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● Lyndon Johnson

○ Inaugurated 22nd november, 1963


○ Born in texas
○ Went to texas tech
○ Was a school teacher
○ Became congressman and a senator
○ #1 democratic senator in 1960
○ Takes over in 1963
○ Wins presidency in 1964
● Civil rights act of 1964
○ 14th amendment
○ Ended segregation
○ Banned employment discrimination
● Election of 1964
○ LBJ won in a 62% vote
○ Barry Goldwater started the modern conservative movement
■ Smaller federal government
■ Fewer welfare programs
■ Reduction in taxes
■ Would lead to Reagan’s conservative movement in the 1908s
● Great Society
○ Purpose
■ LBJ Great Society, FDR New Deal
■ War on Poverty, Elimination of poverty and racial injustice
■ New government programs that addressed education, medical care,
urban problems, rural poverty, and transportation
● The slogan “The Great Society” was borrowed from Graham
Wallas, a British socialist
● Johnson said, “I am a Roosevelt New Dealer, Kennedy was a little
too conservative to suit my tastes.”
○ Civil Rights Legislation
■ Voting rights act of 1965
● Same standards had to be used to register white and black voters
● No literacy tests, poll taxes, etc.
■ Equal Employment Opportunity Commision
● Purpose to end discrimination in public facilities
○ Medical care
■ Medicare 1965
● Provided health insurance to 65+
■ Medicaid
● A social health care program for citizens with low income and
limited resources
○ Housing and urban development
■ Reforming cities
● VISTA organized volunteers who worked in the poorest
communities
● Department of Housing and Urban Development
○ Schools and immigration
■ Education reform
● Elementary and Secondary education act of 1965 extended aid to
students and not on the needs of school
● Head start helped disadvantaged preschool children
■ Repeal the 1920s “National Origins”
● Immigrations act of 1965
○ Limits the number of new people into the US
○ Legacy of Great Society
■ Changes Democratic Party
● Turned into a government party
● Organized around unions, lobbyists, and interest groups
■ Debt and Deficits
● In 1961 the government spent 94 billion, went up to 196 billion in
1970
■ Impacts on poverty
● Didn’t end poverty
● Didn’t end government corruption
● Vietnam War
○ Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy
■ North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam
■ Send military advisors to help SV
○ Gulf of Tonkin resolution
■ NV attacks US navy ships
■ Gave president power to prevent further aggression in vietnam
■ Johnson seen as anti-communist in 1964 election
○ Johnson and Vietnam
■ Johnson didn’t want the attention and cost of the Vietnam War stopping
his Great Society
● WW2 ended the new deal
■ Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and Graduated Pressure
● US would slowly increase bombing and troop levels to convince
the communists to peace negotiations
○ Types of Warfare
■ Geruilla Warfare
● Seek and destroy, body counts, difficult to see who is winning
● TV brought the images of war to homes
■ Massive Bombing
● Napalm
○ Destroys the jungle
○ Difficult to destroy Ho Chi Ming
● Agent Orange
○ Designed to destroy jungle
○ Unpopular War
■ Tet Offensive
● Vietcong launches major offensive in every city in SV
● Helped turn public opinion bad about the war
● Johnson’s “Credibility Gap”
○ Assassinations and Race Riots
■ RFK and MLK
■ Race riots throughout the country
■ Protests at the DNC live on national tv
○ Why NO Johnson
■ 35% approval rating
■ Lost the New Hampshire Democratic Primary
■ Decides not to run for reelectuion
■ Left the presidency in revolt against his policies and at war with itself
● Slavery
○ Bacon’s Rebellion
○ Freedom Amendments
■ American Civil War
○ Reconstruction and the South
■ Compromise of 1877
● Ended the military districts
■ Violated the 14th amendment
● Jim Crow Laws
● Black Codes
■ 15th amendment
● Poll taxes
● Literacy texts
○ Early civil rights leaders
■ Booker T
● Economic Freedom
● Tuskegee institute
● Invited to white house by TR
■ WEB DuBois
● Legal Freedom
● NAACP
○ Origins of the Modern Movement
■ Began after World War 2 with a new group of middle class african
americans
● Great Migration, Employment and Jobs, increased education
