Chapter 2 - Polynomial Functions (Sample)

POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTIONS
2.1 Characteristics of Polynomial Functions p. 91
2.2 Dividing Polynomials and the Remainder Theorem p. 105
2.3 The Factor Theorem p. 119
2.4 Further Analysis Polynomial Function Graphs p. 133
Chapter Review Practice p. 145
2.1 Characteristics of Polynomial Functions
You’ve already studied Polynomial functions! Remember these?
In Math 10C you studied Linear Functions And in Math 20-1 you studied Quadratic Functions
run
rise rise
(slope)
run
,0 ,0 ,0
We saw how equations

0, of linear functions can be … And equations of quadratic
written in the form functions can be written
ℎ,
Where is the slope of the Where is the vertical stretch, and the
line, and is the -intercept coordinates of the vertex are , .
Note that the linear functions can Note that the quadratic functions can
also be written in the form also be written in the form
Where is the -intercept Where , are -intercepts
These are degree 1 Polynomial Functions These are degree 2 Polynomial Functions
Determine an equation for each of the following functions:
1 2
Hint:
The vertical stretch
2, 0 here, , is /
Math30-1power.com
0, 3 3, 0 1, 0
1, 2
Page |91
Defining Polynomial Functions
A polynomial function, such as a linear function, quadratic, or cubic, involves only

non-negative integer powers of .
Any polynomial function can be written in the form
, ,$% ,$ %
* +, +,$% +,$ … + +% +.
Where:  is a whole number, representing the degree of the function
 +, to +. are real numbers, representing the coefficients, with +,
designated the leading coefficient (coeff. of the highest degree term)
This general formula may look complicated, but a few polynomial function examples should show its simplicity:
 8 This is degree 0 (constant function)
 5 4 This is degree 1 (linear), with a leading coefficient of 5
 / 2 4 3 This is degree 2 (quadratic), with a leading coefficient of 2

1
 # 7 1 This is degree 3 (quadratic), with a leading coefficient of 1
2
 * 3 (
2 #
5 8 This is degree 4 (quartic), with a leading coefficient of 3
 * 2 ( 3 6 This is degree 5 (quintic), with a leading coefficient of 2
These examples are all written in descending order of degree, where terms are arranged starting with the
highest degree term, starting with the leading coefficient. (The coefficient of the highest degree term)
Identify which of the following are polynomial functions. For each that is a polynomial function;
Worked state the degree and leading coefficient:
Example 3
(a) 6 8 (b) 3 ( 2 3 1 (c) 5 3) 1
Solution: (a) The middle term can be written 3 $%

, which is NOT POLYNOMIAL as exponent of is not a whole number
(b) All exponents are whole numbers, and all coefficients are real numbers. Hello, you POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION.
Degree is 5 (degree of entire poly function is that of highest degree term). Leading coefficient is . (the terms
are not in descending order of degree – the 2nd term should be re-arranged to the “front”!)
(c) The middle term can be written 3 %/#
, which is NOT POLYNOMIAL as the exponent is not a whole number
Class Example 2.11 Identifying Polynomial Functions
Identify which of the following are polynomial functions. For each that is a polynomial function; state the
degree and leading coefficient:
(a) 4 3 (b) 2 5 (c) 3 7 (d) 2 # 5 $%
Polynomial functions can be of any whole number degree – but for this course we’ll only deal with
functions where 0 5.
And while the coefficients can be any real number – we’ll mainly stick with integer coefficients.
Page |92
Chapter 2 – Polynomial Functions
Warm-up
Exploration #2 ❶P ❶N
Use the polynomial function graphs, 1 2

listed below and graphed on the right,
to answer the following questions
Make a conjecture for #1
1 For each function listed below, the number
represents the function ___________, and the
letter (“P” or “N”) the __________________.
❷P ❷N
❶P 3 4
❶N 3 4
❷P 6 5
❷N 6 5
#
❸P 2 5 6
#
❸N 2 5 6
( #
❸P ❸N
❹P 2 6 6 22 12
❹F 2 ( 6 # 6 22 12
( #
❺P 2 16 14 63 36
( #
❺N 2 16 14 63 36
2 Beside each function above, state the leading

coefficient.
3 What do the graphs of functions with a P next to

❹P ❹N
their number have in common? Describe the
effect on the graph.
4 What do the graphs of functions with an “N” next

to their number have in common? Describe the
effect on the graph.
❺P ❺N
5 What do the graphs of functions of even degree
have in common?
6 What do the graphs of functions of odd degree

have in common?
Page |93
Classifying Polynomial Functions by Degree

/ 3
A polynomial function can be of any whole number degree, including zero!
The graph on the right is of the constant function / 3, which is a polynomial
function of degree zero.
Let’s now acquaint ourselves with some examples of polynomial functions, degree 1 through 5.
Leading coefficient is 2, which

is positive …
Degree 1 Linear Maximum Degree 2 Quadratic
point
/ 2 3 < 2 3
… So graph
ends positive
(upward Domain: 3 ∈ ℝ6 Domain: 3 ∈ ℝ6
direction) Range: 3 ∈ ℝ6 Range: 3 | 0 4, ∈ ℝ6
End Behavior: End Behavior:
starts negative in quad III, starts negative in quad III,
ends positive in quad I ends negative in quad IV
# of intercepts: # of intercepts:
Neg (-) leading coefficient (-1) …

Degree 3 Cubic Degree 4 Quartic
… So graph # (
3 3 * 9 4 12
ends negative
Domain: 3 ∈ ℝ6 Domain: 3 ∈ ℝ6
Range: 3 ∈ ℝ6 Range: 3 | : 16.9, ∈ ℝ6
End Behavior: End Behavior:
starts positive in quad II, starts positive in quad II,
ends negative in quad IV ends positive in quad I
Minimum
# of intercepts: 1 point # of intercepts: 1
Degree 5 Quintic  The functions on the left are odd degree – and the graphs
start and end in the opposite direction. For example, the
ℎ 4 ( # 16 12 degree 3 and 5 functions start positive and end negative.
Odd functions have no max or min point, must have at
Domain: 3 ∈ ℝ6 least one -intercept, and have a range 3 ∈ ℝ6.
Range: 3 ∈ ℝ6
 The functions above / on the right are even degree. As such,
End Behavior: the graphs start and end in the same direction. For example,
starts positive in quad II, the degree 4 function starts positive and ends positive.
ends negative in quad IV
Even functions have either a maximum or minimum point,
# of intercepts: 7
and the range is restricted accordingly.
If the sign of the leading coefficient is positive (see the degree 1 and 4 examples above),
Ends
the graph “ends positive”, or heading upward in quadrant I. positive
And if the leading coefficient is positive and the degree is even (as with the degree 4
example above), the graph will have a minimum point.
I wish my lead coeff.
If the sign of the leading coefficient is negative (see the degree 2, 3 and 5 examples), the wasn’t so negative
graph “ends negative”, or downward, in quad IV.
And if the leading coefficient is negative and the function degree is even (as with the
degree 2 function), the graph will have a maximum point.
Page |94
There is a relationship between the degree of a polynomial function and the number of -intercepts
on the graph.
For a polynomial function of degree ; the maximum number of -intercepts is .
 For even degree functions, there  For example, this degree 4

can be = to -intercepts. function has no -intercepts
Now, a degree 4 function can

also have 1 -intercept … or 2 -intercepts … or 3 -intercepts To a maximum of 4
 For example, consider a degree 5 function

 For odd degree functions, there
can be to -intercepts. Since it starts / ends in the opposite direction
(in this case starts positive in quad II, ands
Note (unlike the functions above), this function negative in quad IV)
must have a negative leading coefficient. (ends down) …there must be at least one -intercept
And we should know how to spot a Polynomial Function Graph!

On the previous page we saw the relationship between the degree of a
polynomial function and certain characteristics of the graph. You might next ask – Polynomial
how can we immediately tell that a graph is of a polynomial function, and not some Function
other function we study in Math 30?
And once again – great question! Cheers to your inquisitive nature.
Let’s dive into that, with a couple of key distinguishing points:
Graph can be drawn

 The first key point is that all polynomial functions have a domain 3 ∈ ℝ6.
without lifting your pencil.
That means graphs of polynomial functions:
 Have no start or end points, like, for example,  Have no vertical asymptotes or any other type of
radical function graphs. discontinuity, as with rational function graphs.
Radical / 0.5 3 2 Rational 1

<
Function Function 2 3
Graph starts at (Domain is Graph has vertical asymptotes

this point Restricted) (again, domain is restricted)
 The second point is polynomial function graphs have no horizontal asymptotes (like
exponential functions) and there is no periodic pattern (as with some trig graphs). Exponential
So graphs will always both start and end in ENDS upward Function
(pos lead coeff.)
either an upward or downward position.
For example, this polynomial STARTS pointing

downward ℎ 1.5 > 3
function graph….
Copyright © RTD Learning. Open Use Access provided to all Alberta teachers Page |95
and schools throughout the 2021-22 School Year
Worked For the polynomial function * (

