Edited Stoichiometry Workbook

UWCSEA Chemistry Department 2007 UWC IB topic two: Quantitative Chemistry and Redox 9.
1/2
About This Unit.
This moles unit is extremely important as it will form a basis for much of the work which will
follow in the rest of the course. Many of you will have encountered concepts like the mole
before, but many of you will not. This unit is therefore designed to start from basic principles to
enable everyone to cover all the syllabus targets. Some other important points.
1. The unit involves much calculation work. Show all your working clearly and pay
attention to significant figures and units.
2. Use the syllabus details on the front to help you know when you’ve covered all the
relevant points. This is also useful for revision. This unit covers all of the IB
Quantitaive Chemistry topic and sections 9.1 and 9.2 of the Oxidation and Reduction
topic.
3. There are two revision power points available for this unit. One is purely on
stoichiometry and one details the redox section of this unit. They will be included on the
study wiz platform.
4. Additional revision questions with worked solutions can also be found on this course on
MMS.
[See Multimedia Science software 16 - 18 Module: Atomic Structure, Bonding, Periodicity.

Topic: Formulae, equations and moles]
Formulae and balancing equations
Ok, before we go any further we need to get the basics right, yes the basic of formula and
balancing equations which we’ve been nagging on at you to get right since grade eight. Well
here, you’ve got to get it right ‘cos if you can’t balance equations there is not much point in
knowing about moles and atoms and serious stuff like that.
The following word equations need to converted to balanced symbol equations. Wherever
possible use state symbols – this is IB level remember? This exercise should remind you of basic
conventions that you need to recall: diatomic gases, common acid and gas formulas, charges on
ions etc. Make sufficient notes so you can refer back when necessary.
1. Calcium + Water Calcium hydroxide solution and Hydrogen
2. Iron + Hydrochloric acid Iron(II)chloride solution + Hydrogen
3. Iron + Chlorine Iron(III)chloride
4. Magnesium + Nitrogen Magnesium nitride
UWCSEA Chemistry Department 2007 3 IB Chem unit 2 Quant and Redox 9.1/2 reviewed June 20, 2007
UWCSEA Chemistry Department 2007 UWC IB topic two: Quantitative Chemistry and Redox 9.1/2
5. Sodium carbonate + Nitric acid Calcium nitrate solution + Water+ Carbon dioxide
6. Ammonia + Oxygen Nitrogen + Water
7. Iron(III)oxide + Carbon monoxide Iron + carbon dioxide
8. Lead(II)nitrate + Potassium iodide lead(II) iodide + potassium nitrate
9. Write an ionic equation for #8
10. Sodium carbonate + Sulfuric acid Sodium sulfate solution + Water+ Carbon dioxide
Relative Atomic Mass
Atoms are very small indeed so chemists cannot count atoms or molecules directly. Atoms are
titchy tiny little things. If you thought Mr. Hunter was small well that’s nothing compared to an
atom, they are just unbelievably small.
For example a Hydrogen atom weighs only 1.67355 x 10-27Kg!! Try writing that out! Even very
small chemists would have difficulty counting out atoms that small. Instead they count particles
by weighing. This is rather like in a bank. A bank cashier has not got the time to count every
coin. The bank weighs the bags of coins on special scales which says how much they are worth.
When atoms are expressed in grams they become very difficult to work with. Some more
examples are listed below :
Li 1.15217 x 10-23 g O 2.65659 x 10-23 g
He 6.64605 x 10-24 g U 3.95233 x 10-22 g
However, the mass of an atom expressed as a relative atomic mass (Ar) is much more
manageable. Originally an atom of hydrogen was the chosen standard for the atomic mass scale
because hydrogen is the lightest element. It was convenient to have all relative atomic masses
greater than (or equal to) 1.
The new standard is based on the mass of the most abundant isotope of carbon, carbon-12 (12C)
Relative atomic mass is defined as the number of times an atom is

heavier than 1/12 of the mass of an atom of the Carbon-12 isotope.
Relative atomic mass has the symbol (Ar) and relative molecular mass, the sum of Ar’s in a
molecule has the symbol (Mr). This can be further broadened into relative formula mass when
considering anything else. It also has symbol Mr The terms have no units, because they are all
relative! In most I.B. work we use relative atomic masses to three significant figures, eg.
He = 4.00, 0 = 16.0, Ar = 39.9, U = 238.
[See MMS 16 - 18 Module: Atomic Structur, Bonding, Periodicity. Topic: Formulae

Equation, Moles, Section A, Moles and Masses, screens 1, 2, 3].
The amount of a substance -The mole.

A mole is a furry little creature that burrows into the ground and casts up heaps of earth. A mole
is also one of the most important concepts in all of chemistry.
The mole is simply a device which chemists use to count with Early chemists had already
worked out the masses of atoms in relation to other atoms; they did this by looking at the masses
involved in simple reactions between elements and by using elaborate weighing techniques.
They therefore knew that Hydrogen was only one twelfth of the mass of Carbon which was only
half the mass of Magnesium.
It therefore made perfect sense to assume that
1g Hydrogen
12g Carbon
24g Magnesium
would all contain the same number of atoms. Thus the mole was created!! You may need to
think about this for a while but it should make sense eventually.
Strange name, huh? It most likely derives from the German molekul. Anyway, In 1 g of
hydrogen atoms we say that we have one mole of atoms and 16 g of oxygen will also have one
mole of oxygen atoms. Chemists count amounts of particles in moles just like bakers or grocers
will count amounts of rolls or fruit in dozens.
Counting atoms
The counting of atoms also needs a convenient unit, the unit used is the mole (abbreviation :
mol).
The mole is defined as the amount of substance that contains as

many elementary particles as there are atoms in 12g of carbon-12
Put simply, it is the relative mass expressed in grams. Note that when we use the term “amount
of ” in chemistry, we are specifically referring to the number of moles. This is the “amount”.
Molar Mass
The molar mass of an element (unit g mol-1) is the mass in grams per mole of a substance.
The term molar mass applies not only to elements in the atomic state but also to all chemical
species – atoms, molecules, ions, etc. so relative atomic, molecular and formula masses simply
become atomic, molecular and formula mass when we convert into molar mass. Since the
relative atomic mass of uranium is 238, Molar mass = 238 g mol-1. Easy, right?
For copper sulphate, pentahydrate, the molar mass is calculated from its formula, CuSO4.5H2O,
which indicates that it contains one atom of copper, one atom of sulphur and four atoms of
oxygen, it also indicates that there are five molecules of water of crystallisation.
The relative atomic masses are : Cu = 63.5, S = 32.0, H = 1.0, O = 16.0. The relative
mass MR on the same scale is therefore given by :
(63.5 + 32.0) + (4 x 16.0) + (5 x 18.0) = ______________
Molar Mass = ______________ g mol-1
Note: You must specify exactly what entity the amount refers to. The phrase “1 mol of
chlorine”, for instance, has two possible meanings:
either 1.0 mol of Cl (one mole of chlorine atoms)