■ Goal was to end segregation in the south by staging various nonviolent
protests and increase job opportunities
○ Military Integration
○ Supreme Court Cases
■ Plessy v. Ferguson
● Seperate but equal
■ Brown v Board
● Seperate but equal sucks
● Integration in schools
○ Murder of Emmett Till
■ Brutally murdered
○ Montgomery Bus Protest
■ Rosa Parks
● Challenged plessy v ferguson
● Arrested for not moving on bus
■ Year long bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama 75% of bus riders were
black
■ Supreme court declared Montgomery’s bus segregation law was
unconstitutional
○ Freedom Riders
■ Student nonviolent coordinating comittee
● Coordinated sit-ins and other protests
○ March on Washington
■ I have a dream speech
○ Freedom Summer Murders
■ People registering blacks to vote were arrested and murdered
● Social Movements
■ The FEminine Mystique
● College aged women
● Feminist movement, independent women
■ National organization for Women
● Equal pay for women at work
● Don’t objectify women
■ Roe v. Wade
● Legalized abortion
○ Equal rights amendment
■ Equality of rights under sex
■ Didn’t pass because of the 14th amendment
○ Environmentalism
■ Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring
■ Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act
■ Environmental Protection Agency
● FED government protect country’s natural resources
● Restrictions on business
○ Student movements
■ Students for a democratic society
● Tom Hayden issued port huron statement
● Called for university decisions to be made through participatory
democracy
■ Free speech movement
● UoC at berkeley
● Students demanded an end to university restrictions on student
political activities.
■ Weathermen
● Terrorist group, embraced violence and vandalism in their attacks
on american schools.
○ Cesar Chavez
■ Helped Mexican farmers in Cali
■ The united farm workers
● Essentially a farmer union
○ Criminal justice
■ Miranda v. Arizona
● Miranda rights
■ Gideon v Wainwright
● Made public defenders
■ Escobedo v. illinois
● Inform people of their right to remain silent
■ Mapp v. ohio
● Illegally gained evidence can not be used
○ Freedom of Privacy
■ Yates v. Arizona
● First amendment protects radical and revolutionary speech
■ Engel v. Vitale
● No bible indoctrination
● Separation of church and state
■ Griswold v. Connecticut
● Recognition of privacy
● Jimmy Carter
○ A New Approach
■ Watergate scandal
● Carter was an outsider to Washington, promised honest president
■ Vietnam syndrome
● Many americans were tired of overseas wars
● Carter pardoned all draft dodgers
■ Focused foreign policy
● Focused on human rights
○ Camp David Accords
■ Between 1947-1973 Egypt and Israel fought 6 times
■ Carter brought Egypt and Israel to sign a peace treaty
■ Sadat (egypt) would later be assassinated by the Muslim Brotherhood,
but peace is still kept today
○ Salt 2 treaty
■ USSR leader Leonid Brezhnev
■ Created limitations and guidelines for nuclear weapons
○ Compared to carter to Neville Chamberlain
■ Compared Salt 2 to appeasement
■ Soviet Union breaking arms agreements and increasing nuclear weapons
and troop levels
■ Gaining ground in afghanistan and south america
■ Many thought the USA would lose the cold war
○ Iran Hostage Crisis
■ Ayatollah Khomeini and his radical Islamic group took over Iran
■ They stormed the US embassy and took 52 american hostages
■ Operation eagle claw
● Failed military mission to save hostages
● Showed carter and american weakness
○ Stagflation
■ Recession: High interest rates, high inflation, high unemployment
■ Throughout the 1970s, the US experienced high levels of inflation and
unemployment as a result of government spending and taxation
■ During carter’s presidency the federal reserve began increasing interest
rates to combat high inflation
○ Energy crisis
■ OPEC Embargo
● Shortage of gas, gas lines
● Middle east stopped selling oil to US
■ National energy act
● Urged americans to stop using oil
● Lessen US dependence on foreign oil
● Tax on gas guzzlers, removed price controls, tax credit for
alternative energy
○ Malaise speech
■ President Carter lamented the country for having a Crisis of Confidence
■ Encouraged Americans to reduce their spending and energy consumption
○ Election of 1980
■ Democratic Party
● Jimmy Carter