3 #
7 15 18 ;
Example Without using your graphing calculator, state:
i - The start and end behavior of the graph ii - The number of possible -intercepts
iii - Whether or not the graph will have a minimum or maximum point
iv - The domain of the function and the -intercept
Use your graphing calculator to determine:
v - The -intercepts of the graph vi - The range of the function
Sol.: The degree of the function is 4; since it’s even, the graph will start and end in the same direction. And
i - since the leading coefficient is negative (that is, “-1”), the graph will end negative / heading downward.
So…. The graph starts negative in quadrant III, and ends negative in quadrant IV.
ii - Degree 4 (even), so there can be between 0 and 4 -intercepts.
iii - Even degree, graph starts / ends in the same direction. Negative leading coefficient, so which means the
graph ends negative. Therefore the graph will have a maximum point, which can be found graphically.
iv - All polynomial functions have domain 3 ∈ ℝ6. The -intercept is the same as the constant value, so =, ?
v - -intercepts are the same as the zeros of the function. vi - For the range, find the MAXIMUM,
The zero function is in CALC menu, found be entering which is also in the CALC menu.
Find the zeros one at a time... Note: sometimes the calc adds decimals. The range is: 3 0 7. , ∈ ℝ6
Here, the actual value is just 1.
Note that the maximum is provided as an
So, -intercepts are ,= , , = , and 1, = approximate value, to the nearest hundredth.
Class Example 2.12 Characteristics of Polynomial Functions
For each of the following polynomial functions, without using your graphing calculator, state:
i - The start and end behavior of the graph ii - The number of possible -intercepts
iii - Whether or not the graph will have a minimum or maximum point
v - The -intercepts of the graph vi - The range of the function
(a) 1 7 @ (b) 7 2 A 1 1 @
i - Start / end i - Start / end

ii - # of -ints ii - # of -ints
iii - Max or min? iii - Max or min?
iv - Domain: iv - Domain:
-intercept: -intercept:
v - Coords v - Coords
of -ints: of -ints:
vi - Range: vi - Range:
Page |96
Class Example 2.13 More Characteristics of Polynomial Functions
For the function B 2 1 1 A 7 ?, without using your graphing calculator, state:

i - The start and end behavior of the graph
Lastly, sketch the graph on the grid below.
Label any intercepts and max / min points
ii - The number of possible -intercepts
iii - Whether or not the graph will have a

minimum or maximum point
Then, use your graphing calculator to determine:

v - The -intercepts of the graph
vi - The range of the function nearest hundredth
Class Example 2.14 Identifying Polynomial Functions
For each of the polynomial functions listed below indicate the graph number that matches.
(Use reasoning – try without using your graphing calculator)
(a) (
2 #
7 8 12
(b) 11 # 6 28 24
(c) ( 9 # 13 8 12
(d) ( 4 # 16 12
   
Applications of Polynomial Functions
In Math 20, we saw how a certain type of polynomial function, the

quadratic (degree 2) function, has applications in parabolic motion
and finance. (To name just two!)
Remember finding the maximum height of a ball? 
First – match the window to what’s given. Graph @ ==
Then – from the CALC menu,
select #4, “MAXIMUM”
Above – classic math 20 question, do you

remember how to find the max height?
Next – For “left bound”, hit anywhere

Finaly – Hit for
to the left of the max. Do the same for “right
“Guess”. The max
bound”, anywhere to the right.
value is the -coord.
The MAX should be
between these arrows.
So, the maximum height of the ball is 156.24 feet, after 3.1 seconds.
Class Example 2.15 Constructing and Analyzing a Polynomial Equation
A box is with no lid is made by cutting four squares (each with a side length “ ” from each corner of a 24 cm by
12 cm rectangular piece of cardboard.
(a) Determine a function that models

the volume of the box.
(b) Use technology to graph the function, and sketch below. Label each axis,
provide a scale, and indicate any intercepts or max / min points.
Use your graphing calculator to obtain these… you’ll need to “trial-and-error” a
suitable viewing window, indicate in your sketch below.
(c) State the domain of the function, with respect to

the “real-world” constraints of the problem.
(d) State the value of “ ” that gives the maximum

volume. (Round to the nearest hundredth)
(e) State the maximum volume of the box, (Round to

the nearest C #
)
Page |98
Class Example 2.16 Constructing and Analyzing a Polynomial Equation
A box with a lid can be created by removing two congruent squares from one end of a rectangular 8.5 inch by
11 inch piece of cardboard. The congruent rectangles removed from the other end as shown. (The shaded
rectangles represent the waste, or removed portions that will not be used in the box)
(a) In the diagram below there are two congruent rectangles; one that will form the base of the box, and
one that will be the top. Complete the diagram by providing the missing dimensions (indicated with
/ ) for the base and top.
?. 7 
inches 
7. 7 inches 7. 7 inches
inches
(b) Determine a function that models the volume of the box.
(c) Use technology to graph the function, and

sketch on the grid provided.
Label each axis, provide a scale, and indicate
any intercepts or max / min points.
Use your graphing calculator to obtain these…
you’ll need to “trial-and-error” a suitable
viewing window, indicate on the grid.
(d) State the domain of the function, with respect

to the “real-world” constraints of the problem.
(e) State the value of “ ” that gives the maximum

volume. (Round to the nearest thousandth)
(f) State the maximum volume of the box, (Round to

the nearest thousandth)
(g) State the dimensions that yield the maximum

volume. (Round to the nearest thousandth)
2.1 Practice Questions
1. Indicate which of the following functions are polynomial functions:
(a) 3 3 # 2 11 6 (b) 3 #
5 ..
2 (c) 5
(d) 4 (
2 5 $%
1 (e) 3 # 5 (f) 5> 2
2. Indicate which of the following graphs are likely those of polynomial functions:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) (f) (g) (h)
3. For each of the following polynomial functions, state each of the indicated characteristics. Try as many as you
can without graphing.
(a) / #
8 11 20 (b) 5 (
(c) 2 (
6 #
14 30 36 (d) 2 3 2 1
i - Lead (a) i - (b) i - (c) i - (d) i -

Coefficient
ii - Degree ii - ii - ii - ii -
iii - Start / end iii - iii - iii - iii -

behavior
iv - Possible # of iv - iv - iv - iv -
-intercepts
v - Whether v- v- v- v-
graph has a
max or min
vi - -intercept vi - vi - vi - vi -
Page |100
4. For each of the following graphs, determine the indicated characteristics of the related function.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
i - Is the degree even

(a) i - (b) i - (c) i - (d) i -
or odd?
ii - Is the leading coefficient ii - ii - ii - ii -
pos (+) or neg (-)
iii - # of -intercepts iii - iii - iii - iii -
iv - Range iv - iv - iv - iv -
v - Constant term in
function equation v- v- v- v-
5. For each of the following functions, use technology to determine each of the indicated characteristics.
Note that using technology (graphing on your calc) is not required for each characteristic each time! For example, see if
you can spot the -intercepts of (c) without graphing. (And degree and -ints can always be found without graphing)
Also note: To get best results graphing on your calculator – you must practice setting your window! For most of these
you can use an -min of @ and an -max of @. However, for the min and max …. use trial and error!
(You’ll want to see any relative max / min points, so ensure your window is “large enough”)
(a) / #
8 11 20 (b) (
3 #
12 52 48
(c) 3 1 3 (d) 2 2 24
i - The degree (a) i - (b) i - (c) i - (d) i -
ii - The coordinates of
any -intercepts ii - ii - ii - ii -
iii - The coordinates iii - iii - iii - iii -

of -intercept
iv - The Range iv - iv - iv - iv -
Note: Where applicable, round
to the nearest hundredth.
Answers to Practice Questions on the previous page

1. Polynomial functions are: (a), (c), (e) 2. Polynomial functions are: (a), (c), (d), and (f)
RTD Learning PowerMath
3. (a) i ii 3 iii Starts neg in quad III, ends pos in quad I iv 1 to 3 v No max or min vi =, =
(b) i ii 4 iii Starts neg in quad III, ends neg in quad IV iv 0 to 4* see v Graph has a max vi =, 7
note 1
(c) i ii 4 iii Starts neg in quad III, ends neg in quad IV iv 0 to 4 v Graph has a max vi =, 1@
see note 2
(d) i ii 5* iii Starts pos in quad II, ends neg in quad IV iv 3* see note 3 v No max or min vi =, A
Note 1: We can visualize this, as the graph of ( is similar to , so visualize a “parabola” opening down and shifted
5 units up. So we know, without graphing, that there will be TWO -intercepts! 2 3 2 1
Note 2: For functions in factored form, the degree of the entire function is the sum of all exponents, so: 2 2 1 7
Note 3: Each factor corresponds to one -intercept, so we know with certainty there are 3. There’s an invisible “1” here!
6. Without graphing (use your reasoning abilities!), match each of the following functions with its graph.
(a) 12 # 2 27 18  
(b) ( #
11 9 18
(c) 2 (
10 #
20 9 18
(d) ( #
7 13 6  
7. A package may be sent through a particular mail service only if it conforms to specific dimensions.
To qualify, the sum of its height plus the perimeter of its base must be no more than 72 inches. Also for our
design, the base of the box (shaded in the diagram below) has a length equal to double the width.
(a) In the blank on the left, state an

expression for the height ( ) of the box.
Need a hint? See the bottom of the next page.
(b) Determine a function that represents the

base
Volume of the box.
(c) Use technology to graph the function obtained (d) Provide a domain and range for your function
in (b) with a suitable viewing window. obtained in (b), with respect to the “real
Provide your sketch below, labeling any world” constraints of the problem.
max/mins and intercepts. Also fully label the
Domain: Range:
axis, what each axis represents, and a suitable scale.
(e) State the maximum volume of the box that can

be sent.
(f) State the dimensions for the box that provides

the maximum volume.