or 1.0 mol of Cl2 (one mole of chlorine molecules)
so you have to always specify the entity, either in formula or words.
Exercises 1
1. What is the mass of 1.00 mol of
(a) Helium (b) Iron (c) Potassium (d) Sulphur (e) Platinum
(f) Tin (g) Oxygen gas (h) Phosphorus (i) Sodium (j) Gold
(k) chlorine atoms (l) chlorine, Cl2 (m) iodide ions, I-
2. Use your data book to calculate the following molar masses. This should also give you
some practice on formula and valency. If you are having problems with formula ask your
helpful chem teacher to assist as this is something you need to have fully understood if
you are to be successful in the remaining units.
(a) ammonia, NH3 (N.B. What units should you use?)
(b) phosphoric (V) acid, H3PO4
(c) sodium sulphate – 10 – water.
(d) silver chloride
(e) calcium phosphate.
Mole Calculations
MASSES < =========> MOLES
In everyday life chemists rarely measure out atoms in whole units of moles. Often a fraction of a
mole or several moles are required. Luckily it is easy to turn the mass of an element into moles
by using one simple equation if you remember the units for molar mass is grams per mole or
(g/mol) then you can do any mass-mole calculation.
Shorthand:
Shorthand: m
moles (mol) = mass (g)
n molar mass (gmol-1)
Shorthand:
Mr
Rearrange the above equation to solve for molar mass, showing all units clearly:
Don’t be casual over your calculations - write out every step of the solution and be sure to
include units. In an examination, a clearly-set-out method not only gains you marks if you
answer is wrong due to mathematical error but also helps you do the problem correctly.
Recording the units in each step will also indicate if you have done the calculation correctly.
Example One
How many moles of atoms are there in 4.0 g of calcium? (Atomic mass Ca = 40 u, Molar mass =
40 g/mole)
Answer
g
Mole = ----------- ---
g mol-1
Moles = 4.0 g = 0.10 mole

40 g/ mole
Example Two
a. A sample of carbon weighs 180 g. How many moles of carbon are present?
b. Calculate the molar mass from the AR = 12 g mol-1
c. Rearrange the molar mass equation mole = g/molar mass
d. Substitute the values with their units
mole = 180 g = 15 mol

12 g mol-1
Exercise 2
1. Calculate the moles in each of the following :
(a) 30.0 g of oxygen molecules, O2.
(b) 50.0 g of calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
How many moles of atoms are there in:
(c) 20 g calcium? (d) 54 g aluminium?
(e) 11.2 g iron? (f) 78 g potassium?
(g) 8 g sulphur? (h) 2.4 g magnesium?
You must also be prepared for questions which ask you to calculate the mass of substance
from a given number of moles :
g
Mole = --------- -- ---
g mol-1
2. Calculate the mass of each of the following :
(a) 1.00 mol of hydrogen, H2.
(b) 0.500 mol of sodium chloride, NaCl.
(c) 0.250 mol of carbon dioxide, CO2
(d) 0.1 mole of sodium atoms? (e) 2 moles of silver atoms?
(f) 0.333 mole of carbon atoms? (g) 8 moles of iron atoms?
(h) 0.0625 mole of magnesium? (i) 0.25 mole of copper atoms?
Avogadro’s constant
Amedeo Avogadro was a rather smart nineteenth century man. For a start, he gave up law to
study chemistry - good move! Secondly, he was the first to measure the actual number of
particles in a mole, which could not have been easy 170 years ago. Your teacher may want you
to do this experiment so you can experience how Avogadro worked it out. If not, here is the
number.
The number of particles in one mole of particles is 6.02 x 1023. Quite a number, I am sure you
will agree! Avogadro’s constant or number is given the unit, L.
L = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1
Exercise 3
Calculating the number of particles in a given amount
Sometimes you are required to calculate the number of particles in a given amount of substance.
This is easy because you know the number of particles in 1.00 mol (6.02 x 1023). Use the
expression :
N = nL where : N = the number of particles

n = the amount (number of mol)
L = the Avogadro constant
1. Calculate the number of atoms in :
(a) 18.0 g of carbon, C.
(b) 18.0 g of copper, Cu.
(c) 7.20 g of sulphur, S8.
(d) 1.6g methane, CH4.
2. Calculate the number of molecules in :
(a) 1.00 g of ammonia, NH3.
(b) 3.28 g of sulphur dioxide, SO2.
(c) 7.20 g of sulphur, S8.
3. Calculate the number of ions present in :
(a) 0.500 mol of sodium chloride, NaCl (Na+, Cl-).
(b) 14.6g of sodium chloride, NaCl.
(c) 18.5 g of calcium chloride, CaCl2.
[See MMS 16 - 18 Module: Atomic Structure, Bonding, Periodicity. Topic : Formulae.

Equation, Moles. Section D - Calculating Reacting Masses, Screen 1,2].
IB Chemistry Mole Calculations

METHODS OF CALCULATION
Introduction
In most types of chemical calculation we have to use the moles of a substance either directly or
indirectly. These notes introduce some common types of chemical calculation
1. Calculations based on equations
Stoichiometry (pronounced stoy-key=om-i-tree) is a general term which is used to

describe any quantitative relationship within a chemical reaction.
For example in the reaction shown by the following equation :
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
we can say that :
1 mole of nitrogen reacts with 3 moles of hydrogen to yield 2 moles of ammonia i.e.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
1mol 3mol 2 mol
The stoichiometry displayed in the equation tells us, the proportions in which substances
react and the products formed.
Another useful way of expressing the stoichiometry of a reaction (particularly in

volumetric analysis) is in terms of the mole ratio. This is the simplest whole number
ratio, determined from the equation, in which the reactants combine together.
In the example given above the mole ratio (N2 : H2) is 1 : 3 - we will make more use of
this concept later.
The most common use of stoichiometry is in calculating the mass of substances formed
from a given mass of reactant. These calculations are performed in 4 simple steps :
(i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction.

