MATH!

MODULE 1 PROJECT
-Somaya Bakr 10A-
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.2 Linearity, 1.3
01 1.1 Fucntions &
continuity
02 Intercepts, & 03 Extrema
and end
symmetry
behavior
1.5
Graphing 1.7
1.6 Special
04 Linear 05 functions 06 Transformatio
functions & n of functions
inequalities
 GOAL!
Understand the main concepts of each lesson
using examples and real life situations.
 01
FUNCTIONS &
CONTINUITY
1.1
 MAIN CONCEPT #1

The domain is the The range is the set The codomain is the set
set of x-values to of y-values that of all the y-values that
be evaluated by a actually result from could possibly result
function. the evaluation of the from the evaluation of
function. the function.

The range is contained within the codomain. If the range and codomain
are the same, the function is onto. If it’s not stated otherwise, the
codomain is all real numbers. If each element of a function’s range is
paired with exactly one element of the domain, then the function is a
one-to-one function.
 GRAPH EXAMPLES

This graph is not a This graph is an onto

This graph is both onto and
function. So it’s neither function the range and
one-to-one function,
one-to-one or onto. codomain are the same.
because each y is paired
(All real numbers). It’s
with one unique x value, and
not one-to-one because
the range and codomain are
each y value is paired with
the same.
more than one x value.
 MAIN CONCEPT #2

A continuous function is A function that is neither A discrete function is a

graphed with a line or an discrete nor continuous may discontinuous function
unbroken curve. have a graph in which some in which the points are
points are connected, but it is not connected.
not continuous everywhere
 MAIN CONCEPT #3

In algebraic notation, sets are Set-builder notation is another way to write

algebraic notations. Braces indicate the set.
described using algebraic
The symbol | is read as such that. The symbol
expressions. Example: x < 5 € is read is an element of. Example: {x|x < 5}

In interval notation, sets are described using

endpoints with parentheses or brackets. A
parenthesis, ( or ), indicates that an endpoint is not
included in the interval. A bracket, [ or ], indicates
that an endpoint is included in the interval.
Example: (-∞, 5)
 EXAMPLE QUESTIONS
State the domain, range, and codomain of this graph.

1. 2.

Domain: all real numbers Domain: all real numbers

Range: y≤2 Range: y≤0
Codomain: All real numbers Codomain: All real numbers
 EXAMPLE QUESTIONS
State the domain and range in interval notation and set
builder notation.

3. Set builder: D: {x l x € R
R: {y l y € R
Interval notation: D: (-∞, ∞)
R: (-∞, ∞)
 REAL LIFE
PROBLEM
The table shows the cost a delivery service (UPS,
FedEx, etc.) charges based on the weight of the
package. Determine whether the function that
models the cost is discrete, continuous, or neither.
Then state the domain and range of the function in
set builder notation.

​Package weight (lbs) Cost

over 0-1 pound $5
over 1-2 pounds $10
Over 2-3 pounds $15

Answer:
Continuous; D: All positive real numbers
R: {y l y ≥ 0}
 TIP!
Students can get confused on whether a table is onto or
one-to-one. This is why…

Tables are NEVER onto,

because the range does not
include every whole number.
In this example, the table is ONLY
one-to-one. Every Y value is paired with
exactly one x value.
 ANOTHER TIP! This is because in graph1,
there is a break in the line.
In graph2, the line goes
Students can also get confused on whether OVER the circle, meaning
a graph is continuous or neither.. its continuous.

This graph is neither This graph is continuous

 Reflection
This was the first lesson we took this year.
It was a little bit difficult in the beginning,
as the book was confusing. I couldn’t
understand most of the lessons because I
was a completely online student, however,
the more I practiced, the more I found it
easy to understand. There are a lot of tips
in this lesson, but I wrote them all down. I
would rate myself 3 based on mastery of
this lesson.
 02
LINEARITY, INTERCEPTS,
& SYMMETRY
1.2
 MAIN CONCEPT #1
 A linear function can be written in the form y = mx + b,
where m and b are real numbers. In a linear function, no
variable is raised to a power other than 1.
 A function that is not linear is called a nonlinear function.
It cannot be written in the form of y = mx + b
 Example: y = -2 + 5x is a linear function
y = 4x² is not a linear function

 An x-intercept is the x-coordinate of a point Example:

where the graph crosses the x-axis Y-intercept: -18
X-intercept: 12
 A y-intercept is the y-coordinate of a point
where the graph crosses the y-axis.
 MAIN CONCEPT #2
Symmetry
A graph has line symmetry if it can A graph has point symmetry when a
be reflected in a vertical line so that figure is rotated180° about a point
of symmetry. Each point each half of and maps onto itself
the graph maps exactly in the line to
a point to the other half.