4. (a) i ODD ii NEGATIVE iii 4 -intercepts iv 3 ∈ ℝ6 v Constant term: A (represented by -intercept)
(b) i EVEN ii POSITIVE iii 3 -intercepts iv 3 | : @. 1=, ∈ ℝ6 v Constant term: @
(c) i ODD ii POSITIVE iii 2 -intercepts iv 3 ∈ ℝ6 v Constant term: @
(d) i EVEN ii NEGATIVE iii 3 -intercepts iv 3 | 0 2. 2@, ∈ ℝ6 v Constant term: D
5. (a) i 1 ii 7, = , 2, = and , = iii =, = iv 3 ∈ ℝ6

(b) i 2 ii 2, = , , = and 1, = iii =, 2? iv 3 | : @A. 1=, ∈ ℝ6
(c) i 2 ii 1, = , , = and 1, = iii =, A iv 3 | 0 7. D@, ∈ ℝ6
Note: Each factor provides an -intercept
(d) i ii 1, = and 1, = iii =, 2 iv 3 | 0 2. 7, ∈ ℝ6
Page |102
8. An open box is to be made by cutting out squares from the corners of an 8 inch by 15 inch rectangular sheet
of cardboard and folding up the sides. Diagram 1 Diagram 2
(a) On diagram 1 on the right, provide
expressions that represent the
length and width of the finished box.
(b) Determine a function that models

the volume of the box.
(c) Use technology to graph the function, and sketch below. Label each axis, provide a scale, and
indicate any intercepts or max / min points. Use your graphing calculator, provide a sketch below.
(d) State the domain and range of the function, with

respect to the “real-world” constraints.
(e) State the value of “ ” that gives the maximum

volume. (Round to the nearest hundredth)
(f) State the maximum volume of the box, (Round to

the nearest J #
)
(g) Provide the dimensions that yield the box of

maximum volume, (Round to the nearest hundredth)
HINT for #7(a): The perimeter of the base is: 2 2 @ . As we wish for the largest volume box, we’ll use all
72 inches (sum of perimeter and height) available. So ℎ 6 72, and A @ .
Answers from previous page
6. (a)  (b)  (c)  (d)  (c) ?, 1=A
(d) Domain is F=, G
7. (a) A @ Range is F=, 1=A G
Volume
(b) E A @ Max when ? inches

1
Graph in your calculator. (f) Max Volume: 1=A H
Trial-and-error to get best window. (g) @ length I ? width I 2 height inches
=, = ,=
Sketch should only show graph within
domain. (between 0 and 12)
width of box
9. The graph of * is shown on the right. The minimum possible

degree and sign of the leading coefficient are, respectively, *
A. 4, negative
 Exam
Style
B. 4, positive
C. 5, negative
D. 5, positive
10. During a regular respiratory cycle, the volume of air (in litres) in the human lungs of an average
 Exam
Style 25-year-old can be modeled by the function K L 0.035L # 0.152L 0.173L.
Where L is the time in seconds from the start of a breath.
NR According to this model, the average length of full breath of a 25-year-old, correct
to the nearest hundredth of a second, is _____ seconds.
11. The function * (

9 4 12 has the following transformations applied, to become < :
- A vertical reflection in the -axis
- A vertical stretch about the -axis by a factor of 3/2
The range of < is:
 Exam
Style
A. 3 | : 11, ∈ ℝ6
B. 3 | : 25, ∈ ℝ6
C. 3 | 0 11, ∈ ℝ6
D. 3 | 0 25, ∈ ℝ6
12. Refer back to the function < described in question 11.

 Exam
Style
NR The -intercept of < is 0, , where is equal to _____.
Answers from previous page and this page

8. (a) (c) . @A, D=. A2
(d) Domain is F=, 2G
Range is F=, D=. A2G
Volume
(b) E 7 ? (e) Max when . @A inches

1
(f) Max Volume: D H
=, = 2, = (g) . @A length I 2. @A width I . @A
height inches
Height
9. B 10. 5.28 11. D 12 18

.
Page |104
2.2 Dividing Polynomials and the Remainder Theorem
Zeros of a Polynomial Functions
Warm-Up #1 Each of the polynomial functions below is written

in both expanded and factored form.
Expanded Form Factored Form
/ 6 12 / 6 2
< 2 8 < 2 4
* # 7 6 * 3 1 2
1 State the zeros (values of for which the function equals

zero) beside the factored form of each function above.
2 State the relationship between the factored form of a

polynomial equation, and the zeros / -intercepts of its graph.
3 Convert the following 2nd degree polynomial functions to factored form, to determine the zeros / -intercepts
of the graphs: (a) < 6 (b) / 2 7 4
4 Suppose we wish to factor a 3rd degree function * # 6 11 6.

We are told an equivalent; partially factored form is: * 1 5 6
Determine the fully factored form of * ,
and state the zeros of the function.
The zero of a function is the value of for which the function equals zero.
This is represented graphically by the -intercepts. The zeros of /
are 1, and 2
So if a function / has zeros of 3, 1 and 4, then the
graph will have -intercepts at 3, 0 , 1, 0 and 4, 0 .
The zeros of a The -intercepts
function Correspond to on the graph
/
When a polynomial function is in factored form, the zeros of the function can be easily identified.
For example, our function here is / 2 3 1 4 . Math30-1power.com
Zeros are: 1 2
Bringing it all together…..

A useful tool in determining characteristics of polynomial functions (in this case, zeros) – is factoring.
In prior courses we factored a lot of second degree (quadratic) polynomial functions, such as < 6
and / 2 7 4
So, what we now need is a method to factor 3rd (or higher) degree polynomials, so that we can algebraically
determine the zeros of a function such as * # 6 11 6.
And this method involves dividing polynomials, which is what we’ll look at in this section.
Dividing Polynomials
A method we can use to fully factor a polynomial is to divide a known factor.

For example, if we wish to factor the number 35, we can divide one of its factors, 7. 35 M 7 = 5
So the factors of 35 are 5 and 7

Similarly, if we wish to factor the polynomial 4 6 # 10
4 6 # 10 , we can divide one of its factors, 2 . = 2x 3 + 3x – 5
2
So the factors of 4x 5 + 6x 3 - 10x 2 are 2x 2 and 2x 3 + 3x – 5
And if the first factor is a binomial, we can use long division.
Warm-Up #2 Consider the following two long-division calculations:

23 (b)
x2 - 4 x - 1
(a) 15 348 2 #
2 9 18
30 x3 + 2 x2
48 - 4 x2 - 9 x
45 - 4 x2 - 8 x
3 - x + 18
-x -2
1 For each calculation above, identify the divisor,
dividend, quotient, and remainder
20
2 Study the steps for the calculation of (b), shown below.

1
Step 1 Divide the first term in the dividend, , by the first term in the
x2 divisor, . Indicate the result as the first term of the quotient.
2 # 2 9 18
Step 2 Multiply the result from step 1, , through the divisor, .
x3 + 2 x2 1
Step 3 Subtract the result from step 2, , from the first two terms in the
- 4 x2 dividend, 1
.
Continued...
x2 - 4 x Step 4 “Bring down” the next term in the dividend, D
2 # 2 9 18 Step 5 Repeat step 1 - divide the first term of the resulting line from step 4,
x 3 + 2x 2 2 , by the first term in the divisor. Indicate the result as the second
term of the quotient.
- 4 x2 - 9 x
- 4 x2 - 8 x Step 6 Repeat step 2 … multiply the result from the previous step, “ 4 ”,
through the divisor, .
-x Steps 7, 8, 9… Repeat step 3 … then bring down the last term (18), then
repeat steps 1, 2, and 3 again! (Full solution is above)
3 Follow the steps above to divide: #

1 2 5 6
1 7 @ M
State your result in the form:

Remainder
Quotient
Divisor
Solution (using an alternate

method) is on the next page
Page |106
Recall on the last page we saw that 348 M 15 equaled 1 , remainder 1.