○ Economy in a Recession
○ Iran hostage crisis
■ Republican Party
● Ronald Reagan
○ Successful Governor of California
○ New Conservative Movement
○ Shrink power of the Federal government
● Reagan Revolution
○ Conservative Movement
■ Started in 1964 with Barry Goldwater
■ Against FDR’s New Deal and Johnson’s Great society, reform the welfare
system
■ Created a new political organization uniting business republicans,
christian evangelists, and working class democrats
○ Reagan Challenges
■ 8% unemployment
■ 13.5% inflation
■ 20% interest rates
○ Reaganomics
■ Supply side economics
● Cut Taxes
○ Cut income taxes and business taxes by 25%
○ People have more money to spend, keep more profit
● Reduce government regulation
○ Lower costs of production. Supply of goods will increase
and prices will decrease
● Reduce interest rates
○ Producers and consumers access to loans and easy credit
○ BUdget and Deficits
■ Budget cuts
● Deregulation, cutting back federal regulation of industry
● Reformed social security, medicare, medicaid
● Federalism, state and local governments control programs
○ Social issues
■ Conservative judges to the SUpreme Court
● Sandra day o'connor, antonin scalia, and anthony kennedy
○ Republican Candidate
■ Reagan, reelection
■ Winner, massive landslide
■ Changed debate to issues of government programs to cut and by how
much
○ Democratic Candidate
■ Walter Mondale
■ Former VP under Carter
● Defeating the Soviet Union
○ Waging the COld War
■ Believed the USSR was a threat to americas safety
■ Increase military safety
● Doubled military budget
■ Strategic Defense Initiative
● Defense system to protect US from missiles
● Star Wars
○ Reagan Doctrine
■ US would provide overt and covert aid to anti communist people around
the world
■ Effort to roll back Soviet backed communist governments in Africa, Asia,
and Latin America
■ Diminish Soviet influence in the world
○ Tear Down THis Wall
■ USSR was unable to maintain arms race with the US, destroyed their
economy
■ Berlin wall was opened
■ Eastern European nations declared independence and created
democratic governments
■ Soviet Union collapsed and formed Russia a democratic government
● 1988 Presidential Election
○ Republican Candidate
● New World Order
○ Collapse of the Berlin Wall
■ Symbolized the end of the Cold War
■ Soviet Union became Russia
○ Persian Gulf War
■ Causes
● Saddam Hussein dictator of Iraq
● Kuwait is an ally of US
● Iraq invaded Kuwait
■ Effects
● Bush launched Operation Desert Storm
● Kuwait was liberated
● HUssein remained in power but UN restricted power, forced to
destroy WMD’s
○ Domestic Accomplishments
■ Supreme Court
● Nominated Clarence Thomas
● Conservative Justice
■ American with Disabilities act
● Prohibited discrimination against citizens with disabilities
○ Taxes, Debt, and Recession
■ When Bush ran for election he promised not to implement new taxes
● No New Taxes
■ Inherited deficit spending and a recession
■ Was forced to raise taxes
■ Lost reelection
○ 1992 Election
■ Independent Candidate
● H Ross Perot
● Texas Billionaire
● Focused on Debt and deficit
● Hurt bush reelection
■ Democratic Candidate
● Bill Clinton
○ Winner
○ Governor of Arkansas
○ Lewinsky
● Bill Clinton
○ Promoted Trade
■ NAFTA
● North American Free Trade Agreement
● Promote free trade by eliminating trade barriers
● Opponents claimed it supported outsourcing and increased trade
competition
■ GAIT
● Lowered tariffs around the world
○ Foreign Policy
■ Somalian Genocide
● US soldiers in somalia
● 18 americans killed
■ Bosnian genocide
■ Rwandan Genocide
● Small African country
● 1 million died, Tusi vs Hutu
● Clinton’s biggest mistake
■ Rise in Terrorism
○ Impeached
■ Only other presidents impeached were Andrew Johnson and trump
■ Lied under oath about a relationship with lewinsky
■ Clinton faced trial by the senate but was not convicted
● Social issues 1980s and 1990s
○ HIV and Aids
■ Break down of immune system
○ Drugs
■ Just say no
○ Abortion
○ Shift in Jobs
■ Explosion of jobs in Service industry
○ International Competition
○ Movement of Americans
○ Changing of demographics
■ Aging america
■ More people moving to cities
● 2000 Presidential Election
○ Bush v Gore
○ Recount
● George Bush

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