Lecture 33244w3423

Advanced Building Materials & Composites
Topic 3
Damp proofing and Insulation
Introduction
What is Dampness in Buildings?
Dampness is the presence of unwanted moisture in the structure of a building, either as a
result of intrusion from outside or condensation from within the structure.
Dampness in Buildings mainly due to

condensation, rain penetration, high ground
water table, poor rain water drainage, high
humidity levels etc.
Dampness in Buildings can result in,

• unhygienic conditions – moss , mould
growth (Sick Building Syndrome
Conditions)
• reduced structural strength of building
components
Source: https://www.damptecremedial.co.uk/hygroscopic-salts
Causes of Dampness : Water entry
• Ground water : starting from foundation

• Rainwater: entire building (walls , roof)
• Building cracks: water penetration
• Building services: leakages of supply water or
outlet water or rainwater
Provision of Damp proofing material Source-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damp_(structural)
can prevent the moisture entry to

the building from the known
sources
Damp Proof Material

laid in Brick Work Source-https://freeyoung01.en. /product/ Representative Image-Causes of Damp
Penetration in Buildings
Source: https://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/risingdamp/risingdamp.htm
Dampness
Various methods and Materials used in the process
Plinth protection Concrete
Rainsplash
Penetrating
Dampness below
DPC level
No Damp Proof Course
Air moisture condensation
Leaking water pipe
Underground
Plumbing leaks
Below-ground moisture rising damp
Wet site
Causes of Dampness: Ground water
• Moisture constantly travels through pervious soil and tries

to penetrate through pervious brick in foundation wall
underground.
• Water rises through capillary action from ground and
causes damage. So protection should be continuously put
along all peripheral walls below ground.
Representative Image-Rising Dampness
Source: https://www.timberwise.co.uk/rising-damp-treatment/how-to-identify-rising-damp
Causes of damp: Rainwater
• Rain travels through wall surfaces. Heavy showers of rain
may beat against the external faces of walls and if the
walls are not properly treated causes damp.
• If the wall surfaces are not properly protected from rain

penetration, rain will enter the wall and will travel down.
• Leaking roofs will also permit water to enter.
• Improper slope in balconies and window chajja may lead

to accumulation of rain water. Prolonged accumulation
will lead to damp.
• External wall to be protected up to plinth level

protection against rainwater accumulation outside
building.
Causes of Damp: leaking service lines
• Inlet water line: Kitchens, toilets, pantry,

wet utility areas
• Outlet water line: Kitchens, toilets,

pantry, wet utility areas
• Leaking fixtures traps: embedded in

floors
• Damp due to improper drainage of Air

conditioner outlet
• Rainwater pipe connections at roof

Source: https://oregonroofguys.com/leaky-roof-damage/
Summary: ill effects of dampness
• Dampness gives rise to unhealthy conditions.
• Entrapped moisture causes unsightly patches.
• It may cause crumbling of plasters in patches.
• Efflorescence in bricks and stones.
• Flooring tiles get loosened due to weakening of adhesion due to moisture.
• Electrical fittings get deteriorated, leakage of current and short circuit.
• Entrapped Moisture causes rusting & corrosion of metal fittings.

Methods of Damp/Water Proofing
1. Membrane waterproofing
2. Use a Damp Proofing Course (DPC).
3. Integral Damp Proofing.
4. Surface Treatment.
5. Cavity wall construction
6. Guniting.
7. Injection grouting
8. Etc.
Membrane Damp Proofing
A membrane separating the source of damp and the building.
Features
• continuous
• impervious
• flexible to accommodate structural
movements without any cracks Sheet form Bitumen waterproofing
• Capable to withstand thermal changes
Materials
• Bitumen in sheet form
• Bitumen in paint form
• Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer sheet
• Metal sheet??
• PVC sheet, Plastic sheet (0.5 to 1mm thick) PVC membrane Water Proofing
Source: https://www.constrofacilitator.com/waterproofing-
membranes-types-and-applications/
Damp proof course

Bitumen felt -Torch application on rooftop in foundation
• Bituminous felt rolls are available up to 30m long but 1m wide.
• Proper overlapping of 10 cm to be followed to avoid water entry.
• Joints and lap should be sealed with hot bitumen by torch application
• Direction of slope is important for roof application.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oP9h0uNVLRs
Video 1
EPDM sheets (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer)
• High contraction and expansion characteristics

• Stable at wide range of temperature from -40°C to
+120°C.
Source: pixabay.com, pexels.com, unsplash.com, wikimedia.org ,
• Ultra violet ray resistant stockvault.com, pikwizard.com
• Chemical resistant
• Available in large sheet sizes
• Fixed with screw and plastic washer on roof surface
Video 2
Integral Damp Proofing
Damp proof material is integrated with concrete mix.
They fill in the voids in concrete and prevent water entry or exit.
Water repelling compounds mixed in small proportion like

• fatty acids,
• soapy chemicals
• Olates and Stearates of aluminum, calcium, sodium
• Alkaline silicates and sulphates
• Petroleum
Used in: Water tank

Underground reservoir
Basement of building
Foundation in waterlogged areas
Surface Treatment
Application of water repellant chemical as an external coating
Plastering of exposed brick surface with:

• water repellant chemicals
• water proofing agents-
i. Sodium or Potassium silicates
ii. Aluminium or Zinc sulphates
iii. Barrium hydroxide
iv. Magnesium sulphate
Painting with hot bitumen - Highly Flexible