Remainder
This result can be 1 R form or… 348 1 I 15 1
348 M 15 1 Divisor Q+
shown two ways: 15 D
Quotient Q ID R form
And we saw that #

2 9 18 M 2 came to 2 , remainder 20.
Polynomial Divisor Quotient Remainder
# 2 9 18 20 P R form
This can similarly be 4 1 = Q+
shown two ways: 2 2 D D
# 2 9 18 4 1 2 20 P = Q ID R form
Synthetic Division
On the previous page we saw a method of long division for polynomials, which is somewhat cumbersome.
Luckily, there’s a shorter method that makes use of just the coefficients. Let’s look at how synthetic division can
be used for the problem we faced on the bottom of the previous page: 1 7 @ M
#
Coefficients of polynomial, 1 7 @
Step 1 List the coefficients /
constants only as here: 1 1 2 5 6
Constant term of divisor

1 / opposite sign
Step 3 Then, multiply the “1” you just brought
down by the divisor, “-1”, put result here
Step 2 Bring the first coefficient, 1 1 2 5 6
“1”, down -1 Step 4 ADD the next coeff., “-2”, with the number
brought down in the previous step, -1
1 -3
Step 5 Repeat step 3, result from previous step,
mult “-3” by the divisor, “-1”
1 1 2 5 6 Step 6 Repeat step 4, add the -5 and 3
-1 3 2 Step 7 Repeat step 3, mult the -2 and -1
1 -3 -2 8 Step 8 Repeat step 4, add the 6 and 2
Our result can be read
Our result
fromisthe
thebottom
bottomline:
line: 1 -3 -2 8 To read the quotient, start at 2, the constant term, and
move left, increasing the degree of by one for each term
Quotient Remainder
? R form
Result: 1 , remainder 8, which can be written: 1 Q+
D
Class Example 2.21 Dividing Polynomials - Long Division and Synthetic
Use both long division and synthetic division to find 2 # 3 5 10 M 3
Express your answer in the form

O
N and Q N I P O.
P
Class Example 2.22 Dividing Polynomials
Use synthetic division to find 1 @ = M , expressing your answer in the form Q NIP O.
Verify your answer by also using

long division.
Hint: As there is no term, indicate
with a “0” in your first step / setup.
 EXTENSION: Synthetic Division where the Divisor is in the Form

Suppose we wish to find the result of: 2 # 3 17 12 M 2 1 . (The divisor has a coefficient ≠ 1)
If we’re using long division – this is no sweat! There is no change to our procedure. So that’s always an option for
this type of problem. But if we wish to use Synthetic Division, we do need to be mindful in our approach.
Worked Use synthetic division to find the result for 2 # 3 17 12 M 2 1 . Express your
Example answer in the form Q N I P O.
1 1
Solution: First note that 2 1 2 So our first step is to divide by
2 2
1
2 3 17 12
2
-1 -1 9
2 2 - 18 21
1 Now, this isn’t the nicest form! So we tweak things a bit by
So we have: Q 2 2 18 21
2 first factoring out a “2” from the quotient.
1 1
2 9 21 And then multiplying that “2” through the other factor,
2 2
2 12
9 21
2
D P = Q ID R form
Class Example 2.23 Synthetic Division – when the Divisor Zero is a Fraction
Use synthetic division divide:

9 # 18 2 M 3 1 .
Express your answer in the form
Q N I P O.
Page |108
Division can be used to determine the factored form of a Polynomial.
Worked One of the factors of Q # 3 4 12 is 2. Find the remaining factors by

Example dividing Q M 2 . Then, state the zeros of the function.
Solution: We want to find # 3 4 12 M 2 … use synthetic division.
2 1 3 4 12 2 1 3 4 12
2 - 2 - 12
1 -1 -6 0 Quotient is @,
with no remainder
So, Q 6 2 P = Q ID R form (remainder is 0, which is
essential!)
Factor the quotient to get S 1
The ZEROS of the function are: , and 1
Class Example 2.24 Using Synthetic Division to Factor a Polynomial
One of the factors of S 1

7 @ is given as 1.
(a) Find the remaining factors by dividing Q M 3 .

(Use synthetic division, express in the form Q NIP O,
then factor the quadratic quotient)
1, =
(b) Use your result from (a) to

state the zeros of Q .
(c) Label the coordinates of the -intercepts

on the graph of Q above.
The Remainder Theorem

Sometimes it is useful to know the remainder in polynomial division, without having to do the entire division.
Lucky for us – we can find just that using the remainder theorem.
The remainder theorem states

The remainder theoremthat whenthat
states a polynomial, Q , is divided
when a polynomial, Q , isbydivided
a binomial
in the form the remainder
by a binomial in the form
+, is S +, the remainder is S .
.
Worked Use the remainder theorem to determine the remainder in each division:
Example (a) T 2 1
A @ (b) S 1 1 2 7 is
is divided by 2. divided by 2 1.
Sol.: (a) Remainder is T 1 1
(b) Zero of the divisor is , so find Q
(evaluate / at the zero of the divisor, 2) 2 2
#
1 1 1 1
/ ( #
7 6 Q 3 4 5 2
2 2 2 2
16 8 28 2 6 3 5 7 25
8
1
2
2
?
Remainder is - 8
The remainder is - 12
Class Example 2.25 Finding Remainders using the Remainder Theorem
Use the remainder theorem to determine the remainder for each division:
(a) S 2 7 1 2 is (b) S 2 1 7 2 is divided
divided by . by 2 .
Worked Example When Q # 2 + 8 is divided by 3, the remainder is 5.

Use the remainder theorem to determine the value of +.
Solution: The remainder is given as 5. However the remainder can also be found by evaluating Q 3 .
# … equals what we were given as the remainder
3 2 3 + 3 8 5
The remainder, Q 3 27 18 3+ 8 5 3+ 12 2
Class Example 2.26 Applying the Remainder Theorem
When S 1 @ 2? is divided by , the remainder is 60. Use the remainder theorem

to determine the value of +.
Page |110
Unit 2 – Polynomial Functions
Worked A polynomial function / , shown on the right, is degree 3, T

Example has a leading coefficient of 1, and has integral zeros.
(a) Given the corresponding points on the graph, state
the remainder when / is divided by:
i 3 ii 1
, ?
(b) Determine the factored form equation for / .
Solution: (a) We know that when / is divided by + , the remainder is / + .

So when / is divided by 3 , the remainder is / 3 . Which is the -coord on the graph at 3.
 i – The remainder when divided by 3 is = ii – The remainder when divided by 1 is ?
(b) Each zero ( -intercept) on the graph of / corresponds to a factor in the equation.
So as we are given the leading coefficient is 1, we know the factored form equation is:
T 1 As there are zeros at 3, 1, and 2
Class Example 2.27 Relating the Graph with Remainders and Factors
A polynomial function Q , shown on the right, is degree 3,

has a leading coefficient of 1, and has integral zeros. Q

the remainder when Q is divided by: 2,
i 2
ii 4
(b) State the factored form equation for Q .
Q O
1. Determine each quotient, N, using long division. Express in the form N .
+ P
(a) # 4 4 16 M 1 (b) 2 ( 3 1 M 2
(c) 2 #
9 2 24 M 3 (d) 12 #
5 M 4 3
(e) 25 5 M 5 1 (f) 8 # 27 M 2 3
Page |112
2. Determine each quotient, N, using synthetic division. Express in the form S UIV W.
(a) # 2 9 18 M 1 (b) 8 #
2 15 M 2
(c) 3 ( 5 # 2 M 1 (d) 3 # 3 M 2
(e) 2 #
7 6 M 2 1 (f) 8 #
27 M 2 3

15 #
21 9
1. (a) 5 1 (b) 2 4 5 10 (c) 2 3 11
1 2 3
3 4
(d) 3 1 (e) 5 1 (f) 4 6 9 no remainder
4 3 5 1
3. A stainless steel holding tank is built in the shape of a rectangular prism.

The height of the tank is 7 feet, as shown, and the volume of the
tank is E 1 1 1 =.
The area of the base can be found by dividing the volume by the height.
(a) Determine an expression for (b) By factoring the expression developed in
the area of the base. (a), determine the factored-form of the 5
expression representing the volume.
Z
Y
4. A rectangular prism has a volume which can be expressed:

X D 1 1 7 . ℎ
Determine the possible measures for Y and ℎ, in terms of , if the length
is 3 1 as shown.
Z 3 1
Y
2. (a) # 2 9 18 = ? (b) Q 2 1
2 7= 7
Quotient Divisor Remainder Quotient Divisor R
(c) 3 ( # 1 (d) 3 # 3
5 2 1 1 7 1 @ 7
(e) 2 # 7 6 1 D (f) 8 # 27 2 @ D 1
Page |114
5. Use the remainder theorem to find the remainder for each division below:
(a) #
3 4 M 2 (b) (
2 #
7 8 12 M 3
(c) 2 ( # 13 21 9 M 2 (d) 8 # 125 M 2 5
(e) 2 #
2 1 M 2 1 (f) 9 #
3 6 1 M 3 1
6. When Q #
+ 8 is divided by 1, the remainder is 16. Use the remainder theorem to
determine the value of +.

3. (a) base 2 3 2 (b) K 7 4. K 1 3 1 [ 1 ,
7. When Q 16 # 1 is divided by 4 1, the remainder is 0. Use the remainder theorem to

determine the value of .
8. When Q # + 6 is divided by 1, the remainder is 2. When Q is divided by 3

the remainder is 66. Determine the values of + and . Need a hint? See the bottom of the next page.
9. When S 2
2 is divided by 2, the remainder is 34. When Q is divided by 1
the remainder is 2. Determine the values of + and .
5. (a) @ (b) @= (c) 7 (d) = (e) 1/ (f) 1
6. + 6
Page |116
10. One of the factors of a function S 1 7 2 is 4. S

(a) Use synthetic division to determine the
quotient when Q is divided by 4.
(b) Factor the quadratic quotient obtained in

(a), to state the fully factored form of Q .
(c) Each factor relates to an -intercept. Label

the coordinates of the three -intercepts on
the graph of Q on the right.
11. A polynomial function / , shown on the right, is degree 3,

has a leading coefficient of 1, and has integral zeros. T
=, 2
the remainder when / is divided by:
i ii 4
2, =
,= 1, =
(b) State the factored form equation of / .