(ii) Write the mole ratio for the reaction
(iii) Write all the known information below the substance it pertains to.
(iv) Work out the number of moles of this substance.
(v) Convert to number of moles of desired substance using mole ratio. Care: Do you
have to multiply or divide here?
(vi) Convert this value of moles to mass using n=m/Mm
Some people like to use boxes to remind them of the sequences to follow. This is shown in the
early examples. After that you should not need them.
Example
A symbol equation can also tell a chemist how much reagent is need to start with to make a
certain amount of product.
Let us use the magnesium burning in oxygen equation
2Mg (s) + O2 (g) -----------> 2MgO (s)
How much magnesium oxide formed when 18g of magnesium burn.
(Mg = 24, O = 16)
2Mg(s) + O2 (g) ----------------> 2MgO(s)

18 g g
/ 24 g/mole x 40 g/mole
0.75 ------------------------------------------> 0.75

mole mole
Exercise 3
1. Copper (II) oxide reacts with hydrogen. What mass of copper (II) oxide will react with
excess hydrogen to produce 8 g of copper metal? (Cu = 64, O = 16)
CuO(s) + H2 (g) ----------> Cu(s) + H2O(g)

8g
64g/mole
<---------------------------------
2. Limestone decomposes to form quicklime and carbon dioxide when heated to a high
temperature. How much quicklime is produced when 55g is heated.
CaCO3 ------------> CaO + CO2
------------>
3. How much copper sulphate can be made from 9.8g of sulphuric acid when excess copper
oxide is warmed with the acid.
Make sure that you complete the equation before you attempt to do the calculation.
H2SO4 + CuO ---------> ________ + _________
4. Write the equation for the reaction of magnesium metal with hydrochloric acid and
calculate how much magnesium chloride salt can be made from 4.0g of magnesium.
5. Aluminium powder will burn in oxygen if the oxide coating is removed. What mass of
aluminium oxide will be formed from 5.4g of Aluminium.
6. In the factory, some zinc phosphide was accidentally contaminated with water. It forms
zinc hydroxide and phosphine, PH3. The equation is given below. Calculate the
minimum mass of water required to react completely with 257 g of zinc phosphide.
Zn3P2 (s) + 6H2O (1) ----------> 3Zn(OH)2 (s) + 2PH3 (g)
257 g
7. The equation for the reaction between aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate and dilute
hydrochloric acid is given below.
Use this equation to help you answer the following questions.
How many moles of sodium chloride would be obtained from one mole of sodium
hydrogencarbonate?
NaHCO3 + HCl -------------> NaCl + H2O + CO2
What mass of NaCl would be obtained from 100g NaHCO3?
8. What mass of iodide will react completely with 10.0 g of aluminium?
(i) Write a balanced equation Complete and

balance the
equation.
Al + I2
10 g g
mole mole
9. Calculate the mass of Carbon Dioxide produced when 9.00g of graphite burns in excess
oxygen.
VOLUMES of GASES
This type of calculation can also involve volumes of gases which requires a slight modification
of the calculation procedure in the last step :
Convert the moles of carbon dioxide to the volume of the gas.
Gases : It is common to measure quantities of a gas by volume rather than by mass.

To allow for this in calculations we need to use a simple additional piece
of information:
One mole of any gas at standard temperature and pressure occupies 22.4 dm3. You will do an
experiment in the “GASES” topic to justify this. This value is pretty much constant for all gases
at these conditions, even if the gases have markedly different masses. Can you think why this is
so?
Molar Volume = 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at s.t.p. (2.24 × 10−2 m3 mol−1)
And 24.0 dm3 mol-1 at r.t.p.
STP stands for standard temperature and pressure. What are these conditions?
RTP stands for room temperature and pressure. What are these conditions?
Exercise 5
1. What volume of carbon dioxide, measured at s.t.p. will be liberated from 5 g of

calcium carbonate, by the action of an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid?
2. 120 cm3 of hydrogen gas is released at R.T.P. when a small amount of Magnesium is
placed in excess dilute hydrochloric acid. What mass of Magnesium was added.
Limiting Reactants
In some problems, quantities are given for two or more reactants. Suppose, for example, that we
are asked how much H2O can be prepared from 2 mol of H2 and 2 mole of O2.
The chemical equation states that 2 mole of H2 will react with only 1 mol of O2.
2H2 + O2 2H2O
In the problem, however, 2 mol of H2 and 2 mol of O2 are given.
Thus, more O2 has been supplied than can be used.
Therefore, when all the H2 has been consumed, the reaction will stop.
At this point, 1mol of O2 will have been used and 1 mole of O2 will remain unreacted.
The amount of H2 supplied limits the reaction and determines how much H2O will be formed.
Hydrogen, therefore, is called the limiting reactant.
Whenever the quantities of two or more reactants are given in a problem, we must determine
which one limits the reaction before the problem can be solved.
Exercise 6
1) How many moles of H2 can theoretically be prepared from 4.00 mol of Fe and 5.00 mol
of H2O? Work out the limiting reactant first. The chemical equation for the reaction is :
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
2) How many grams of N2F4 can theoretically be prepared from 4.00 g of NH3 and 14.0 g of
F2? Work out the limiting reactant first. The chemical equation for the reaction is
2NH3 (g) + 5F2(g) N2F4(g) + 6HF(g)
3) A mixture of 8g Iron and 4g Sulphur is heated and the elements react to form Iron (II)
sulphide.
Name the limiting reactant
How much (a) Product is formed.
(b) Solid reactant remains after the reaction.
Percentage Yield
Frequently, the quantity of a product actually obtained from a reaction is less than the amount
calculated.
Suggest reasons why this may be so.
The percentage yield relates the actual yield to the theoretical yield:
Percentage yield = actual yield x 100

