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    Analysis of An RC Phase Shifter Circuit:: Objective

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    ayesha amjad
    The document analyzes an RC phase shifter circuit. It describes the objective to observe phase shifting in a series RC circuit and how it depends on resistor and capacitor values and frequency. The apparatus includes a capacitor, resistor, oscilloscope, signal generator and breadboard. The theory discusses RC circuits, phase shifting, and phasor diagrams. Experimental results show the phase angle varies based on the resistor, capacitor and frequency. The conclusion is that phase shifting in a series RC circuit depends on these component values and frequency.

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    Analysis of An RC Phase Shifter Circuit:: Objective

    Uploaded by

    ayesha amjad
    34 views7 pages
    The document analyzes an RC phase shifter circuit. It describes the objective to observe phase shifting in a series RC circuit and how it depends on resistor and capacitor values and frequency. The apparatus includes a capacitor, resistor, oscilloscope, signal generator and breadboard. The theory discusses RC circuits, phase shifting, and phasor diagrams. Experimental results show the phase angle varies based on the resistor, capacitor and frequency. The conclusion is that phase shifting in a series RC circuit depends on these component values and frequency.

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    The document analyzes an RC phase shifter circuit. It describes the objective to observe phase shifting in a series RC circuit and how it depends on resistor and capacitor values and frequency. The apparatus includes a capacitor, resistor, oscilloscope, signal generator and breadboard. The theory discusses RC circuits, phase shifting, and phasor diagrams. Experimental results show the phase angle varies based on the resistor, capacitor and frequency. The conclusion is that phase shifting in a series RC circuit depends on these component values and frequency.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    34 views7 pages

    Analysis of An RC Phase Shifter Circuit:: Objective

    Uploaded by

    ayesha amjad
    The document analyzes an RC phase shifter circuit. It describes the objective to observe phase shifting in a series RC circuit and how it depends on resistor and capacitor values and frequency. The apparatus includes a capacitor, resistor, oscilloscope, signal generator and breadboard. The theory discusses RC circuits, phase shifting, and phasor diagrams. Experimental results show the phase angle varies based on the resistor, capacitor and frequency. The conclusion is that phase shifting in a series RC circuit depends on these component values and frequency.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    Analysis of an RC Phase Shifter Circuit

    Objective:

    In this experiment our objective is to see the phase shifting operation of the series RC circuit
    and see how this phase shifting depends upon the values of R ,C and frequency.

    Apparatus

     Capacitor
     Resistor
     CRO
     Signal generator
     Bread board

    Simulated work:

    Circuit diagram:
    Theory

    A resistor–capacitor circuit (RC circuit), or RC


    filter or RC network, is an electric
    circuit composed
    of resistors and capacitors driven by a voltage or current source. A first order RC circuit is
    composed of one resistor and one capacitor and is the simplest type of RC circuit.

    RC circuits can be used to filter a signal by blocking certain frequencies and passing others.
    The two most common RC filters are the high-pass filters and low-pass filters; band-pass
    filters and band-stop filters usually require RLC filters, though crude ones can be made with
    RC filters. Phasor is one of the ways by which we can represent AC sinusoidal signals. And
    at the end, voltage and current relationship between the basic circuit elements like resistor,
    inductor, and capacitor has been explained using phasor diagram. A phasor diagram is used
    to show the phase relationships between two or more sine waves having the same frequency.
    A phase-shift oscillator is a linear electronic oscillator circuit that produces a sine wave
    output. It consists of an inverting amplifier element such as a transistor or op amp with its
    output fed back to its input through a phase-shift network consisting of resistors and
    capacitors in a ladder network.

    However, in reality, the phase-difference will be


    less than this as the capacitor used in the
    circuit cannot be ideal. Mathematically the
    phase angle of the RC network is
    expressed as Where, XC = 1/(2πfC) is the reactance of the capacitor C and R is the resistor. In
    oscillators, these kind of RC phase-shift networks, each offering a definite phase-shift can be
    cascaded so as to satisfy the phase-shift condition led by the Bark hausen Criterion.