7. 16
8. HINT: The solution involves setting up  1 # + 1 1 6 2  3 # + 3 3 6 66

and solving a system of two equations. + 3 9+ 3 33
Solve by substitution:  + 3  substitute “3 “ for “+” in equation : 9 1 3 33
Solve  for “+” 27 12 33
 + 3 7 7
Now substitute into  to find “+”
9. + 1,
12. NR When * # 4 6 is divided by 2 the remainder is _____.

 Exam
Style
13. When the function * ( 2 # 7 8 12 is divided by 2, the quotient is:

#
 Exam
Style
A. 7 6
B. # 4 6
C. #
3 4 12
#
D. 4 4
14. When the function * #

4 3 18 is divided by 2 1, the remainder is:
147
 Exam
Style
A.
8
B. 16
125
C.
8
D. 12
Answers to Practice Questions on the previous page and this page

10. (a) Quotient: @ (remainder 0) (b) S 2 1
(c) Label coords: 2, = , 1, = , and ,=
(b) S 2 1
11. (a) i The -coord at 0 is 2 ii The -coord at 4 is 0
 Remainder is 2  Remainder is =
Zero at 4 …and 2 …and 3
12. 20 13. A 14. A
Copyright © RTD Learning. Open Use Access provided to all Alberta teachers
Page |118
2.3 The Factor Theorem
The graph of Q # 2 11 12 is shown on Q

the right. The graph has integer -intercepts.
The factored form of Q is

Q +% + +# ;
where +% , + , and +# are zeros of the function.
1 State the factored form of Q . Explain how the

graph can be used to determine the factored form.
2 Find 3 remainders; for when Q is divided by each of its three factors as stated above.
3 State the relationship between the factors of a polynomial expression, the zeros of the corresponding
polynomial function, and the remainder theorem.
Recall that the remainder theorem states that when a polynomial, Q , is divided by a binomial in the form
+, the remainder is S .
The remainder
The factor
theorem statesstates
theorem that when
that a polynomial,
+ is a factorQof a,polynomial
is divided by a binomial
function
in the form
Q , if+,Sthe remainder
=. (Thatisis,
S if dividing
. by a factor gives no remainder)
Worked Use the factor theorem to show that the polynomial function
Example Q #
5 3 9 has factors of 3 and 1 .
Solution: The factor theorem states that if + is a factor of Q , then Q + 0. (That is, there is no remainder)
 Test 3 … is it a factor?  Test 1 … is it a factor? Note: Here’s the graph of

Q . The -intercepts are
( + 3) is a factor if Q( 3) = 0 ( 1) is a factor if Q(1) = 0
3, 0 and 1, 0 .
# #
Q 3 3 5 3 3 3 9 Q 1 1 5 1 3 1 9
27 45 9 9 1 5 3 9
= No remainder … 1 is a factor = No remainder … is a factor
Class Example 2.31 Using the Factor Theorem to test given Binomials
A polynomial function is given as S 1 2

2 1
D ? . Use the factor theorem to show that:
(a) 1 is a factor of Q (b) 3 2 is a factor of Q (c) 1 is a NOT a factor
Copyright © RTD Learning. Open Use Access provided to all Alberta teachers
Class Example 2.32 Applying the Factor Theorem
The binomial is a factor of S 1 1

?. Determine the value of .
The Integral Zero Theorem
Let’s take stock of what we’ve seen so far: S

 When a polynomial is in factored form, it’s zeros (that is, the -intercepts
of its graph) are easily discernible.
- For example, the function Q #
3 4 12 is shown 
- Written in factored form, it’s: Q 2 2 3
zero at zero at zero at 1 ,=
 One method we can use to factor a polynomial involves dividing it by a ,= 1, =

known factor, to obtain other factors.
- For example, suppose we know that the function Q # 7 6
has a zero at 3. That means one of the factors is 3 …
And the other factor(s) can be found by finding # 7 6 M 3
3 1 0 7 6
3 9 6 Remainder
1 3 2 0 The other factor is 3 2, which we can now factor.
 The remainder theorem allows us to find the remainder from the division of polynomials, without
actually dividing. The remainder of Q M + is Q + .
 The factor theorem states that + is a factor of Q if Q + 0. (That is, if dividing gives no
remainder, as we saw in the synthetic division above)
Consider what happens when a number is divided by one of its factors. The question now is – how
For example, the factors of 35 are 7 and 5.  35 M 7 is 5, with no remainder. do we find that first factor?
 35 M 5 is 7, with no remainder.
The remainder theorem

The integral states
zero that when
theorem a polynomial,
identifies Q , is
the relationship divided the
between by afactors
binomial
of ainpolynomial
the form +,
the remainder is Sconstant
and the . term of the polynomial.
It states that if + is a factor of Q , then + is a factor of the constant term of Q .
For example, consider the polynomial # 7 6.

The integral zero theorem asserts that But we know that 4 will not be a factor, as “4” is not a
3 could be a factor. factor of the constant term of the polynomial, “6”
Spoiler alert – it isn’t – but 3 is!
Think – if 4 4
was a factor…
… there’s no way these would multiply to 6
Page |120
Given the polynomial function S 1

7 2,
Worked
Example (a) Use an algebraic process to fully factor S . Verify graphically.
(b) State the zeros of S .
(a) Step 1 Potential zeros: ]4, ]2, ]1 By Integral Zero Theorem, any zero must be a factor of 4. (There are six
potential zeros, the positive and negative of the factors of 4)
Step 2 Test ( x – 1): Q 2 # 5 11 4  18 Not 0 …. so, ( x – 1) is not a factor!
Test ( x + 1 ): Q 2 # 5 11 4  = So ( x + 1 ) IS a factor!
Find the first factor through “guess and test”. Use factor theorem to test each potential zero.
Remember: If Q + 0 (that is, if division gives no remainder), then + is a factor.
3
Step 3 Divide (2x + 7x2– 5x – 4) –: ( x + 1) :
Divide Q by the found
factor from step 2
Result: 2x2– 7x – 4
The remaining factors are given by the quotient
Step 4 P(x) = (x + 1)(2x2– 7x – 4) Express your division result in the form S UIV W.
Step 5 P(x) = (x+ 1)(2x + 1)(x – 4) Factor the quadratic quotient – and we’re done!
Each factor Q 1 2 1 4
(b) Zeros of P(x) are X = – 1, – 1/2, and 4 corresponds to a zero:
1 0 2 1 0 4 0
Class Example 2.33 Applying Factor and Integral Zero Theorems to Fully Factor
For the polynomial function S 1

= ?,
(a) Use the steps outlined above
to fully factor Q .
(b) State the zeroes of Q .
(c) The graph of Q is below. Use

the results above to label the
coordinates of the -intercepts.
(d) State the roots of the equation

of 1 = ? =.
Let’s see how we can use our calculator to see the zeros of S 1 = ?
from class example 3.32, and how those zeros can in fact reveal the factored form!
2 – Adjust window through trial-and-error 4 – Find each zero
separately Right
Goal is to find a compact
Left Bound
window that shows:
Bound
1 – Graph the Function - All x-intercepts
- Any max / min points
For “guess”, also
hit enter
Math30-1power.com
3 – Use the ZERO function
to find the x-intercepts Gives factor
Alternatively you can (x+1)
graph y = 0 and find the
Gives factor Zero at x=4,
intersection.
(x+2) gives factor (x-4)
As each zero corresponds to a factor, we
have: S 2
As you may have noticed, your graphing calculator is like an answer key for these sort of factoring questions!
(Given the graph of a polynomial function, each zero corresponds to a factor, so remember to check your work!)
Class Example 2.34 Factoring Polynomials with Irrational Zeros
For the polynomial function T 1

1 =:
(a) Use the steps outlined on the
previous page to fully factor Q .
(b) State the exact zeroes of Q .