theoretical yield
Exercise 7
1. If 4.80 g of N2F4 is obtained from the previous question in 6.2, what is the percent yield?
2. From 23g ethanol, 20g ethyl ethanoate are obtained by esterification, using excess
ethanoic acid and an acid catalyst. Work out the percentage yield for this reaction.
CH3CO2H(l) + C2H5OH(l) → CH3CO2C2H5(l) + H2O(l)
IB CHEMISTRY Empirical and Molecular Formula
Calculation of Empirical and Molecular Formulae
The empirical formula of a substance expresses the simplest whole number ratio of the
various atoms found in the molecule.
The molecular formula tells the actual number of atoms of each kind in a molecule of a
substance.
Often the empirical formula and the molecular formula are the same (eg. water – H2O) but in
many cases they are different.
For example, the molecular formula of benzene is C6H6 but its empirical formula is simply CH.
It is a good idea to write the empirical formula with brackets and put the symbol n outside ie
(CH).
Empirical formula is normally determined from actual masses or the percentage composition
data of the compound. The method is very straightforward.
FINDING FORMULAE
The formula of a compound can be calculated if the masses of each element in a sample are
known. For example the formula for the compound with the following composition : Lead 8.32
g, sulphur 1.28 g, oxygen 2.56 g.
Solve this problem by following the procedure below :
1. Write down the Pb S O

masses of each element 8.32g 1.28g 2.56g
2. Divide by the molar mass 8.32g 1.28g 2.56g

to give numbers of moles 207g/mole 32g/mole 16g/mole
= 0.04 moles 0.04 moles 0.16 moles
3. Simplify the ratio 1 1 4

of moles to whole
numbers by dividing
by smallest number of moles
4. Write the formula PbSO4
Exercise 8
Determine the formula of each of the following compounds for which the composition by mass
is given
1. Magnesium 9.5 g, chlorine 28.4 g.
2. Nitrogen 1.40 g, hydrogen 0.41 g, carbon 0.60 g, oxygen 2.40 g
3. Potassium 5.65 g, carbon 0.87 g, oxygen 3.48 g
Often the composition will be expressed as percentages not masses. The method of working is
exactly the same because with percentages we are considering the mass of each element in 100 g
of the compound. Determine the formula of each of the following compounds for which the
percentage composition by mass is given.
4. Pb 62.5%, N 8.45%, O 29.5%
5. Cu 47.3%, Cl 52.7%
6. Fe 20.14%, S 11.53%, O 23.01%
7. K42.4%, Fe 15.2%, C 19.6%, N 22.8%
8. H 12.5%, N 87.5%
9. Hydrated magnesium sulphate crystals which contain 48.8 % Magnesium sulphate and
51.2% water.
10. A compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen has a molar mass of 90 g/mole and the
following percentage composition by mass : carbon 40%, hydrogen 6.67% and oxygen
53.4%. Determine the empirical and molecular formulae of the compound.
Always make sure you show your working for the value of n even if it is one.
molar mass
n = -------------------
Empirical mass
11. This type of calculation can sometimes be made more difficult by giving the data in a
different form. Consider the same problem, below, with different data.
2.4 g of a compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen gave, on combustion, 3.52 g of

carbon dioxide and 1.44 g of water. The relative molecular mass of the compound was
found to be 60. Work out the empirical and molecular formula of the compound. Get the
moles of H and C from the H20 and CO2 formed. Get the Oxygen by subtraction from
these two then work out the formula.
IB CHEMISTRY Moles Avogadro’s Law
Calculations involving Volumes of Gases
When all the substances present in a reaction mixture are gases it is normal to measure quantities
in terms of volume.
We know that a mole of any gas (measured at the same temperature and pressure) occupies the
same volume (22.4 dm3 at S.T.P. or 24.0 dm3 at R.T.P.).
The converse of this is that equal volumes of different gases will contain the same number of
moles. Think of this for a bit, it should make sense after a while.
Therefore :
equal vols = equal mols
This is known as AVOGADRO'S LAW - not to be confused with his famous constant or
number. Not bad for a lawyer, eh ?
Exercise 9
When nitrogen and hydrogen react they produce ammonia. If we have 10 dm3 of nitrogen, how
much ammonia is produced and what volume of hydrogen is used?
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) -----------> 2NH3 (g)
1 mole + 3 mole ------------> 2 mole
1 Vol + 3 Vol ------------> 2 Vol
10 dm3 + dm3 ------------> dm3
1 What volumes of oxygen and carbon monoxide are needed to produce 10 cm3 of carbon
dioxide in:
2CO (g) + O2 (g) ---------> 2CO2 (g)

------------------------------> 10 cm3
2 How many dm3 of chlorine react with 5 dm3 of hydrogen in :
Cl2 (g) + H2 (g) ---------> 2HCl (g)

+ 5 dm3
3 What volume of sulphur trioxide is produced when 5 cm3 of sulphur dioxide is burnt in:
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ---------> 2SO3 (g)

5 cm3 ------------------------------>
4 What volume of nitrogen is produced when 10 cm3 of ammonia is burnt in oxygen :
4NH3 (g) + 3O2 (g) ---------> 2N2 (g) + 6H2O (l)

10 cm3 ------------------------------>
5 What is the change in volume when 30 cm3 of hydrogen sulphide is completely burnt in
45 cm3 of oxygen? All the volumes are measured at room temperature. Water will be a
liquid. The volume of solids and liquids is so small compared to the volume of a gas that
are nearly zero.
2H2S (g) + 3O2 (g) ------> 2H2O (l) + 2SO2 (g)