Minimum thickness of 3mm
Source: pixabay.com, pexels.com, unsplash.com, wikimedia.org ,

stockvault.com, pikwizard.com
Cavity wall construction
• Main wall of building is shielded by an outer skin wall, Inside
leaving a cavity between the two.
• Cavity actually breaks the continuity of the passage of

moisture/ rain to the inner surface from the outer shielding
surface. Thus the main wall remains unaffected.
• Done where heavy showers are there or in damp condition like

basements
• Space consumed by
Cavity is usually 100mm
Other methods
• Guniting - Depositing layer of rich cement mortar

(1:3) under pressure to the exposed surface of
wall, pipes etc.
• Pressure/injection Grouting - cement grout or

acrylic based polymer fills in cracks, voids in the
structure of building by pressure or injection. For
crack repair in inaccessible areas like foundation,
basements, tunnels etc.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEXAWukRfD4
Video 3 & Video 3 & Video 5
Thank you!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jTJ9Y6sM4s
What is Bitumen ?
• Bitumen is a highly viscous petroleum based

hydrocarbon that exists in a liquid to a semi-solid
phase.
• It has a blackish-brown colour.
• It is generally composed of asphaltene resin and
other petroleum compounds.
• Natural Bitumen- found in oil sands, pitch lakes
• Refined Bitumen- Residue of crude oil distillation
• Chemical Components in Bitumen:
i. Asphaltenes
ii. Resinuous components
iii. Non polar aromatics
iv. Saturates
• Elementally (87% Carbon, 8% hydrogen,5%
Sulphur, 1% nitrogen, 1% oxygen, 200ppm metals)
What is the difference between bitumen, tar, and asphalt?
• The words bitumen and asphalt are

synonymous, in general, asphalt means
the composition of aggregates and
bitumen, as a binder, that is used for road
construction.
• Bitumen is a hydrocarbon substance. It is

found naturally or comes through refining
processes from crude oil.
• Tar is also a dark hydrocarbon material. But

the difference between tar and bitumen is
in the origin of their production. The tar is
obtained through a special distillation
process from wood or coal.
Types of bitumen and their applications ?
Grading bitumen based on its properties, refineries use a

number of standard tests to measure the :
1 ) Viscosity level
Viscosity bitumen has

four different grades
that are:
i. VG 10
ii. VG20
iii. VG30
iv. VG 40
2 ) Penetration value
• Penetration bitumen is the most widely used bitumen for road construction.
• The most widely used bitumen for road construction is penetration bitumen of 60/70
grade and then grade of 80/100. Furthermore, 60/70 grade is widely used as a
waterproofing material in buildings.
Penetration
Choosing the bitumen based on physical properties:
Viscosity graded bitumen • More Accuracy

-globally preferred with penetration grades 30/40, 60/70, 80/100 etc. • Temperature Predictability
-preferred as they are tested and classified more accurately. • Enhanced Durability
-pen (short for penetration) test classification
Advantages of Viscosity Grade Bitumen :

• A specific grade of pen bitumen may show various results at a specific
temperature, but Viscosity Grade bitumen always behaves the same
• When there is a need to predict bitumen behaviour in the hottest

time of the year, Viscosity Grade bitumen is a better choice. Since
viscosity testing is based on experimenting with bitumen’s properties
at three different temperatures (25° C, 60° C, and 135° C), all grades of
Viscosity Grade bitumen come with an easier application.

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Advanced Building Materials & Composites

Dampness in Buildings mainly due to

Dampness in Buildings can result in,

• Ground water : starting from foundation

can prevent the moisture entry to

Damp Proof Material

Plinth protection Concrete

Air moisture condensation

Leaking water pipe

• Moisture constantly travels through pervious soil and tries

• If the wall surfaces are not properly protected from rain

• Leaking roofs will also permit water to enter.

• Improper slope in balconies and window chajja may lead

• External wall to be protected up to plinth level

• Inlet water line: Kitchens, toilets, pantry,

• Outlet water line: Kitchens, toilets,

• Leaking fixtures traps: embedded in

• Damp due to improper drainage of Air

• Rainwater pipe connections at roof

• Dampness gives rise to unhealthy conditions.

• Entrapped moisture causes unsightly patches.

• It may cause crumbling of plasters in patches.

• Efflorescence in bricks and stones.

• Flooring tiles get loosened due to weakening of adhesion due to moisture.

• Electrical fittings get deteriorated, leakage of current and short circuit.

• Entrapped Moisture causes rusting & corrosion of metal fittings.

Damp proof course

• High contraction and expansion characteristics

• Ultra violet ray resistant stockvault.com, pikwizard.com

Water repelling compounds mixed in small proportion like

Used in: Water tank

Plastering of exposed brick surface with:

Painting with hot bitumen - Highly Flexible

Source: pixabay.com, pexels.com, unsplash.com, wikimedia.org ,

• Cavity actually breaks the continuity of the passage of

• Done where heavy showers are there or in damp condition like

• Guniting - Depositing layer of rich cement mortar

• Pressure/injection Grouting - cement grout or

• Bitumen is a highly viscous petroleum based

• The words bitumen and asphalt are

• Bitumen is a hydrocarbon substance. It is

• Tar is also a dark hydrocarbon material. But

Grading bitumen based on its properties, refineries use a

Viscosity bitumen has

Viscosity graded bitumen • More Accuracy

Advantages of Viscosity Grade Bitumen :

• When there is a need to predict bitumen behaviour in the hottest

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