Hint: quadradic formula will be required!
(c) State the exact roots of the equation

1
1 = =.
Page |122
Class Example 2.35 Factoring Degree 4 (or higher) Polynomials
For the polynomial function B 1 2 1 1 :

(a) Use the steps previously outlined to
fully factor Q .
Hint: As its degree 4, steps 1
through 3 must be performed twice!
(b) State the zeroes of Q .
Class Example 2.36 Problem Solving with the Factor Theorem
For the polynomial function S 7

1 2
@ 1
= , one of the zeros is 1.
It can be algebraically determined that the largest zero can be written in the form + . Determine the values
of + and , respectively.
Copyright © RTD Learning 2020 – all rights reserved Page |123

1. State a possible factored form equation for each function described below, where each is a degree 3
polynomial function with all zeros listed.
(a) Q 2 0, Q 1 0, and Q 5 0
(b) * 2 0, * 3/2 0, and * 1 0
(c) < 4 0, < 5/2 0, and < 0 0
2. Use the factor theorem to determine whether 1 is a factor of each of the following polynomial functions:
(a) # 9 15 25
(b) ( # 8 8
(c) 3 #
2 5 4
(d) 3 (
5 #
12 12 16
(e) # 3 3 1
3. Use the factor theorem to determine whether 3 is a factor of each of the following polynomial functions:
(a) Q # 6
(b) / # 19 30
Page |124
4. For each of the polynomial expressions below, use an algebraic process described on the previous pages to
fully factor.
(a) # 3 4 12 (b) # 4 11 6
(c) #
27 10 (d) 3 # 2 7 2

1. (a) S 7 (b) B 1 (c) ^ 7 2
2. (a) 1 is a factor if # 9 15 25 M 1 gives no remainder.
Evaluate 1 # 9 1 15 1 25 …. which is 0. As such, we have shown that YES, 1 is a factor!
Use a similar process for the (b), (c), (d), and (e), substitute “1” to see if you get no remainder (that is, ZERO).
(b) No (c) Yes (d) No (e) Yes
3. (a) Evaluate Q 3 to get 3 #
3 6 3 , which is 18 (NOT “0”), so 3 is NOT a factor.
(b) Evaluate / 3 to get 3 #
19 3 30, which IS “0”, so 3 IS a factor.
5. Use the factor theorem to determine whether 3 2 is a factor of each of the following polynomial
functions:
(a) / 3 # 7 4 (b) * 3 ( 4 # 9 18 8
6. Use an algebraic process described on the previous pages to solve each of the following equations. Verify
your roots graphically using technology.
(a) 4 #
11 6 0 (b) ( #
9 10 0

4. (a) 2 2 3 (b) * 1 6 (c) 5 5 2
(d) 3 1 2 1
Page |126
7. (i) Fully factor each function below, using an algebraic process. Then, (ii) state the zeros of each function, as
exact values (simplified radical form) where necessary. Finally, (iii) label the coordinates of the -intercepts
on the graph to the right.
(a) Q ( 7 6
(b) / 2 (
11 #
11 24 36
(c) * ( 8 # 9 28 30

5. (a) Yes – show that / 2⁄3 is equal to 0. 3 2⁄3 7 2⁄3 #
4  3 8⁄27 7 4⁄9 4 0 
(b) No – use a similar process to above to show that * 2⁄3 is NOT equal to 0.
6. (a) 3⁄4 , 1, and 2 (b) 2 and 1
8. (a) Fully factor the function S 2 1 = ?, using an algebraic process.

Then, (b) state the roots of the equation Q 0.
9. NR For the polynomial function S 7 A 2 2= 1 , two of the zeros are 4 and 1.

The largest zero of Q , when expressed as a fully simplified radical, is: ` ,
 Exam
Style
The values of +, , and C, are, respectively, ________, ________, and _______.
first digit of ans. second digit third digit

7. (a) i Q 2 1 3 ii zeros are: , , =, and 1 iii x-ints match zeros, label coords on graph
(b) i / 2 3 2 3 ii zeros are: 1/ , , and 1
(c) i * 3 1 4 10 ii zeros are: 1, , 2 and 2
Quadratic doesn’t factor, so use quad formula to obtain exact roots.
For iii, label x-intercepts left to right as: 2 , = , 1, = , , = , and 2 ,=
Page |128
10. The volume of water than can fit in a rectangular aquarium is given as E 1 = 1 1=.
Use an algebraic method to determine expressions for the dimensions of the tank, in terms of , given that
the greatest dimension is the width and the lowest the length.
[ c
11. NR The volume of a rectangular prism can be expressed as E 1

7 @.
The dimensions of the prism can be expressed as shown
 Exam
Style
in the diagram. ℎ a
The values of +, , C, and b, are respectively,
_____ , _____, _____, and _____. Z `
Y

8. (a) Q 2 1 3 4 (b) 1, 2 9. 1
12. One of the zeros of the polynomial function S 2 1 @ is 2. Use an

algebraic process to determine the factored form of Q .
13. The graph of a polynomial function S 2 1 1 2 has an -intercept

at 3/2, 0 as shown.
B
(a) Algebraically determine the value of .
1
,=
(b) Use an algebraic process to determine

the factored form of Q .
(c) Determine the remaining -intercepts

of Q , expressed as exact values.
Label each on the graph above.

10. width: 5 length 2 height 3 11. 1
Page |130
14. A function T 2 1 1 is transformed to < , where < / 0.25 1 .

Determine the zeros of < .
15. A function B 1 7 2 1 has one rational zero equal to 3/2. Use an algebraic process to
determine the simplified radical form of the remaining two irrational zeros.
16. Two of the roots of the equation ? 7 ? 2 ? 1 A = are 5/2 and 1.

Use an algebraic process to determine the remaining roots of the equation, where applicable in simplified
radical form.

12. Q 3 2 1 2 3 2, 0
,0
2
13. (a) 34
(b) Q 2 3 2 6 2 3 7, 0
3 7, 0
(c) 3/2, 2, 3 7, 3 7
17. Which of the following binomials is a factor of 3 ( 4 # 23 44 12?
 Exam
Style
A. 3
B. 2
C. 3 1
D. 3 1
18. NR When 6 # 19 11 6 is divided by + ; where +, ∈ e, the remainder is zero.

 Exam
Style
The values of + and are, respectively, ____ and ____.
19. NR The largest zero of the function / (

4 #
4 16 15 is + .
 Exam
Style
The values of + and are, respectively, ____ and ____.
Answers from the previous page and this page

1 5 5 1
14. 4, 1 and 16 15. 2 5 and 2 5 16. 0, , and
4 4
17. C 18. 31 19. 61
Page |132
2.4 Further Analysis of Polynomial Function Graphs
Warm-Up #1 Labeled A to E below are five separate functions, provided in both

expanded equivalent and factored form.
1 For each function below, without using your

graphing calculator, match with the
appropriate graph on the right, and determine
each of the indicated graph characteristics.
Expanded form: 2 # 6 12 16
A
Factored form: 2 1 2 4
Degree: _____ -intercept: _______ Max / min?: _______
-intercepts: ____________________
Expanded form: ( 6 # 9 4 12
B
Factored form: 2 1 3
-intercepts: ____________________
% ( #
Expanded form: 8 16
C
%
Factored form: 4 2 4

-intercepts: ____________________
Expanded form: 8 # 6 7 6
D

-intercepts: ____________________
Expanded form: 2 ( 6 # 8 5 6
E

-intercepts: ____________________
2 Functions B, D, and E each have a degree 2 factor, such as such as

2 for function B.
Analyze and explain the effect on the graph, when a factor is squared.
Warm-Up #2 Below are the graphs of the basic linear, quadratic, cubic, quartic, and quintic functions.
2 7
1
R: R: R: R: R:
1 State the domain for each function and indicate the range (“ R:”) for each above.
Predict the range of the functions @ and A.
2 Describe the effect on the graph at the -intercept of , ; when the degree is even.
The graph of where ∈ e follows a pattern based on whether is ODD or EVEN.

If is even, the graph will have a min point The graph will At 4 , 6, etc… the
at 0, 0 and therefore the range is F0 , ∞ . “bounce” at the bounce becomes
-intercept more U-shaped
If is odd, the graph has no max or min point and therefore the range is ∞, ∞ . Point of inflection
And the graph crosses the -axis at the -intercept. If is 3 or greater, we get this shape: 
Enrichment: A point of inflection occurs where a curve changes from concave down to concave up (or vice-versa).
Note that this terminology, however interesting, is not in the curriculum! Concave
Concave up
down
For example, the curves of #
and are concave down on the interval < 0 and concave up on > 0.
There is a point of inflection at 0. Also, note how at 5 (and 7, 9, etc) the graph is flatter at the inflection pt.
Warm-Up #3 The functions below all have the form 2 3 , , when 2, 3, 4, and 5.
1 2 7
1 1 1 1
1 Describe the shape of the graph of 2 3 , around the zero 3, when:

(a) 2 or 4 (b) 3 or 5
2 Sketch the graphs of 2 3 f and 2 3 g in your calculator. (You’ll have to make

your min and max very large!) Predict the effect on the graph at a zero associated with:
An even degree factor _________________ An odd degree ( : 3) factor _________________
Page |134
Effect of Factors on the Graph of a Polynomial Function

As we’ve previously seen, each -intercept (zero) on the graph of a polynomial
function relates to a factor in the equation. S
For example, consider the function Q on the right, which has an equation: 0, 12
Q 3 1 2
3, 0 1, 0
The zeros of Q are: 1, , and 2, 0
Notice that:
- Q is degree 4, meaning its graph could theoretically have at most 4 -intercepts.
However as one of the factors is degree 2, the graph has only 3 -intercepts.
Q 3 1 2
Graph “bounces” at the -intercept provided by this factor
- The leading coefficient of Q is 1 (positive), meaning the graph ends positive

in quadrant I.
3, 0 1, 0 2, 0
If we changed it to say 2, giving / 2 3 1 2
…the graph would end negative in quadrant IV, but the -intercepts would 0, 24
remain the same. (they are invariant to this vertical stretch & reflection)
T
Notice that the -intercept (as with all -coordinates) is multiplied by 2.
^
- If we changed the degree of the last factor from 2 to 3, the degree of the
function would now be odd. (That is, 5 instead of 4)
< #
3 1 2
3, 0 1, 0
2, 0
Graph has a “point of inflection” at the
-intercept provided by this factor 0, 24
Consider a factor of a polynomial function + , ;