+ ------> O cm3 + change = cm3
6 100 cm3 of ammonia gas combines with 125 cm3 of oxygen to produce two gaseous
compounds with a combined volume of 250 cm3, all volumes being measured at 200oC
and 0.500 atm pressure. Which of the following equations fits these facts?
A. 4NH3 + 7O2 4NO2 + 6H2O
B. 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
C. 4NH3 + 5O2 2N2O2 + 6H2O
D. 4NH3 + 3O2 2N2 + 6H2O [ ]
7. An electric spark is passed through a mixture 250 cm3 hydrogen and 250 cm3 oxygen.
The steam formed is condensed as water. What volume of gas will remain in the
apparatus ?
8. What volume of oxygen would be required to completely burn 20 cm3 ethene ( C2H4) and
what volume of carbon dioxide would be produced.
9. Ammonia burns in oxygen as shown in this equation:
4NH3(g) +3O2(g) 2N2(g) + 6H2O (g)
In one experiment, 128cm3 of gaseous products were formed, under the same conditions
as the reactions (Hint: this means not RTP, hence you must consider the water volume.)
What volumes of oxygen and ammonia had been used?
The identity of an unknown hydrocarbon can be deduced using Avogadro’s method. However,
you need to look for some clues in the question. Be aware that water is only a gas above 100°C
so if RTP or STP is stated you can ignore the volume of water. Also note that alkalis such as
NaOH will absorb CO2 and this can tell you how much of this gas is present.
Using some simple algebra you should be able to deduce a formula for working out volumes
produced by an unknown hydrocarbon, CxHy.
CxHY (g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)
Insert expressions in x and y for moles of CO2, H2O, and, a bit harder, O2.
The equation must balance. Now try the following questions:
10. 15cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon at 101°C was mixed with an excess of oxygen and
exploded by sparking. Cooling the products caused a reduction in volume of 30 cm3. A
further reduction of 30cm3 occurred on exposure to concentrated alkali. What was the
formula of the hydrocarbon?
11. When 15cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon was exploded with an excess (60cm3) of oxygen,
the total final volume was 45 cm3 . This decreased to 15cm3 on treatment with NaOH
solution. What was the formula of the hydrocarbon (all measurements at RTP).
Exercise 10
Now try some actual IB multiple choice exam questions! Make a real effort to succeed with
these questions in order to develop a sound understanding of using the mole concept.
1. A compound Kyanmethin (MR = 123) contains 58.6% carbon, 7.35% hydrogen and
34.0% nitrogen. The molecular formula of the compound is
A. C5H7N4 B. C6H9N3
C. C7H11N2 D. C8H13N [ ]
2. A compound contains 48.64% carbon, 8.16% hydrogen and 43.20% oxygen. How many
hydrogen atoms are there in the simplest formula of the compound?
A. 2 B. 3
C. 4 D. 6 [ ]
3. The number of grams of hydrogen in a sample of glucose, C6H12O6, that contains 24 g of

carbon is
A. 2.0 B. 4.0
C. 6.0 D. 12.0 [ ]
4. How many moles of water will be produced from the complete combustion of 5.8g of
C4H10?
A. 0.20 B. 0.25
C. 0.40 D. 0.50 [ ]
5. When 6.50 g of Fe2O3 were reacted with carbon monoxide in a heated furnace, 3.85 g of
iron were obtained. The percentage yield for this reaction is
A. 34.9 B. 73.2
C. 79.4 D. 84.6 [ ]
6. Which of the following is the number of moles of O2 that are required to react with
phosphorus to produce 14.2 g of P4O10? (Molar mass of P4O10 is 283.9 g mol-1)
A. 0.050 B. 0.100
C. 0.250 D. 0.400 [ ]
7. In the complete combustion of 17.2 g of hexane, C6H14, to carbon dioxide and water the
number of moles of water produced is
A. 0.70 B. 1.4
C. 2.1 D. 2.8 [ ]
IB CHEMISTRY Moles WORKSHEET 1

NAME: 50
MOLE CALCULATIONS WORKSHEET
Use your periodic tables to find the data required for these calculations. Make sure that you
show all your working in every calculation.
1. Determine the mass of material in each of the following : (4)
(a) 2.00 mol of SO3 (b) 0.0300 mol of Cl atoms
(c) 9.00 mol of SO42- (d) 0.150 mol of MgSO4.7H2O
2. Determine the number of moles (amount of substance) in each of the following : [4]
(a) 31.0 g of P4 (b) 1.00 x 1022 atoms of Cu
(c) 70.0 g of Fe2+ (d) 9.00 x 1024 molecules of H2O
3. The mass of one molecule of a compound is 2.19 x 10-22 g. What is the molar mass of the
compound? (1 a.m.u has a mass of 1.66 x 10-27 Kg)
[2]
4. An organic compound, X, which contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, has a molar
mass of about 85 g mol-1. When 0.43 g of X is burnt in excess oxygen, 1.10 g of carbon
dioxide and 0.45 g of water are formed. (Check may 07 HL P2 for an example of this
which is very similar but caught a few students off guard!)
(a) What is the empirical formula of X? [5]
(b) What is the molecular formula of X? [2]
5. What is the maximum number of grams of NH4SCN(s) that can be prepared from 9.00 g
of CS2 (l) and 3.00 g of NH3(g)? The equation for the reaction is [4]
CS2(l) + 2NH3(g) NH4SCN(s) + H2S(g)
6. What is the maximum number of grams of OF2(g) that can be prepared from 2.50 g of
F2(g) and 2.50 g of NaOH? The equation for the reaction is : [4]
2F2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) OF2(g) + 2NaF(aq) + H2O(l)
7. In an experiment, 5.00 g of LiBH4(s) was reacted with excess NH4Cl(s), and 2.16g of
B3N3H6 (l) was isolated. What was the percentage yield of B3N3H6(l) ? The equation for
the reaction is :
3LiBH4(s) + 3NH4Cl(s) B3N3H6(l) + 9H2(g) + 3LiCl(s)
(5)
8. Two different samples of lead oxides were analysed.
(a) The first sample contained 90.8% of lead by mass. Calculate the empirical
formula of this oxide. [3]
(b) The second oxide sample was completely reduced to lead using hydrogen as the
reducing agent. From this sample 0.928 g of lead and 0.0807 g of water were
produced.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of lead in the second sample. [2]
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of oxygen in the second sample [2]
(iii) Determine the formula of this oxide. [2]
9. What mass of potassium chlorate (v) must be heated to give 1 dm3 of oxygen at s.t.p.
The reaction is :
[4]
2KClO3 (s) 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g)
Questions 10 – 16 are past IB questions. One mark each. [7]
10. The mass in grams of one propan-2-ol molecule, CH3CHOHCH3, is
A. 3.61 X 1025 g B. 60.0 6 g

C. 7..31 X 10-23 g D. 9.97 X 10-23 g [ ]
11. Which one of the following samples contains the smallest number of molecules?
A. 1 g carbon dioxide, CO2 B. 1 g glucose, C6H12O6

C. 1 g naphthalene, C10H8 D. 1 g octane, C8H18 [ ]
12. Of the following, the only compound whose empirical formula is the same as its
molecular formula is
A. hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 B. ethyne, C2H2

C. hydrazine, N2H4 D. difluoramine, HNF2 [ ]
13. Citrazinic acid contains 46.46% carbon, 3.25% hydrogen, 9.03% nitrogen and 41.26%
oxygen. Each molecule of the acid has one nitrogen atom. The total number of carbon,
hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen atoms in one molecule of citrazinic acid is
A. 8 B. 11
C. 12 D. 16 [ ]
14. Aluminium reacts with sulphuric acid and is represented by the equation:
2Al + 3H2SO4 3H2 + Al2(SO4)3
A student adds 9.0 g of Al to excess sulphuric acid and collects 0.90 g of

hydrogen. The percentage yield of H2 is
A. 90 B. 60
C. 30 D. 10 [ ]
15. In a particular ore in which Ca(OH)2 is associated with calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2, an
analysis shows that calcium and phosphorus are present in the mole ratio of 5:3. Which
of the following formulae agrees with this information?
A. Ca(OH)2.2Ca3(PO4)2 B. Ca(OH)2.3Ca3(PO4)2
C. (Ca(OH)2)2.Ca3(PO4)2 D. (Ca(OH)2)3.Ca3(PO4)2 [ ]
And finally a question for the superbrains!
IB Extension Work
16. A hydrated aluminium sulphate, Al2(SO4)3.xH2O, contains 8.10% of aluminium by mass.