Line of Point of
symmetry symmetry
 MAIN CONCEPT #3
Even & odd functions

Substitute the x in an
equation with –x and if it
turns out as f(-x) = f(x),
then it’s an even function. If
it turns out as f(-x) = -f(x),
then it’s an odd function.

Functions that have line Functions that have point

symmetry with respect to the symmetry with respect to
y-axis are called even the origin are called odd
functions. functions.
• Even functions can be • Odd functions can be
written as f(-x) = f(x) written as f(-x) = -f(x).
 EXAMPLE QUESTIONS
Determine whether each function is a linear function. Explain why.

1. 2x + y = 10 2.
This graph
-2x -2x
represents a
Y= -2x+10 ; Yes because it
can be written in the form of nonlinear
y=mx+b function
Determine whether the function is even, odd, or
neither. Then describe the symmetry.
f(x) = x² + 2
3. f(-x) = (-x)² + 2
F(-x) = x² + 2

The function is even because it’s in the form of f(-x) = f(x)

after substituting the x with –x.
 REAL LIFE APPLICATIONS

Many creatures in nature are so beautiful

There are many examples where we
because of their symmetry. For example,
see symmetry occurring in real life.
butterflies’ wings are symmetrical. A human
That is one of the reasons that our
face is somewhat symmetrical too, however,
world is so pleasing to the eye and
some faces are more symmetrical than other
contains a type of order.
faces.
 REAL LIFE PROBLEM
Sarah works at an aquarium shop. One day, when Sarah gets to work, she is asked to clean a 200-gallon reef tank.
Her first task is to drain the tank. Sarah wonders if the tank will finish draining before she leaves work. She
measures the amount of water that is draining out and finds that 12.5 gallons drain out in 30 minutes. So, she
figures that the rate is 25 gallons per hour. To see when the tank will be empty, Sarah makes a table and draws a
graph.

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0

Water (gal)
Time (hrs)
 TIPS!
Students can get confused on whether an equation is a linear equation or not.
For example, Some people consider equations that have an x as the denominator
a linear function, to avoid problems like this…

 - + y = 15 is NOT a linear equation

Equations that are not considered
a linear equation are:
Equations with an x as the
denominator
Equations that are raised to a power
y = 3x² – 1 is NOT a linear equation
other than 1
Equations that have x under a square
root y = √ x+ 3 is NOT a linear equation
 REFLECTION
This lesson was the easiest lesson in module 1. It
was very simple, since we already took linear
equations a couple of times. I loved learning this
lesson because there were also new things, such
as even and odd functions, line symmetry and
point symmetry, etc. I found even and odd
functions a little complicated at first, however,
when I practiced and had the quiz, I found it a
lot easier. I would rate myself 3 based on
mastery in this lesson because I studied it a
lot of times.
 03
EXTREMA AND END
BEHAVIOR
1.3
 MAIN CONCEPT #1
 The maximum and minimum values of a function
are called extrema.
 The maximum is at the highest point on the graph
of a function.
 The minimum is at the lowest point on the graph
of a function.
 A relative maximum is located at a point on the
graph of a function where no other nearby points
have a greater y-coordinate.
 A relative minimum is located at a point on the
graph of a function where no other nearby points
have a lesser y-coordinate. Example:
Relative maximum: (0,2)
Relative minimum: (1,1)
 MAIN CONCEPT #2
 End behavior is the behavior of a graph as x approaches
positive or negative infinity.
 As you move right along the graph, the values of x are
increasing toward infinity. This is denoted as x → ∞.
 At the left end, the values of x are decreasing toward
negative infinity, denoted as x → −∞.

Example:
As x→ −∞ , f(x) → −∞
As x→ ∞ , f(x) → ∞
 EXAMPLE QUESTIONS
Identify the extrema of each graph.

