5.

3 [153 marks]
1. [1 mark]
Which statements about bond strength and activation energy are correct for this reaction?
C H 4 ( g ) +2 O2 ( g ) →C O 2 ( g ) +2 H 2 O ( l )       H ❑=− 891 k J

Markscheme
B
2a. [3 marks]
An equation for the combustion of propane is given below.

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

❑
Determine the standard enthalpy change, H , for this reaction, using section 11 of the data
booklet.
 

Markscheme
Bonds broken: 8 ( C H ) +2 ( C C )+5 ( O=O ) 
¿ 8 × 414<¿ k J m o l −1 >¿+2 ×346< ¿ k J m o l −1 >¿+5 × 498<¿ k J m o l− 1 >¿/6494< ¿ k J > ¿ ✔
Bonds formed: 6 ( C=O ) +8 ( O H ) /6 × 804<¿ k J m o l −1 >¿+8 × 463<¿ k J m o l −1 >¿/ 8528<¿ k J > ¿
✔
«Enthalpy change¿bonds broken−bonds formed ¿ 6494 k J −8528 k J =¿>− 2034<¿ k J >¿ ✔
 
Award [3] for correct final answer.
2b. [2 marks]
 ❑
Calculate the standard enthalpy change, H , for this reaction using section 12 of the data
booklet.

Markscheme
4 ( −241.8<¿ k J >¿ ) AND 3 ( −393.5<¿ k J > ¿ ) AND ¿<1>¿ ( − 105<¿ k J >¿ )  ✔
¿< Δ H ❑ =4 ( −241.8<¿ k J >¿ )+ 3 ( − 393.5<¿ k J >¿ ) <¿ 1>¿ ( −105< ¿ k J > ¿ )=¿> −2043<¿ k J >¿ 
✔
 
Award [2] for correct final answer.
Award [1 max] for −2219< ¿ k J > ¿.
3a. [3 marks]
❑
Determine the standard enthalpy change, H , for this reaction, using section 11 of the data
booklet.
 

Markscheme
Bonds broken: 8(C–H) + 2(C–C) + 5(O=O) / 8 × 414 «kJ mol−1» + 2 × 346 «kJ mol−1» + 5 × 498
«kJ mol−1» / 6494 «kJ» ✔
Bonds formed: 6(C=O) + 8(O–H) / 6 × 804 «kJ mol−1» + 8 × 463 «kJ mol−1» / 8528 «kJ» ✔
«Enthalpy change¿bonds broken−bonds formed ¿ 6494 k J −8528 k J =¿>− 2034<¿ k J >¿ ✔
Award [3] for correct final answer.
 
3b. [2 marks]
❑
Calculate the standard enthalpy change, H , for this reaction using section 12 of the data
booklet.

Markscheme
4 ( −241.8<¿ k J >¿ ) AND 3 ( −393.5<¿ k J > ¿ ) AND ¿<1>¿ ( − 105<¿ k J >¿ )  ✔
¿< Δ H ❑ =4 ( −241.8<¿ k J >¿ )+ 3 ( − 393.5<¿ k J >¿ ) <¿ 1>¿ ( −105< ¿ k J > ¿ )=¿> −2043<¿ k J >¿ 
✔
Award [2] for correct final answer.
Award [1 max] for −2219< ¿ k J > ¿.
3c. [1 mark]
 ❑
Predict, giving a reason, whether the entropy change, S , for this reaction is negative or
positive.
 

Markscheme
positive AND more moles «of gas» in products ✔
3d. [2 marks]
Calculate S for the reaction in J K −1, using section 12 of the data booklet.
❑

The standard molar entropy for oxygen gas is 205 J K −1 mo l − 1.

Markscheme
4 ×188.8<¿ J K −1 >¿ AND 3 ×213.8< ¿ J K − 1>¿ AND ¿<1 ×> ¿ 270<¿ J K −1 >¿
AND  5 ×205<¿ J K − 1>¿  ✔

¿< S❑=4 ( 188.8 J K − 1) +3 ( 213.8 J K −1 ) [ 1 ( 270 J K −1 ) +5 ( 205 J K − 1 ) ]=¿> 102< ¿ J K − 1> ¿ ✔

Award [2] for correct final answer.