Find the value of “x”.
IB Chemistry Moles Molarity and Concentration
CALCULATIONS INVOLVING SOLUTIONS
Introduction
Much of the practical work that you will do during your I.B. course involves the use of solutions.
Therefore the following terms must be clearly understood :
Solute - the dissolved substance in a solution usually a solid but is often gaseous.
Solvent - the liquid medium of the solution (the substance in which the solute is dissolved).
Solution - the product made by dissolving a solute in a solvent
Concentration of Solution
Concentration is normally measured in units of grammes per cubic decimeter (g dm-3) but in
calculations where moles are involved molar concentration (mol dm-3) is more appropriate. The
molar concentration is referred to as the Molarity and the symbol M is often used.
When one mole of solute in enough water to make 1 dm3

of solution, this is a molar solution of the substance.
A molar solution is often written as 1.0 M solution. So:-
a 2 M solution contains 2 moles / dm3 of solution,
a 5 M solution contains 5 moles / dm3 of solution,
a 0.1M solution contains 0.1 mole / dm3 of solution,
a 0.25 M solution contains 0.25 mole / dm3 of solution.
The number of moles per dm3 is called the

molarity of the solution.
Mol
Molarity = ------------
dm3
If you remember the units of molarity you will be able to do any solution
calculation:-
(a) number of Mole = Molarity X volume in dm3 (mol = mol dm-3 x dm3)
mol
(b) volume in dm3 = number of Mole (dm3 = )
moldm − 3
Molarity
(Take care to include the units in every step of the calculation!)
Molarity = moles/dm3
Exercises 11
How many moles
1. Calculate the number of moles in each solution : ( Remember 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3 )
(a) 25 cm3 of 2.0molar HCl
(b) 50 cm3 of 0.20 molar NaCl
(c) 5.0 cm3 of 5.0 molar CuSO4
(d) 100 cm3 of 1.0 molar NaOH
Now that we have looked at some of the basic ideas about molarities, let us imagine that a
chemist wants to make 1 dm3 of 1 mol/dm3 sodium chloride. They need to weigh out 1
mole of sodium chloride and dissolve it in enough water to make 1 dm3 of solution.
2 If 58.5 g of sodium chloride are dissolved in 500 cm3 of solution what will the
concentration of the solution be in :
(a) g dm-3?
(b) mol dm-3?
3 How many moles of HCl are there in 125 cm3 of hydrochloric acid which has a
concentration of 0.5 mol dm-3?
4 What volume of salt solution of concentration 5 mol dm-3 will contain 1.5 moles of
solute?
5 What is the concentration of a solution containing 49 g of sulphuric acid in 100 cm3 of

solution? Express in both moldm-3 and gdm-3
6 A solution is made containing 2.38 g of magnesium chloride, in 500 cm3 of solution.
(a) What is the molar concentration of magnesium chloride, MgCl2, in this solution?
(b) Express this in gdm-3
(c) What is the concentration of chloride ions in this solution?
(d) Calculate the mass of NaOH needed to make 0.250 dm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3.
(e) Calculate the mass of Na2CO3 needed to make 0.100 dm3 of 0.1 mol dm3
You should now be ready to do the practical P2 - Making a standard solution.

Volumetric Analysis
[See MMS 16 - 18 Module : Atomic Structure, Bonding, Periodicity. Topic: Formulae,

Equations, Moles. Section E: Titration and Calculating Screens 1 - 10)]
In volumetric analysis a fixed amount of one solution (measured by pipette and placed in
a conical flask) is titrated with a variable amount of a second solution delivered from a
burette.
The completion point (end-point) of the titration is usually determined by use of an

indicator.
If the concentration of one of the solutions is known (a standard solution) the

concentration of the other solution can be determined from the volumes used in the
titration providing the mole ratio of the reaction is known.
7. 25.0 cm3 of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid is pipetted into a flask. A few drops of indicator are
added. Sodium hydroxide solution of unknown concentration is added from a burette
until the indicator shows that the mixture is neutral. What is the concentration of the
sodium hydroxide solution if 37.5 cm3 of it is used? (NB: Molarity Calculations must
use dm3).
Write an equation for the reaction ;
What does the equation tell us about the mole ratio of reactants?
How many moles of acid were measured out?
How many moles of sodium hydroxide did this react with?
If 37.5 cm3 of sodium hydroxide contain ____________________ moles,
1000 cm3 of sodium hydroxide must contain __________________ moles
Therefore its Molarity is :
The solution given above worked from first principles. Try the same method and the
same steps of working on the next, slightly trickier, example.
8 36.0 cm3 of sodium carbonate solution of unknown concentration were needed to react
exactly with 25.0 cm3 of 0.2 M nitric acid. Determine the concentration of the sodium
carbonate solution.
Write an equation for the reaction ;
Na2CO3 + 2HNO3 2NaNO3 + H2O + CO2
What does the equation tell us about the mole ration of reactants?
How many moles of acid were used?
How many moles of sodium carbonate did this react with?
If 36.0 cm3 of sodium carbonate solution contains ___________________ moles,
1000 cm3 of sodium carbonate solution contains ____________________ moles
Therefore its concentration is
Working from first principles is probably the best method for you until you really
understand volumetric analysis. However if you are a ‘formula person’ you might like
the following theory ;
Consider a general reaction :
aA + bB Products
Let the molar concentration (molarity) of A and B be Ma and Mb respectively and the
volumes of A and B used in the titration be Va and Vb respectively.
From the equation :