1. Relative maximum: 2. Relative maximum: (-2,-2)

(0,-2) Relative Minimum: (-1,-3)
Minimum: (-1,-3) and
(1,-3)

Describe the end beavior of this graph.

3.
As x→ −∞ , f(x) → ∞
As x→ ∞ , f(x) → -∞
 REAL LIFE PROBLEM
Tom and his friends were playing with an airplane
simulator. This graph shows the altitude of the
plane above the ground f(x) in x minutes. Describe
the end behavior of f(x) and interpret the context.

Answer:

Altitude (ft)
 The function is not defined for x > 0, so
there is no end behavior as x x → -∞
 As x → ∞ , f(x) → ∞, because the plane
is expected to fly higher.

Time (minutes)
 TIPS!
 It’s sometimes hard to identify end behavior for graphs that has no
negative y and x values.

In this example, there are no negative y

and x values. Some students can get
confused and think that we need to write
x→ −∞, however, in graphs like this, there
is no defined value for x > 0, so there is no
end behavior as x→ −∞.
o In this case, we only need to write:
as x→ ∞, f(x) x→ −∞ (because the arrow
continues to go down)
 REFLECTION
This lesson was a very new lesson to me. I
never learnt about extrema or end behavior,
which made it difficult for me to understand
the lesson, especially example 1. I was also an
online student at that time, which made it
more difficult for me, however, I watched a
lot of videos explaining the topic, and that
made me understand it well. End behavior was
very easy for me, and I understood it the
first time I read it. It’s still a little
complicated for me, so I would rate myself
2 based on mastery.
 04
GRAPHING LINEAR
FUNCTIONS AND
INEQUALITIES
1.5
 MAIN CONCEPT #1
Using a table: X+3y-6=0
 You can use various methods to graph
a linear function
 The ways you can graph a linear
function are:
o using a table
o Using intercepts
o Using slope and y-intercept

Using intercepts:
3y - x = 6 Using slope and y-intercept:
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 To find the y-intercept, let x = 0
Find the slope and the
3y - x = 6 3y - x = 6 y-intercept in the
0 – x = 6 3y – 0 = 6 equation, and graph!
x = -6 + 0 +0 Use the slope 1 to 2
3y = 6 times to graph another
y = 2 point.
 MAIN CONCEPT #2
 The graph of a linear inequality is a half-plane with a
boundary that is a straight line.
 The half- plane is shaded to indicate that all points
contained in the region are solutions of the inequality.
 A boundary is a line or curve that separates the
coordinate plane into two half- planes.

 The boundary is solid when the inequality contains ≤ or ≥ to

indicate that the points on the boundary are included in
the solution, creating a closed half-plane.
 The boundary is dashed when the inequality contains < or >
because the points on the boundary do not satisfy the
inequality, creating an open half-plane.
 EXAMPLE QUESTIONS
Graph this equation by using m Graph this inequality:
and b: 2. x + y ≤ 4
1.  y = − x + 12 -x -x
y ≤ -x + 4
o Graph the y-intercept (4) and use
the slope –x to graph the other
points.
o Use a test point and substitute the
original inequality with the point.
o (0,0):
x+y≤4
0+0≤4
0 ≤ 4 is TRUE
If the test point is TRUE, then shde the
graph including the test point.
 REAL LIFE PROBLEM
Aliyah has found three pairs of sneakers that she
likes that cost $200, $90, and $140. She has saved
$40 already, and she has a job where she earns
$20 per hour. How many hours will she have to
work in order to afford any of these sneakers?

20 . h + 40 ≥ 90
20 . h + 40 ≥ 90
-40 -40
20: hourly wage 20h ≥ 50
h: number of hours she works h ≥ 2.5
40: money she has saved
90: price of the least expensive sneakers
Aliyah will need to work 2.5 hours
to afford the sneakers.
 TIP!
Some students have a lot of confusions when graphing linear inequalities. Some
don’t know whether to shade the upper half or lower half, others don’t know
whether the line is dashed or solid.
 The third step is to make a test
 In this example, the equation is x – y > -2.
 The first step is to convert this point (any point that’s not on the
equation into a linear equation, which line) In this case, choose (0,0).
will be y < x + 2 Then substitute the ORIGINAL
NOTICE that the inequality sign changed inequality with the new point you
because we divided by a negative number. made.
o x – y > -2
 The second step is to graph the y-
intercept (2) and slope (). 0 – 0 > -2
 NOTICE that the line is dashed 0 > -2 is TRUE
because the inequality sign is > Since the test point is TRUE, shade
the graph including the test point. If
the test point turned out to be
FALSE, shade the graph excluding the
test point.
 REFLECTION