3e. [2 marks]
Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, G , in k J, for the reaction at 5 °C, using
❑

your answers to (b) and (d). Use section 1 of the data booklet.
(If you did not obtain an answer to (b) or (d) use values of −1952 k J and +113 J K − 1 
respectively, although these are not the correct answers.)

Markscheme
¿<T =5+ 273=¿> 278 K  ✔

¿< Δ G❑ =−2043 k J − ( 278 K × 0.102k J K −1 ) =¿>−2071<¿ k J > ¿ ✔

Award [2] for correct final answer.
4. [1 mark]
Which equation represents the N–H bond enthalpy in NH3?
A.  NH3 (g) → N (g) + 3H (g)
1 1
B.   NH3 (g) → N (g) + H (g)
3 3
 1 3
C.  NH3 (g) → N2 (g) + H2 (g)
2 2

D.  NH3 (g) → •NH2 (g) + •H (g)

Markscheme
B
5. [1 mark]
Which is correct for the reaction?
2Al (s) + 6HCl (aq) → 2AlCl3 (aq) + 3H2 (g)         ΔH = −1049 kJ
A. Reactants are less stable than products and the reaction is endothermic.
B. Reactants are more stable than products and the reaction is endothermic.
C. Reactants are more stable than products and the reaction is exothermic.
D. Reactants are less stable than products and the reaction is exothermic.

Markscheme
D
6. [1 mark]
Methane undergoes incomplete combustion.
2CH4 (g) + 3O2 (g) → 2CO (g) + 4H2O (g)
What is the enthalpy change, in kJ, using the bond enthalpy data given below?

 
A. [2(1077) + 4(463)] − [2(414) + 3(498)]
B. [2(414) + 3(498)] − [2(1077) + 4(463)]
C. [8(414) + 3(498)] − [2(1077) + 8(463)]
D. [2(1077) + 8(463)] − [8(414) + 3(498)]

Markscheme
C
7. [1 mark]
Methane undergoes incomplete combustion.
2CH4 (g) + 3O2 (g) → 2CO (g) + 4H2O (g)
What is the enthalpy change, in kJ, using the bond enthalpy data given below?

A. [2(1077) + 4(463)] − [2(414) + 3(498)]

B. [2(414) + 3(498)] − [2(1077) + 4(463)]
C. [8(414) + 3(498)] − [2(1077) + 8(463)]
D. [2(1077) + 8(463)] − [8(414) + 3(498)]

Markscheme
C
8a. [1 mark]
Ethyne, C2H2, reacts with oxygen in welding torches.
Write an equation for the complete combustion of ethyne.

Markscheme
C2H2 (g) + 2.5O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
OR
2C2H2 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 4CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)  [✔]
8b. [1 mark]
Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of ethyne.

Markscheme

  [✔]
 
Note: Accept any valid combination of lines, dots and crosses.
8c. [1 mark]
Compare, giving a reason, the length of the bond between the carbon atoms in ethyne with
that in ethane, C2H6.

Markscheme
«ethyne» shorter AND a greater number of shared/bonding electrons
OR
«ethyne» shorter AND stronger bond  [✔]
8d. [1 mark]
Identify the type of interaction that must be overcome when liquid ethyne vaporizes.

Markscheme
London/dispersion/instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces  [✔]
 
Note: Do not accept just “intermolecular forces” or “van der Waals’ forces”.
8e. [1 mark]
Ethyne reacts with steam.
C2H2 (g) + H2O (g) → C2H4O (g)
Two possible products are:
Product A contains a carbon–carbon double bond. State the type of reactions that
compounds containing this bond are likely to undergo.

Markscheme
«electrophilic» addition/A«E»  [✔]
 
Note: Accept “polymerization”.
8f. [1 mark]
State the name of product B, applying IUPAC rules.

