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    Analysis of Low Pass RC and High Pass RL Filter Circuits: Objective

    Uploaded by

    ayesha amjad
    This document describes an experiment to analyze low pass RC and high pass RL filter circuits. Key steps include: 1. Constructing low pass RC and high pass RL filter circuits using various resistors, capacitors, and inductors. 2. Applying sinusoidal input voltages and measuring the output voltages over a range of frequencies to obtain frequency response graphs for each filter. 3. Calculating the cut-off frequencies at which the output voltage is 70% of the peak-to-peak input voltage. 4. Observing that the low pass RC filter passes low frequencies while attenuating high frequencies, and the high pass RL filter has the opposite response, passing high frequencies.

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    Analysis of Low Pass RC and High Pass RL Filter Circuits: Objective

    Uploaded by

    ayesha amjad
    415 views7 pages
    This document describes an experiment to analyze low pass RC and high pass RL filter circuits. Key steps include: 1. Constructing low pass RC and high pass RL filter circuits using various resistors, capacitors, and inductors. 2. Applying sinusoidal input voltages and measuring the output voltages over a range of frequencies to obtain frequency response graphs for each filter. 3. Calculating the cut-off frequencies at which the output voltage is 70% of the peak-to-peak input voltage. 4. Observing that the low pass RC filter passes low frequencies while attenuating high frequencies, and the high pass RL filter has the opposite response, passing high frequencies.

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    cad 11

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    This document describes an experiment to analyze low pass RC and high pass RL filter circuits. Key steps include: 1. Constructing low pass RC and high pass RL filter circuits using various resistors, capacitors, and inductors. 2. Applying sinusoidal input voltages and measuring the output voltages over a range of frequencies to obtain frequency response graphs for each filter. 3. Calculating the cut-off frequencies at which the output voltage is 70% of the peak-to-peak input voltage. 4. Observing that the low pass RC filter passes low frequencies while attenuating high frequencies, and the high pass RL filter has the opposite response, passing high frequencies.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    415 views7 pages

    Analysis of Low Pass RC and High Pass RL Filter Circuits: Objective

    Uploaded by

    ayesha amjad
    This document describes an experiment to analyze low pass RC and high pass RL filter circuits. Key steps include: 1. Constructing low pass RC and high pass RL filter circuits using various resistors, capacitors, and inductors. 2. Applying sinusoidal input voltages and measuring the output voltages over a range of frequencies to obtain frequency response graphs for each filter. 3. Calculating the cut-off frequencies at which the output voltage is 70% of the peak-to-peak input voltage. 4. Observing that the low pass RC filter passes low frequencies while attenuating high frequencies, and the high pass RL filter has the opposite response, passing high frequencies.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    Analysis of low pass RC and high pass RL filter circuits

    Objective:

    Study the characteristics of passive filters by obtaining the frequency response of low pass
    RC filter and high pass RL filter.

    Apparatus:

     Resistors(200Ώ ,1.1KΏ)
     Inductor(33mH)
     Capacitor(1 μF)

    Theory:

    A High Pass Filter is the exact opposite to the low pass filter circuit as the two components
    have been interchanged with the filters output signal now being taken from across the
    resistor. Where as the low pass filter only allowed signals to pass below its cut-off frequency
    point, ƒc, the passive high pass filter circuit as its name implies, only passes signals above the
    selected cut-off point, ƒc eliminating any low frequency signals from the waveform. Consider
    the circuit below. In this circuit arrangement, the reactance of the capacitor is very high at
    low frequencies so the capacitor acts like an open circuit and blocks any input signals
    at VIN until the cut-off frequency point ( ƒC ) is reached. Above this cut-off frequency point
    the reactance of the capacitor has reduced sufficiently as to now act more like a short circuit
    allowing all of the input signal to pass directly to the output as shown below in the filters
    response curve.
    For RC filter:

    fc= ½ πRC

    For RL filters:

    R
    fc=
    2 πL

    Frequency Response:

    It is a graph of magnitude of the output voltage of the filter as a function of the frequency. It
    is generally used to characterize the range of frequencies in which the filter is designed to
    operate within.