This lesson was a very simple and easy

lesson. I already knew most of the
concepts, which made it very easy to
understand. However, I was a little
confused on how to graph inequalities,
because I’ve never learned that before.
There were many points and tips that I had
to do in order to graph, which made it
complicating for me. But when I started
practicing and studying for it for each test,
it got even easier and I was able to answer
any question easily. I would now rate
myself 3 based on mastery.
 05
SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
1.6
 MAIN CONCEPT #1
 A function that is written using two or more
expressions is called a piecewise-defined
function.
 A dot is used if a point is included in the graph. A
circle is used for a point that is not included in  Example: f(x)=
the graph

  Substitute x with 1.
f(x)=

So, the new points are (1,-2) and (1,2). Plot these two
points and use the slope of each equation once to plot
another point. If the sign is , the point will be a
dot, if the sign is
 MAIN CONCEPT #2
 A step function has a graph that is a series of horizontal line
segments that may resemble a staircase.
 A step function is defined by a set of constant functions. The
domain of a step function is an interval of real numbers. The
range of a step function is a discrete set of real numbers.
 The greatest integer function, written f(x) = ⟦ x ⟧ , is one kind
of step function in which f(x) is the greatest integer less than
or equal to x.
o For example. ⟦ 2.7 ⟧ = 2, ⟦ -6.35 ⟧ = -7

 An absolute value function is a function that contains an

algebraic expression within absolute value symbols. It can
be defined and graphed as a piecewise function.
 For an absolute value function, f(x) = |x| is the parent
function, which is the simplest of the functions in a
family.
 To graph an absolute value function, make a table with any
values and substitute the x. Graph the new points and the
graph should look like an absolute value graph.
 EXAMPLE QUESTIONS
Graph f(x) = ⟦ x ⟧ - 6 Graph f(x) = |x - 5|. State the
domain and range.
1.  Create a piecewise-defined function:
f(x) = |x - 5| f(x) =
Case 1: (x – 5) is positive Graph the piecewise-defined function:
f(x) = |x - 5|

Case 2: (x – 5) is negative
f(x) = |-(x – 5)|
f(X) = -x + 5

Make a table of the -x +5 = x - 5

intervals of x and -x -x
associated values of f(x). -2x + 5 = -5
-5 -5
-2x = -10
x = 5 (the x represents the vertex of the graph)
 REAL LIFE PROBLEM
A photocopy shop charges $1.00 per
photocopy for orders of 20 or fewer photocopies, a. How much will you pay if you
$0.85 per photocopy for orders of 50 or fewer but order 34 photocopies?
more than 20 photocopies, and $0.75 per photocopy
for orders of more than 50 photocopies. Write a f(x) = 0.85(x)
pieceise-defined function representing the cost f in = 0.85(34)
dollars for x number of photocopies. = 28.9
 f(x) = You will pay $28.9 if you order 34
photocopies.
b. How much will you pay if you order 55 photocopies?
f(x) = 0.85(x)
= 0.85(55)
= 46.75
You will pay $46.75 if you order 55 photocopies
 TIP!
Some students get confused on the graphing of a
piecewise-defined function. It gets confusing on
graphing the slope. Some think that you’re supposed
to graph the slope normally, however, that is not
the case.
In this example, the piecewise-defined function is:
f(x)=
 
After graphing the two points, you need to use the slope to plot
the other point. In this case, the slope in the first equation is .
However, in the graph, we didn’t graph , we graphed because x –
3 is defined for values of x less than or equal to 1. That’s why
we graphed the function with a slope of 1 to the LEFT of the dot.
For the second function, the slope is 2x (). In this case, we DID When graphing, consider
graph because 2x is defied for values greater than 1. That’s why the mentioned values of
we graphed the function with a slope of 2 to the RIGHT of the x, and ignore the signs
cirle. of the slope!
 REFLECTION
This lesson was the most complicated
for me. I studied it a lot of times, and it
got a lot easier, however, it’s still hard
for me to understand some concepts. I
tried watching videos and listening to
the teacher during zoom classes, and
that helped a lot. I would rate myself 2
based on mastery. I will continue to
study and practice harder for this
lesson in order to master it completely!
 06
TRANSFORMATION OF
FUNCTIONS
1.7
 MAIN CONCEPT #1
 A translation is a transformation in which a figure is slid
from one position to another without being turned.