Markscheme
ethanal  [✔]
8g. [3 marks]
Determine the enthalpy change for the reaction, in kJ, to produce A using section 11 of the
data booklet.

Markscheme
«sum of bond enthalpies of reactants =» 2(C–H) + C≡C + 2(O–H)
OR
2 × 414 «kJ mol–1» + 839 «kJ mol–1» + 2 × 463 «kJ mol–1»
OR
2593 «kJ»  [✔]
«sum of bond enthalpies of A =» 3(C–H) + C=C + C–O + O–H
OR
3 × 414 «kJ mol–1» + 614 «kJ mol–1» + 358 «kJ mol–1» + 463 «kJ mol–1»
OR
2677 «kJ»  [✔]
«enthalpy of reaction = 2593 kJ – 2677 kJ» = –84 «kJ»  [✔]
 
Note: Award [3] for correct final answer.
8h. [1 mark]
The enthalpy change for the reaction to produce B is −213 kJ. Predict, giving a reason,
which product is the most stable.

Markscheme
B AND it has a more negative/lower enthalpy/«potential» energy
OR
B AND more exothermic «enthalpy of reaction from same starting point»  [✔]
8i. [2 marks]
The IR spectrum and low resolution 1H NMR spectrum of the actual product formed are
shown.
Deduce whether the product is A or B, using evidence from these spectra together with
sections 26 and 27 of the data booklet.
 
Identity of product:
One piece of evidence from IR:
One piece of evidence from 1H NMR:

Markscheme
Identity of product: «B»
IR spectrum:
1700–1750 «cm–1 band» AND carbonyl/CO group present
OR
no «band at» 1620–1680 «cm–1» AND absence of double bond/C=C
OR
no «broad band at» 3200–3600 «cm–1» AND absence of hydroxyl/OH group  [✔]
Note: Accept a specific value or range of wavenumbers and chemical shifts.
1
H NMR spectrum:
«only» two signals AND A would have three
OR
«signal at» 9.4–10.0 «ppm» AND «H atom/proton of» aldehyde/–CHO present
OR
«signal at» 2.2–2.7 «ppm» AND «H atom/proton of alkyl/CH next to» aldehyde/CHO
present
OR
«signal at» 2.2–2.7 «ppm» AND «H atom/proton of» RCOCH2- present
OR
no «signal at» 4.5–6.0 «ppm» AND absence of «H-atom/proton next to» double bond/C=C  
[✔]
Note: Accept “two signals with areas 1:3”.
8j. [2 marks]
Product B, CH3CHO, can also be synthesized from ethanol.
Suggest the reagents and conditions required to ensure a good yield of product B.
 
Reagents:
Conditions:

Markscheme
Reagents:
acidified/H+ AND «potassium» dichromate«(VI)»/K2Cr2O7/Cr2O72–  [✔]
Conditions:
distil «the product before further oxidation»  [✔]
 
Note: Accept “«acidified potassium» manganate(VII)/KMnO4/MnO4–/permanganate”.
Accept “H2SO4” or “H3PO4” for “H+”.
Accept “more dilute dichromate(VI)/manganate(VII)” or “excess ethanol”.
Award M1 if correct reagents given under “Conditions”.
8k. [1 mark]
Deduce the average oxidation state of carbon in product B.

Markscheme
–1  [✔]
8l. [3 marks]
Explain why product B is water soluble.

Markscheme
Any three of:
has an oxygen/O atom with a lone pair  [✔]
that can form hydrogen bonds/H-bonds «with water molecules» [✔]
hydrocarbon chain is short «so does not disrupt many H-bonds with water molecules» [ ✔]
«large permanent» dipole-dipole interactions with water [✔]
9a. [1 mark]
Dinitrogen monoxide, N2O, causes depletion of ozone in the stratosphere.
Outline why ozone in the stratosphere is important.