    Procedure:

    Low Pass RC filter:

    1. Set up the circuit shown in the Figure 11.1 with the components values R=200Ώ, C=1
    μF. Switch on the power supply.
    2. Select the function generator and apply 4V peak-peak sinusoidal wave as input
    voltage to the circuit.
    3. Select the oscilloscope from the menu. Make sure the source on channel A, source on
    channel B, trigger and time base input boxes are properly set.
    4. Vary the frequency to sweep through a range of 100KHz to 1KHz in steps of 100Hz
    and from 1KHz to 20 KHz in steps of 5KHz. Observe the response on the scope in
    each case and note down the output voltage for the corresponding input frequency.
    5. Compute the 70% of Vp-p and obtain the frequency at which this occurs on the
    oscilloscope. This gives the cut-off frequency for the constructed Low Pass RC filter.

    High Pass RL Filter:

    1. Set up the circuit shown in the Figure 2 with the component values R=1.1KΏ,
    L=33mH: and switch on the power supply.
    2. Repeat the steps 2 and 3 as in part A to obtain the frequency response on the
    oscilloscope.
    3. Vary the frequency to sweep through a range of 0 to 1KHz in steps of 100Hz and
    from 1KHz to 10 KHz in steps of 1KHz. Observe the response on the scope in each
    case and note down the output voltage for the corresponding input frequency.
    4. Compute the 70% of Vp-p and obtain the frequency at which this occurs on the
    oscilloscope. This gives the cut-off frequency for the constructed High Pass RL filter.

    Simulation

    High Pass RL-circuit& Low pass RC-circuit


    Observation and Calculation table

    Low pass RC filter

    Frequency(kHz Output voltage(volts) Phase angle


    )

    0.1 9.98 87

    1 8.46 59

    10 1.57 60

    20 0.79 57

    RC-low pass
    10
    9
    8
    7
    output volt(V)

    6
    5
    4
    3
    2
    1
    0
    100 1000 10000
    frequency(kHz)
    High pass RL filter
    Here the cut-off frequency fc=5307.1 by using the formula f=R/2∏L as L=33mH ,R=1100

    f(Hz) Vo(volt) Phase angle


    100 0.07636 54
    200 0.1524 67
    300 0.2287 85
    400 0.3046 48
    500 0.3801 39
    600 0.4558 77
    700 0.5299 81
    800 0.604 52
    900 0.67749 80
    1000 0.7502 43
    2000 1.42 32
    3000 1.998 25
    4000 2.428 58
    5000 2.762 51
    6000 3.01 56
    7000 3.2 83
    8000 3.347 88
    9000 3.45 75
    10000 3.544 65
    100000 3.99 63
    1000000 4 47
    10000000 4 85
    10000000 89
    0 4
    frequency(f) versus voltage( Vo)
    4.5
    4
    3.5
    3
    voltage(v)

    2.5
    2
    1.5
    1
    0.5
    0
    100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 100000000
    frequency

    Conclusions

     In this lab we introduced with high pass RL and low pass RC circuit.
     There was also some distraction during calculation but we tried to take accurate readings.
     My investigation was a fair test. I drew a line of best fit using the different voltage
    readings across inductor , capacitor and resistor, which helped me to prove my theory.
     By using CRO practically and signal generator during the experiment , now I
    clearly know about the working of CRO and signal generator.
     In this experiment we worked with bread board and also worked with CRO and signal
    generator.
     We learned how to find phase angle of circuit and saw the effect of RL and RC circuit as
    High pass and low pass waves.
     We also studied the phasor behavior of RLC with AC power supply.
     Some sources of error between the calculated and actual results are: internal resistance of
    the inductor, and uncertainty in determining the exact resonant frequency from the
    oscilloscope, human reading and manipulation error.
     In general our actual results compared favorably with the expected results.

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