No. of moles of A = a
Mole ration ---------------------- ---
No. of moles of B b
From the titration :
No. of moles of A = Ma x Va
and No. of moles of B = Mb x Vb
Therefore :
Ma x Va a
Ma x Va = Mb x Vb
-------------- = --- or --------------- ---------------
Mb x Vb b a b
If you use this formula the volumes can be measured in cm3 as it is the same as multiplying both
sides by 1000.
USING THE MOLARITY BOXES
Now that we have learned quite a lot about equations we can link equations and molarities
together.
A common example is where an acid and a base are reacting together.
Example One :
Put the following equation into words :
KOH(aq) + HCl(aq) KCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Answer :
One mole of aqueous potassium hydroxide reacts with one mole of aqueous hydrochloric acid to
produce one mole of aqueous potassium chloride and one mole of water.
We do not often use exactly one mole. The equation gives the ration of moles.
If we have 25 cm3 of 0.2 molar KOH, this will be 0.025 dm3 x 0.2 moles/dm3
= 0.005 moles of KOH. So 0.005 moles of HCl will react with this.
If the HCl is 0.5 M what volume of acid is required to neutralise the alkali.
moles 0.005 moles

dm3 = ----------------- = ------------------ = 0.01 dm3 = 10 cm3
molarity 0.5 moles/dm3
The calculation can be summarised in a box calculation diagram. Make sure the boxes are drawn
beneath the formula of the substance for which you are doing the calculation:-
KOH + HCl KCl + H2O

1 mole 1 mol (a) Write the mole ratio.
0.2 moles/dm3 0.5 moles / dm3 (b) Calculate the moles of KOH.
x Moles = Molarity x dm3
0.025 dm3 0.01 dm3
(c) Use the equation to calculate
(a) (c) the moles of HCl that react
(b) . with the moles of KOH.
(d) Calculate vol of HCl
0.005 moles KOH 0.005 moles HCl
dm3 = moles / molarity
You should now be able to do P3 - To determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide

solution.
Example Two (These examples are on the website)
In the next example we have to take into account the fact that the sulphuric acid is dibasic so two
moles of NaOH react with one mole of acid.
How much 1.2 M sodium hydroxide will be needed to neutralise 25 cm3 of 1.70 M sulphuric
acid? The equation is
2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O
2 mol 1 mol (a) mole ratio
1.7 moles / dm3 (b) Calculate the moles of H2SO4

3
0.0708 dm x
0.025 dm3
(c) Find moles of NaOH. Use
(c) (a) ratio from equation.
0.085 moles x2 0.0425 moles (d) Find volume of NaOH.
NaOH H2SO4
(b)
9. (a) Calculate the volume of 0.25 M sodium hydroxide which exactly neutralises
40 cm3 of 0.5 M nitric acid.
NaOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
1 mol 1 mol (a) mole ratio
mole/dm3 mole / dm3 (a) Calculate moles of HNO3

x
dm3 dm3
(a) (b) Find moles of NaOH. Use
(c) ratio from equation.
moles moles (c) Find volume of NaOH.
NaOH HNO3
(b)
(b) Calculate the volume of 0.25 M sulphuric acid needed to exactly neutralise 35 cm3
of 0.30 M potassium hydroxide. Draw boxes to help your working.
2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
10. Calculate the volume, in cm3 : (N.B. Write the equation and include the mole ratio every
time.)
a) Of hydrochloric acid, concentration 1.0 mol/dm3 required to neutralise 50 cm3 of

sodium hydroxide, concentration 2.0 mol/dm3.
b) Of sulphuric acid, concentration 2.0 mol/dm3 required to neutralise 50 cm3 of

ammonia, concentration 2.0 mol/dm3.
11. a) The formula for phosphoric acid is H3PO4.
(i) How many different kinds of atoms are there in phosphoric acid?
(ii) What is the TOTAL number of atoms in one molecule of phosphoric acid?
b) Phosphoric acid can be neutralised by sodium hydroxide solution according to the

equation :
3NaOH - H3PO4 Na3PO4 + 3H2O
(i) How many moles of sodium hydroxide react with one mole of phosphoric
acid?
(ii) What is the mass of one mole of sodium hydroxide?
(iii) What mass of phosphoric acid (Mr = 98) would react with 60 g of
sodium hydroxide in this reaction?
12. The equation below shows the neutralisation of sulphuric acid by ammonium hydroxide.
What volume of 0.1 mol/dm3 ammonium hydroxide will exactly neutralise 20 cm3 of 0.1
mol/dm3 sulphuric acid? (Hint) Draw the boxes and arrows before you start the
calculations and allow for the 2 NH4OH).
2NH4OH + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O
13 How much 2 M sodium hydroxide will be needed to neutralise 20 cm3 of 1 M sulphuric

acid? The equation is :
2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O
14. Past IB Paper Questions
1. If 35.00 cm3 of a NaOH solution are required for the neutralisation of a 25.00 cm3
sample of 0.2000 M H2SO4, what is the molarity of the NaOH?
A. 0/1429 M B. 0.2857 M
C. 0.4286 M D. 0.8571 M [ ]
2. The concentration of nitrate ions in 0.500 cm3 of 0.30 M Fe(NO3)3 solution is’
A. 0.30 B. 0.45
C. 0.60 D. 0.90 [ ]
3. The volume of 0.150 M Al2(SO4)3 that must be taken to obtain 0.328 moles of
sulphate ions is
A. 0.729 dm3 B. 1.83 dm3

C. 2.19 dm3 D. 2.89 dm3 [ ]
4. A 54.2 g sample of barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2, is dissolved in water and the

solution is diluted to give a final volume of 5.00 dm3. The MOLARITY of the
HYDROXIDE ion, OH-, in the final solution is
[Molar mass of Ba(OH)2 = 171]
A. 0.0317 B. 0.0634
C. 0.127 D. 0.634 [ ]
15. 5.000g of a Group I metal was dissolved in 2000 cm3 of water, producing a solution of
the metal hydroxide. A 25 cm3 pipette aliquot of this solution was neutralised by 45.02
cm3 of Hydrochloric acid solution, concentration 0.200 mol/dm3.
Determining the molar mass and hence the identity of the metal. Show all working.
I.B. CHEMISTRY Moles WORKSHEET 2

NAME: 25
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS WORKSHEET
Questions 1 – 5 are from past IB exam papers
1. Calculate the molarity of the sodium ion in a solution made by dissolving 15.5 g of
Na2SO4.10H2O and making the volume up to 750 cm3.
A. 2 x 15.5 x 1000 B. 15.5 x 1000