    The circuit consists of a 3-stage RC filter, a voltage follower, and an inverting amplifier. The
    inverting amplifier's gain is -R/1k where the resistance R is to be determined. The dynamics
    of the circuit is determined by the 3-stage RC filter. Each RC stage can provide up to 90
    degrees of phase shift. With 3 such stages connected in cascade, the total phase shift can
    reach 270 degrees at high frequency. In order to obtain zero phase margine, the feedback gain
    must be set so that the loop gain is unity at the cross over frequency.

    In practice, it is impossible to keep the phase margin exactly at zero as required for an
    oscillator producing constant amplitude output. In other words, the poles of the circuit cannot
    be positioned exactly on the imaginary axes. If the phase margin becomes negative (i.e., poles
    shift slightly to the right of the imaginary axes) the output signal's amplitude will increase
    exponentially. If the phase margin is positive (i.e., poles shift to the left), the output
    amplitude will decrease exponentially.

    Procedure:
     Connect the circuit as shown in fig-4 and see that the current indicated on M, is within
    the range of the meter the voltmeter should also read properly
     Connect one of the probes of the oscilloscope across the output terminals ( as input to the
    circuit ) of the voltage transformer .Connect the second probe across the load resistor R 7
    leave the ground lead of one of the probes open.
     Turn on the oscilloscope and set the channel selector to “Dual” and type of coupling to
    “DC ” and view both of the beams simultaneously, with voltage sensitivity set to 5
    volt/cm.
     If one of the beams is displaying full-wave rectified output .Your circuit is functioning
    properly then go ahead with the rest of the procedure. Otherwise go to step one and
    recheck your connection
     Set the function and range switch of VOAM at 10 volts us
     Use VOAM to measure the as voltage VAC across the output terminal of the voltage
    transformer VOAM will read the value of the ac voltage.
     Measure the dc current IDC, indicated on multi meter M3 .this will be equal to the average
    value of the full-ware rectified current ,LVA, through the load resister,R7
     Measure the dc voltage VDC across the load resistor ,R7 indicated by the dc voltmeter on
    the experiment panel. Also check that this value correspond with the value of V av
    obtained in the step 10
     Calculate the peak value. VP. Of the an input voltages measured in step 6
     Calculate the peak current IP. Through the load resistor, R from current measured in step
    7

     Calculate the average value of the full - wave rectified output voltage across the load
    resistor R7.
     Calculate the output voltage across the load resistor R7

    Observation and calculation table

    For fixed C & f


    Capacitor Resistor frequency Phase angle
    1µ 0 1k 0
    1µ 1k 1k 17.8
    1µ 10k 1k 67.9
    1µ 22k 1k 78.68
    1µ 100k 1k 86
    1µ 1M 1k 89.3

    For fixed R & f

    Capacitor Resistor frequency Phase angle


    10k 4.7 µ 10k 58.8
    10k 6.4 µ 10k 70.4
    10k 7.5 µ 10k 72.25
    10k 10 µ 10k 88.29

    For fixed R & C

    Capacitor Resistor frequency Phase angle


    10k 1µ 1k 87.84
    10k 1µ 5k 87.87
    10k 1µ 10k 89.31
    10k 1µ 50k 88.73

    Graph:
    Conclusion

     In this experiment we studied about the phase shift of series RC-circuit.


     In this we studied about the variation of the angle.
     From this experiment I concluded that the phase shifting depends upon frequency, resistor
    and capacitor effect of series RC-Circuit.
     During the experiment I faced one problem when I connected the probes with the bread
    board or capacitor to measure T there was some distortion in the signal.
     I also learned how to calculate the phase difference between the 2 waves.
     With new material being introduced, such as complex number and different frequencies
    readings. We also observed the correct response of the RC response that we built on the
    bread board.
     Moreover, I concluded that in DC the capacitor behaves as a open circuit
     In general our actual results compared favorably with the expected results.
     Using the computer software “NI MULTISIM”, the circuits similar to the one made
    practically was made out. The values of the resistor and the capacitor are inputted and the
    simulated results should be equal to the theoretical value of the current calculated above
    in table but there is some percentage error due the inexperience person or some in
    accuracy of instrument. Moreover in stimulated we easily change the values or connect
    the wires with electrical components.

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