 A reflection is a transformation where a figure, line, or

curve, is flipped in a line of reflection. Often the
reflection is in the x- or y-axis.

 A dilation is a transformation that stretches or compresses

the graph of a function. Multiplying a function by a constant
dilates the graph with respect to the x- or y-axis.
 MAIN CONCEPT #2
 The general form of a function is g(x) = a • f(x - h) + k, where The
  parent function of this
f(x) is the parent function. Each constant in the equation graph is f(x) = x
affects the parent graph The a in this equation is
o When the value of a is negative, the graph is reflected across This graph is reflected in the
the x-axis.
x-axis because the reflection
o The value of h shifts (translates) the parent graph left or
right. happened to the y. (–f(x)).
o The value of k shifts (translates) the parent graph up or down. Because 0 < < 1, the graph is
compressed vertically
Examples:

The parent function of

this graph is f(x) = x²
 g(x) = - x
The h in this graph is 2
and the k is -4.
This graph is translated
2 units to the LEFT and 4
units DOWN
g(x) = (x + 2) - 4
 MAIN CONCEPT #3
 y = a|x - h| + k is the equation used to write an
equation given a graph.

EXAMPLE:
  = a|x - h| + k
y
Y = a |x +3| - 4
Choose any point on the graph and substitute it with
y and x in the equation to find the value of a.
For example, (0,-3)
-3 = a |0 + 3| - 4
-3 = 3(a) -4
+4 +4
1 = 3(a)
a =
h: -3 FINAL EQUATION: f(x) = |x + 3| - 4
k: -4
 EXAMPLE QUESTIONS
Use the given graph to write its Describe each dilation and reflection
equation as it relates to the parent function.

1. 2. y = (-3x)²
This function is reflected in the y-axis,
because the reflation happened in the x. (f(-x))
This function is compressed horizontally,
because 3 >1.

h: -1 3. Y = -4lxl
k: -2 This function is reflected in the x-
axis, because the reflection happened
The parent function is f(x) = lxl. The
graph was translated 1 units LEFT and 2
in the y.
units DOWN This function is stretched vertically
The function is g(x) = lx+1l -2 because 4 > 1
 REAL LIFE APPLICATIONS
Real life examples of translations are:

 the movement of an aircraft as it moves across

the sky
 the lever action of a tap (faucet)
 sewing with a sewing machine
 punching decorative studs into belts
 throwing a shot-put
 making pasta such as spaghetti
 REAL LIFE PROBLEM
James sketches the function f(x) = -1.25(x - 1)² + 18.75 as
part of a new logo design. Describe the transformations he
applied to the parent function in creating her function.

 In this function, the parent function is f(x) = x²

 In this function, the graph is translated 1 units RIGHT
and 18.75 units UP.
 In this function, the graph is reflected in the x-axis.
 In this function, the graph is compressed horizontally
because 1.25 > 1.
 TIP!
Some students get confused on the translations.
Some don’t know how to determine whether the
graph is translated right or left because of the
value and sign of h.

 Usually, the sign of the h is the OPPOSITE in the equation.

For example, the equation y =2|x - 1| + 14, the graph is
translated 1 unit to the RIGHT. Even though it says -1, the h
is usually the opposite. For the k, it’s translated 14 units to
the RIGHT. It stays the same.
 When describing a graph that is already translated, we do
NOT change the sign of the h value. For example, in this
graph, we need to say that it is translated 1 unit to the
RIGHT and 2 units UP. However, when we write the function,
that is when we change the sign of the h. The function is g(x)
= lx-1l +2. NOTICE how we changed 1 to -1 in the function,
but we did not change it when DESCRIBING the translation
from the graph.
 REFLECTION
This lesson was a very fun lesson to me.
Even though it looked very complicated
at the beginning, after I practiced the
questions in the book, I actually found it
very easy and fun. It might get
confusing for me when determining the
dilations because they can seem very
similar, however, I’m still practicing to
be perfect at it. I would rate myself 3
based on mastery. I loved this lesson!
THANK
YOU!
Somaya bakr