We say that the factor repeats times, and the zero + has a multiplicity of .
As we saw on the previous page, the shape of the graph around a zero relates to its multiplicity.
Zero of
multiplicity 3
Zero of Multiplicity 4, 6, etc
multiplicity 2 (Similar to multiplicity Multiplicity 3, 5, etc
of 2, though “flatter”) (Similar to multiplicity
Zero of multiplicity 1 of 3, though “flatter”)
For example,
Note that the zeros of a function correspond Q 2 1 2 # has zeros at 1 and 2.
to the roots of the related equation. Its graph has -intercepts 1, 0 and 2, 0 .
2 1 2 # 0 has roots of 1 and 2.
Class Example 2.41 Zeros and Multiplicity – Determining an Function Equations
Each of the graphs below are given by a polynomial function with a leading coefficient of either 1 or 1, and
integer zeros. Determine an equation, in factored form and of minimum degree, for each function.
(a) Q
(b)
1, 12
0, 24 /
Class Example 2.42 Analyzing Polynomial Functions
For each of the following polynomial functions, determine (without a graphing calculator, if possible) the:
i - The start and end behavior of the graph ii - The coordinates of the and -intercepts
Then, use your calculator to determine the:
iii - Coordinates of any absolute maximum / minimum points (rounded to the nearest hundredth if necessary) ,
and the range of the function.
Sketch each graph 
(a) Q 2 2 1 3
(b) Q 2 # 2
Page |136
The graph of the polynomial function Q , shown on

Worked
Example the right, has a -intercept of 0, 36 .
Determine a factored form equation for Q , of
minimum degree.
S
Solution: Q has two zeros, each of which corresponds to a factor. Check on your graphing calculator:
Always include “ ”, representing the vertical stretch Match the window to the
graph above.
S 1
Zero of , graph Zero of 1, multiplicity is 1.

“bounces”, so multiplicity is 2.
Use any point on the graph, here we’re given 0, 36 , to solve for “+”.
Substitute = for and 1@ for . That is, for Q .
Graph, -int.,
1@ + = 2 = 3 matches
36 12+
1 S 1 1
Class Example 2.43 Bringing it all Together –Polynomial Function Equations from Graphs
Each of the graphs below are given by a polynomial function with integer zeros. For each, i – state the minimum
degree of the function, and ii - determine a factored form equation of minimum degree.
(a) (b)
S T
0, 12
0, 16
1. For each of the following polynomial functions, determine (without a graphing calculator, if possible) the:
i - The start and end behavior of the graph ii - The coordinates of the and -intercepts
iii - Coordinates of any absolute maximum / minimum points (rounded to the nearest hundredth if necessary)
iv - Domain and range of the function Sketch each graph 
(a) 2 4 1 1
(b) #
4 2 1
(c) 4 # 16 Factor first – use an algebraic

approach to determine the zeros
Page |138
2. For the polynomial function Q 3 2 1 3 4 , without graphing, determine:

i - Degree of the function
ii Start and end behavior of the graph
iii Coordinates of the and -intercepts
-iv - Shape of the graph around each -intercept (crosses, “bounces”, or crosses with point of inflection)
v - Coordinates of any maximum / minimum points (rounded to the nearest hundredth if necessary)
vi - Domain and range of the function
Sketch the graph 
Practice Question Answers from Previous Page

1. (a) i - Graph starts negative in quadrant III and ends negative in quadrant IV.
ii - -intercepts at 4, 0 , 1, 0 and 1,0 , and -intercept at 0, 8
iii - Maximum point at approximately 3.15, 32.61
iv - Domain is 3 ∈ ℝ6, Range is 3 | 0 32.61, ∈ ℝ6
(b) i - Graph starts negative in quadrant III and ends positive in quadrant I.
ii - -intercepts at 4, 0 , 1, 0 and 2,0 , and -intercept at 0, 8
iii - Odd degree function (5), so no maximum or minimum point
iv - Domain is 3 ∈ ℝ6, Range is 3 ∈ ℝ6
(c) i - Graph starts positive in quadrant II and ends negative in quadrant IV.
ii - -intercepts at 0, 0 and 4,0 , and -intercept at 0, 0
iii - Odd degree function (3), so no maximum or minimum point
iv - Domain is 3 ∈ ℝ6, Range is 3 ∈ ℝ6
3. The polynomial functions below have integer and -intercept values.

Determine an equation of minimum degree for each, in factored form. (Do not expand out)
^
(a) (b) 1, 32
0, 45
(c) (d)
3, 20
0, 24
B
Practice Question Answers from Previous Page

2. i - Degree 4 0.64, 62.84
ii - Graph starts negative in quadrant III and ends negative in quadrant IV. 1
,0 0, 36
2
iii - -intercepts at 3, 0 , 1/2, 0 and 4/3,0 , and -intercept at 0, 36
3, 0 4/3, 0
iv - Graph “bounces” at 3, crosses at 1/2 and 4/3
v - Maximum point at approximately 0.64, 62.84
vi - Domain is 3 ∈ ℝ6, Range is 3 | 0 62.84 ∈ ℝ6
Page |140
4. The graph on the right is of a function with integral intercepts and with an
equation that can be written in the form
/ + ( C # b k /.
Determine the values of + and /. 1, 32
5. For each of the polynomial function graphs below, assume the minimum degree to determine:
i The degree of the function ii The sign of the leading coefficient (pos or neg)
iii The values of and , if each function has an equation form: 1
(a) (b)
6. A student wrote some observations about the graph of the polynomial

 Exam
Style function Q + 2 l C # , where + < 0, C > 0, and ∈ ℕ.
1 If is even, the graph extends down into quadrant 3 and down into quadrant 4.
2 Q has exactly two -intercepts.
3 If is odd, the -intercept is negative.
4 If is odd, the graph will have a maximum value.
5 If is even, the graph will be below the -axis immediately to the left and right of the -intercept 2, 0 .
6 If is even, the graph will have a range 3 0 n, ∈ ℝ6, where n is the max
value of the function.
NR The student was correct with observations numbered ____, ____, and ____.
Practice Question Answers from previous page

3. (a) / 3 5 1 3 (b) < 2 3 2 (c) * 2 #
1 3
(d) 4 2 2 #
7. The graph of a polynomial function shown below has integer value and intercepts.
 Exam
Style
An equation for the function of minimum degree has the form
1 o
Q b k
+
The values of + and C are, respectively, ____, and ____.
8. The function Q above in question 7 has a range of ∞, 5.65G. A new function is defined by
< / 0.5 3. Determine the range and -intercepts of the graph of < :
Range: -intercepts:
9. For each polynomial function described below, determine the (i) minimum possible degree and
(ii) sign (pos. or neg.) of the leading coefficient.
Function #1, * , has the following Function #2, / , has a graph with the following
characteristics characteristics
 A factor 4 has a multiplicity of 3  One positive -intercept at 5, 0 , which is from

 P 0 64 a factor of multiplicity of 2.
 Two negative -intercepts, from factors of
 A maximum value of 66
unknown multiplicity.
 P 0 225  The range / is 3 ∈ ℝ6
Min degree: Min degree:
Sign of leading Sign of leading

coefficient: coefficient:
Practice Question Answers from previous page

4. + 2, / 144 5. (a) i 4 ii Negative iii 1, 3 (b) i 5 ii Positive iii 3, 2
6. 245
Page |142
10. For each of the polynomial functions described below, provide the sketch of a possible graph.
(a) / is a third-degree polynomial function
with one real zero of multiplicity 2 and with (a)
a negative leading coefficient.
(b)
(b) * is a fourth-degree polynomial function
with one real zero of multiplicity 3 and with
a negative leading coefficient.
(c) < is a fifth-degree polynomial function (c)

with one real zero of multiplicity 3 and with
a positive leading coefficient.
11. The graph of a polynomial function / is shown on the right. T

 Exam An equation for / can be written in the form: 18
Style 0,
2 o 5
/ 1 q
5 1,0
NR The value of in the equation of / is ____.
Practice Question Answers from the previous page

7. 32 8. Range: F 2.65, ∞ -intercepts: 4, 0 , 2, 0 , and 6, 0 .
9. Function 1: i 4 ii negative Function 2: i 5 ii positive
Use the following information to answer the next question.
A polynomial function * has the following characteristics:

 The graph has -intercepts at 2, 0 and 3, 0
 The graph passes through the point 4, 144
 The function has an equation * + ( C # b 432
12. The value of the parameter “+” in the equation of * is:
A. 3
 Exam
Style
B. 4
C. 3
D. 4
13. The graph of polynomial function / , shown on the T