322.2 x 750 2 x 322.2 x 750
C. 2 x 15.5 x 1000 D. 15.5 x 1000

142.0 x 750 2 x 142.0 x 750 [ ]
2. A 50.0 cm3 sample of a solution which is 0.1 M in HF is treated with 20 cm3 of 0.1 M
NaOH. The concentration of HF remaining in the solution after addition of NaOH is
A. 0.1 x 50 – 0.1 x 20 B. 0.1 x 70

70 50
B. 0.1 x 20 D. 0.1 x 50 + 0.1 x 20

70 70
3. What volume of 0.500 M HCl is required to react with 8.43 g of magnesium carbonate
according to the equation :
MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
A. 100 cm3 B. 200 cm3

C. 400 cm3 D. 600 cm3
4. What is the maximum amount of PbI2 that can be precipitated by combining 25.0 cm3
of 0.100 M Pb(NO3)2 with 35.0 cm3 of 0.1 0 M NaI? [The molar mass of PbI2 is 461 g
mol-1]
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaI(aq) 2NaNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)
A. 0.576 g B. 0.807 g
C. 1.15 g D. 1.61 g
5. A solution which is formed by combining 300 cm3 of 0.10 M Ba(OH)2 with 200 cm3 of
0.15 M HCl has an OH- ion concentration of
A. 10-7 M B. 0.3 M
C. 0.06 M D. 3.3 X 10-13 M
6. A 0.100 M ethanedioic acid solution was used to determine the

concentration of a potassium hydroxide solution, by titration. The equation for the
reaction is :
H2C2O4 + 2KOH K2C2O4 + 2H2O
25.0 cm3 of ethanedioic acid solution required 21.5 cm3 of the alkali for neutralisation
using phenolphthalein indicator.
Calculate
(a) the molarity of the potassium hydroxide solution. [3]
(b) the mass of solid potassium hydroxide in 1 dm3 of this solution. [2]
7. 5.60 g of an acid, HX, were dissolved in water and made up to 250 cm3. 10 cm3 of this
solution required 40.2 cm3 of 0.1 M potassium hydroxide for neutralisation. The
equation for the reaction was
HX + KOH KX + H2O
Calculate
(a) the molarity of the acid solution. [3]
(b) the relative molecular mass of the acid. [2]
8. 7.15 g of hydrated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3.xH2O) were dissolved in water and the
solution made up to 250 cm3. 25 cm3 of this solution required 22.0 cm3 of 0.227 M
hydrochloric acid for neutralisation, in the reaction :
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Calculate the value of “x” ie. the number of moles of water of crystallisation per mole of
hydrated sodium carbonate. [5]
9. Sulphamic acid has the formula H3NSO3 and is monobasic. It is a strong acid and can be
titrated with sodium carbonate solution using methyl orange as an indicator. It was found
that 30 cm3 of a solution containing 24.25 g dm-3 of the acid neutralised 25 cm3 of a
solution of sodium carbonate.
Calculate the concentration of the sodium carbonate solution in grams Na2CO3 per dm3.
[5]
Of course there are more applications of volumetric analysis than simply determining the
concentration of a solution. You will meet other applications both in practical work and
in written problems.

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UWCSEA Chemistry Department 2007 UWC IB topic two: Quantitative Chemistry and Redox 9.

About This Unit.

[See Multimedia Science software 16 - 18 Module: Atomic Structure, Bonding, Periodicity.

Formulae and balancing equations

1. Calcium + Water Calcium hydroxide solution and Hydrogen

2. Iron + Hydrochloric acid Iron(II)chloride solution + Hydrogen

3. Iron + Chlorine Iron(III)chloride

4. Magnesium + Nitrogen Magnesium nitride

6. Ammonia + Oxygen Nitrogen + Water

7. Iron(III)oxide + Carbon monoxide Iron + carbon dioxide

8. Lead(II)nitrate + Potassium iodide lead(II) iodide + potassium nitrate

9. Write an ionic equation for #8

Relative Atomic Mass

Li 1.15217 x 10-23 g O 2.65659 x 10-23 g

He 6.64605 x 10-24 g U 3.95233 x 10-22 g

Relative atomic mass is defined as the number of times an atom is

He = 4.00, 0 = 16.0, Ar = 39.9, U = 238.

[See MMS 16 - 18 Module: Atomic Structur, Bonding, Periodicity. Topic: Formulae

The amount of a substance -The mole.

It therefore made perfect sense to assume that

The mole is defined as the amount of substance that contains as

(63.5 + 32.0) + (4 x 16.0) + (5 x 18.0) = ______________

Molar Mass = ______________ g mol-1

either 1.0 mol of Cl (one mole of chlorine atoms)

so you have to always specify the entity, either in formula or words.

1. What is the mass of 1.00 mol of

(k) chlorine atoms (l) chlorine, Cl2 (m) iodide ions, I-

(a) ammonia, NH3 (N.B. What units should you use?)

(b) phosphoric (V) acid, H3PO4

(c) sodium sulphate – 10 – water.

(d) silver chloride

(e) calcium phosphate.

MASSES < =========> MOLES

Moles = 4.0 g = 0.10 mole

b. Calculate the molar mass from the AR = 12 g mol-1

c. Rearrange the molar mass equation mole = g/molar mass

d. Substitute the values with their units

mole = 180 g = 15 mol

1. Calculate the moles in each of the following :

(a) 30.0 g of oxygen molecules, O2.

(b) 50.0 g of calcium carbonate, CaCO3.

How many moles of atoms are there in:

(c) 20 g calcium? (d) 54 g aluminium?

(e) 11.2 g iron? (f) 78 g potassium?

(g) 8 g sulphur? (h) 2.4 g magnesium?

2. Calculate the mass of each of the following :

(a) 1.00 mol of hydrogen, H2.

(b) 0.500 mol of sodium chloride, NaCl.

(c) 0.250 mol of carbon dioxide, CO2

(d) 0.1 mole of sodium atoms? (e) 2 moles of silver atoms?

(f) 0.333 mole of carbon atoms? (g) 8 moles of iron atoms?

(h) 0.0625 mole of magnesium? (i) 0.25 mole of copper atoms?

L = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1

Calculating the number of particles in a given amount

N = nL where : N = the number of particles

1. Calculate the number of atoms in :

(a) 18.0 g of carbon, C.

(b) 18.0 g of copper, Cu.

(c) 7.20 g of sulphur, S8.

H2SO4 + CuO ---------> + _