when applied properly
• Limitations: Not flexible and
harmful VOCs can be released
into the air
• NOTE: Built-up waterproofing
systems have been around since
the early 1900s and were the
original blindside waterproofing
solution
Blindside Waterproofing,
is becoming an increasingly popular choice in new construction
Membrane needs to
Increasingly be ableintonew
popular withstand the weight
construction
and
andpressure of ongoing
unconventional construction
building sites
 Underslab Moisture Barriers
The best blindside waterproofing material to use depends upon correctly
specifying the underslab barrier

• High humidity levels in

buildings leading to
structural deterioration
• Moisture contribution to
microbial growth, mildew
and offensive odors
• Condensation on slab
surfaces
• Flooring failures,
• De-bonding & blistering of
coatings breakdown of floor
covering adhesives
• Buckling of wood flooring
and carpets
 Blindside
waterproofing
membranes.
Blindside Waterproofing Materials
Drainage System

• Act as the protection of the

waterproofing membrane
• In many blindside situations, a
composite drainage board is
used
• Composite drainage board is
fastened to the soil retention
system prior to installation of
the waterproofing membrane
 Blindside Waterproofing Materials
Materials currently used in blindside waterproofing include:
• Bentonite clay-based compounds and hydrophilic polymers laminated to Ethylene Interpolymer (EIP): ONLY
thermoplastic materials recommended for below-grade waterproofing due to their ability to withstand water
penetration and corrosive chemicals sometimes found in soil;
• High Density Polyethylene Based Homogenous (HDPE): Thermoplastic self-adhesive sheets coated with a layer
of modified bentonite. (Not to be confused with thin HDPE sheet membranes, which are not recommended for
below-grade waterproofing because of their inability to withstand water penetration) Thermoplastic HDPE
sheets come in two types: chemical adhesion to the concrete slabs and foundation walls and forming a water-
resistant barrier between the soil and concrete using the natural properties of bentonite;
• Geotextiles: Permeable fabrics can filter or drain water away from concrete foundation; woven, felt, or heat-
bonded. They are used in conjunction with other waterproofing systems to strengthen the soil retention
system, which helps to increase the effectiveness of other blindside waterproof applications;
• Self-adhering Sequenced-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) laminated to a polyester fleece: Combine styrene and
butadiene to form synthetic rubber; Excellent elongation properties, resistant to extreme weather conditions,
and is extremely stable and durable. These types of materials adhere well to most substrates and installation
can be done in a variety of ways; or,
• Butyl alloy laminated to thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO): TPO waterproof membranes are a thermoplastic
rubber-like material coated with a polyisobutylene rubber. The adhesive on these sheets is made to be used
below-grade in underslab waterproofing because it can withstand construction traffic above-grade.
Blindside Waterproofing Membranes

7 criteria to evaluate a site’s waterproofingneeds

1. Soil condition
2. Hydrostatic pressure
3. Water table
4. Substrate stability
5. Building occupancy
6. Construction method
7. Site access
 Blindside Waterproofing Membranes
Betonite Clay Membranes
Requires adequate hydration at the right time to effectively work

• Effective water sealant because of

their natural chemical properties,
high tensile strength and ability to
withstand high levels of hydrostatic
pressure
• Benefits: Works best in new
construction for below-grade
waterproofing
Blindside Waterproofing Membranes
Sheet Waterproofing

• Self-adhering and cold-applied; limited

release of harmful chemicals; Increased
tensile strength and elongation
• Thicker and less sensitive to changes in
temperature
• Bond with most surfaces and create a
mechanical bond with the concrete

• NOTE: key differences between self-

adhering blindside products and
mechanically fastened products
Best Practices for Installation
Fasteners

- Are the correct

fasteners being used?
- Do they need to be
sealed?
- Correct placement – one
foot apart? Across the
top or down the sheet?
Best Practices for Installation
Weak Points

Sheet membranes are

highly effective at keeping
water out, but the systems,
weak points are the
overlaps that need to be
addressed.

3 Ways To Seal Seams

1. Taping
2. Heat-fusing
3. Self-sealing factory
edge

Test - RAIN
Best Practices for Installation
Transitions

Seam transitions are

most vulnerable
between horizontal and
vertical planes.

Welding, flexible sheets

at the corners, tapes,
and liquid components
will create a better angle
that is impermeable to
water than adhesives or
bentonite flaps alone.
Best Practices for Installation
After Membrane Installation
• Clean the membrane with a
vacuum and blower – the
membrane must be dry and
free of any standing water to
ensure the concrete can
form a bond.

• Inspect the membrane for

damages prior to the pour

• Recommendation: Train all

the crew…. not just the
foremen, on the installation
details
Best Practices for Installation
Project Considerations
• Due to the large variety of
jobsite conditions,
including environmental
conditions and delays in
construction, various
membrane manufacturers
offer a variety of materials
to address jobsite
uncertainty.

• It is very important to
review all aspects of the
project and the material
being selected to ensure
success in the project.
A green roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely
covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a
waterproof membrane. Green roofs are also referred to as eco-
roofs, vegetated roofs and living roofs.
A green roof starts with a waterproofing layer. For existing roofs, the
existing waterproofing (asphalt shingles, tar and gravel, etc.) can be
used. For new construction, a single-ply membrane such as EPDM
(ethylene propylene diene monomer) TPO (thermoplastic polyolefin).
EPDM and TPO are quick to install, and also act as a root repellent,
preventing plant roots from compromising the waterproofing.
Before the installation of your green roof, a project manager inspects the roof’s structure, surface, condition,
and drainage to determine the precise waterproofing materials that will be used. Once the materials are on
site waterproofing experts prepare your roof by cleaning and repairing it’s surface and then applying layers of
waterproofing membranes, barriers, and sealers. These ultra-strong barriers help protect the roof from dirt
and root growth. Finally, layers of soil are added to aid in overall drainage and plant nourishment.

Waterproofing layer Drainage Layer Filter Fleece Soil and Plug

Plants