 Exam
Style right, has a factor of 2 .
The expanded form equation is:
2 1
T = 2 2 , ∈e
NR When the function is written T , +, ∈e
the value of + is ____.
Practice Question Answers from the previous page and this page
10. (a) Your graph should start pos. in quad II and end neg. in quad IV, with two -ints, one that “bounces”
(b) Graph should start neg in quad III and end neg in IV, with two -ints, one that’s a point of inflection 
(c) Graph should start neg in quad III and end pos in I, with either two (if one bounces) or three
-ints, one that’s a point of inflection.
11. 3
12. B 13. 4
Page |144
Chapter 2 Polynomial Functions REVIEW
1. Which of the following are polynomial functions (include equations and graphs)
(a) 2 14 2 (b) 5 ( 14 $% 1 (c) 2 5 > 2 (d) 2 5
(e) (f) (g) (h)
2. For each of the following polynomial functions, determine the following characteristics without
using your calculator and without factoring.
i - The start and end behavior of the graph
ii - Whether or not the graph will have a minimum or maximum point
iii - The domain of the function and the -intercept
iv - The range of the function (round to the nearest hundredth)
(a) 2 2
2= 1
AA =D 1= (b) 1 7
2 2 1
@= 1@
i - Start / end i - Start / end
ii - Max or min? ii - Max or min?
iii - Domain: iii - Domain:

-intercept: -intercept:
iv - Range: iv - Range:
3. Divide each of the following polynomials, using either long division or its synthetic counterpart.
Express results in the form Q N I P O
(a) 2 # 9 6 40 M 1 (b) 2 (
11 #
6 45 54 M 2 3
2 – Polynomial Functions Review
4. A package for mailing must have dimensions where sum of its height and the perimeter of the base is no more
than 96 cm. Find the dimensions of the box of maximum volume that can be sent if the base is a square.
(a) Determine a function that represents the
Volume of the box.
(c) Provide a domain and range for your function

obtained in (b), with respect to the “real
(b) Use technology to graph the function obtained world” constraints of the problem.
in (b) with a suitable viewing window.
Domain: Range:
Provide your sketch below, labeling any
max/mins and intercepts..
(d) State the maximum volume of the box that can
be sent.
(e) State the dimensions for the box that provides

the maximum volume.
5. Use the remainder theorem to find the remainder when:

(a) 2 #
9 6 40 is divided by 2 (b) 8 #
27 is divided by 2 3
6. The same remainder is obtained when a polynomial function Q # 4 12 is

 Exam
Style divided by 1 as when it’s divided by 4 .
NR The value of is _____.
Answers to Review Questions from Previous Page

1. (a), (e), and (h) are polynomial functions
2. (a) i - Starts negative in quad III, ends neg in quad IV (b) i - Starts negative in quad III, ends pos in quad I
ii - Maximum point iii - 3 ∈ ℝ6 iv - 3 | 0 36.25, ∈ ℝ6 ii - No max / min iii - 3 ∈ ℝ6 iv - 3 ∈ ℝ6
3. (a) 2 #
9 6 40 A 1 I A
(b) 2 (
11 #
6 45 54 1 2 1 ? I 1 =
Page |146
7. Use an algebraic process to (i) fully factor each of the following polynomial functions, showing all steps
and processes. Then, (ii) state the zeros of each function. and (iii) provide a sketch of the graph,
labelling all and intercepts.
(a) # 2 13 10
(b) 2 ( 13 # 21 9 27
Determine a suitable window on your

own! Provide the scale you used here.
(c) 2 # 2 5

4. (a) K 96 4 5. (a) = (b) 72 6. 1
16, 8192
(c) Domain: F0, 24G Volume
Range: F0, 8192G (cm3)
(d) Max V: 8192 C #
(e) 16 cm x 16 cm base,
32 cm height width (cm)
8. Use the factor theorem to determine whether each of the following binomials are factors
of Q 3 ( 13 # 12 12 16:
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 3 4
9. (a) Determine the value of so that is a (b) Determine the value of so that is a factor
factor of # 30. of 6 5 ( 25 # 10 .
10. The volume of the cube on the right can be expressed

 Exam
Style 1
E =
1
NR An expression that represents the area of the base is
`, where the values of +, , and C are, base
respectively: ____, ____ , and ____.
Note that ` is the last two digits of your answer

7. (a) i 7 (b) i 1 2 3 3 (c) i 1 7
ii zeros: , , and 7 ii zeros: 1, 1/ , and ii zeros:
iii iii iii
1, 0 3/2, 0
2, 0 5, 0 1, 0 0, 5
3, 0 1, 0
0, 27
Page |148
11. Q is a third-degree polynomial function where Q 3⁄2 0, Q 2 0, and Q 0 6.

Which of the binomials listed below could be a factor of Q ?
A. 1
 Exam
Style
B. 1
C. 3
D. 3
12. The degree-four polynomial function / has zeros of 3, 3⁄2 , 1, and 2, and
 Exam
Style Q 0 36.
4
NR The value of Q , correct to the nearest hundredth, is _____.
3
13. Use an algebraic process to determine the exact roots of the equation 2 # 10 10 4 0.

8. (a) and (b) are factors 9. (a) 6 (b) 24 10. 1 =
14. One of the steps in factoring the polynomial function * #

13 12 is to express * as a
product of 1 and which of the following factors?
A. 14 14
 Exam
Style
B. 14 26
C. 12 12
D. 12 12
15. NR The binomial 2 3 is a factor of < # when is equal to ____.

 Exam
Style
2
16. Assuming a minimum degree, an equation for the polynomial

 Exam
Style function on the right is Q + 1 l C q.
NR The values of +, , C, and b are, respectively, ___, ___, ____, =,
and ___. Math30-1power.com

3 13 3 13
11. B 12. =. D 13. 2, ,
2 2
Page |150
17. The graph of a polynomial functions, shown below, have integer -intercepts.
Determine an equation for each function, in factored form and minimum degree.
1, 128
(a) (b)
0, 81 /
<
18. Assuming a minimum degree, an equation for the polynomial

 Exam
Style function on the right is Q + 2 l C , where
+, , C, and b ∈ e.
NR The values of +, , and C are, respectively, ___, ___, and ___.
=, 22 S
Answers to Review Questions from Previous Page and this page

14. C 15. 1 16. 3322
19. The graph of polynomial function * , shown on the right, has

three integer -intercepts. Its equation can be written in the form:
, 1@
S 7 2 ` 1 a s T ; +, , C, b, k, and /; / ∈ r
Determine the values of and T.
20. The graph of polynomial function Q , shown on the

 Exam
Style right, has four integer -intercepts. Its equation can be B
written in the form:
B ` 1 1 ; +, , C, b, k, and /; / ∈ r , 27
NR The values of , and ` are, respectively, ___ and ___.
21. For the polynomial function / , shown on the right, all

 Exam
Style -intercepts have integer values and < 3 6.
NR The -coordinate of the -intercept is ____.

#
17. (a) / 3 3 1 3 (b) < 2 3 2 18. 423
19. + 3, / 48 20. 39 21. 12
Page |152

Chapter 2 - Polynomial Functions (Sample)

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POLYNOMIAL

2.1 Characteristics of Polynomial Functions

You’ve already studied Polynomial functions! Remember these?

We saw how equations

Determine an equation for each of the following functions:

Defining Polynomial Functions

A polynomial function, such as a linear function, quadratic, or cubic, involves only

 5 4 This is degree 1 (linear), with a leading coefficient of 5

 / 2 4 3 This is degree 2 (quadratic), with a leading coefficient of 2

Solution: (a) The middle term can be written 3 $%

Class Example 2.11 Identifying Polynomial Functions

Use the polynomial function graphs, 1 2

2 Beside each function above, state the leading

3 What do the graphs of functions with a P next to

4 What do the graphs of functions with an “N” next

6 What do the graphs of functions of odd degree

Classifying Polynomial Functions by Degree

Leading coefficient is 2, which

Neg (-) leading coefficient (-1) …

 For even degree functions, there  For example, this degree 4

Now, a degree 4 function can

 For example, consider a degree 5 function

And we should know how to spot a Polynomial Function Graph!

Graph can be drawn

Radical / 0.5 3 2 Rational 1

Graph starts at (Domain is Graph has vertical asymptotes

For example, this polynomial STARTS pointing

Worked For the polynomial function * (

Class Example 2.12 Characteristics of Polynomial Functions

i - Start / end i - Start / end

Class Example 2.13 More Characteristics of Polynomial Functions

For the function B 2 1 1 A 7 ?, without using your graphing calculator, state:

ii - The number of possible -intercepts

iii - Whether or not the graph will have a

iv - The domain of the function and the -intercept

Then, use your graphing calculator to determine:

vi - The range of the function nearest hundredth

Class Example 2.14 Identifying Polynomial Functions

Applications of Polynomial Functions

In Math 20, we saw how a certain type of polynomial function, the

Above – classic math 20 question, do you

Next – For “left bound”, hit anywhere

Class Example 2.15 Constructing and Analyzing a Polynomial Equation

(a) Determine a function that models

(c) State the domain of the function, with respect to

(d) State the value of “ ” that gives the maximum

(e) State the maximum volume of the box, (Round to

Class Example 2.16 Constructing and Analyzing a Polynomial Equation

(b) Determine a function that models the volume of the box.

(c) Use technology to graph the function, and

(d) State the domain of the function, with respect

(e) State the value of “ ” that gives the maximum

(f) State the maximum volume of the box, (Round to

(g) State the dimensions that yield the maximum

1. Indicate which of the following functions are polynomial functions:

(e) (f) (g) (h)

i - Lead (a) i - (b) i - (c) i - (d) i -

iii - Start / end iii - iii - iii - iii -

(a) (b) (c) (d)

i - Is the degree even