Markscheme
absorbs UV/ultraviolet light «of longer wavelength than absorbed by O2»  [✔]
9b. [1 mark]
Different sources of N2O have different ratios of 14N:15N.
State one analytical technique that could be used to determine the ratio of 14N:15N.

Markscheme
mass spectrometry/MS  [✔]
9c. [2 marks]
A sample of gas was enriched to contain 2 % by mass of 15N with the remainder being 14N.
Calculate the relative molecular mass of the resulting N2O.

Markscheme
(98 ×14 )+(2 ×15)
«  =¿» 14.02  [✔]
100
«Mr = (14.02 × 2) + 16.00 =» 44.04  [✔]
9d. [2 marks]
Predict, giving two reasons, how the first ionization energy of 15N compares with that of
14
N.

Markscheme
Any two:
same AND have same nuclear charge/number of protons/Zeff  [✔]
same AND neutrons do not affect attraction/ionization energy/Z eff
OR
same AND neutrons have no charge [✔]
same AND same attraction for «outer» electrons [✔]
same AND have same electronic configuration/shielding [✔]
 
Note: Accept “almost the same”.
“same” only needs to be stated once.
9e. [1 mark]
Suggest why it is surprising that dinitrogen monoxide dissolves in water to give a neutral
solution.

Markscheme
oxides of nitrogen/non-metals are «usually» acidic  [✔]
10a. [1 mark]
Propene is an important starting material for many products. The following shows some
compounds which can be made from propene, C3H6.

Propene (C3H6) → C3H7Cl → C3H8O → C3H6O

Consider the conversion of propene to C3H7Cl.
State the type of reaction.

Markscheme
«electrophilic» addition ✔
NOTE: Do not accept “nucleophilic addition” or “free radical addition”.
Do not accept “halogenation”.
10b. [1 mark]
State the IUPAC name of the major product.

Markscheme
2-chloropropane ✔
10c. [1 mark]
Outline why it is the major product.

Markscheme
secondary carbocation/carbonium «ion» is more stable
OR
carbocation/carbonium «ion» stabilized by two/more alkyl groups ✔
10d. [1 mark]
Write an equation for the reaction of the major product with aqueous sodium hydroxide to
produce a C3H8O compound, showing structural formulas.

Markscheme
CH3CHClCH3 (l) + OH− (aq) → CH3CH(OH)CH3 (aq) + Cl− (aq)
OR
CH3CHClCH3 (l) + NaOH (aq) → CH3CH(OH)CH3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) ✔
10e. [3 marks]
An experiment was carried out to determine the order of reaction between one of the
isomers of C3H7Cl and aqueous sodium hydroxide. The following results were obtained.

Determine the rate expression from the results, explaining your method.

Markscheme
Rate = k [C3H7Cl] [OH−] ✔
«[OH−] held constant and» [C3H7Cl] triples AND rate triples «so first order wrt C3H7Cl» ✔

[C3H7Cl] doubles AND [OH−] doubles AND rate quadruples «so first order wrt OH−» ✔
10f. [1 mark]
Deduce the type of mechanism for the reaction of this isomer of C3H7Cl with aqueous
sodium hydroxide.

Markscheme
SN2 ✔
NOTE: Accept ‘bimolecular nucleophilic substitution.’
10g. [4 marks]
Sketch the mechanism using curly arrows to represent the movement of electrons.

Markscheme

curly arrow going from lone pair on O/negative charge on OH – to C ✔

curly arrow showing C–Cl bond breaking ✔

representation of transition state showing negative charge, square brackets and partial
bonds ✔

formation of CH3CH(OH)CH3 AND Cl– ✔

 
NOTE: Do not allow arrow originating on H in OH–.
Allow curly arrow going from bond between C and Cl to Cl in either reactant or transition
state.
Do not award M3 if OH–C bond is represented.
Accept formation of NaCl instead of Cl–.
10h. [1 mark]
Write an equation for the complete combustion of the compound C 3H8O formed in (a)(iv).

Markscheme
2C3H8O (l) + 9O2 (g) → 6CO2 (g) + 8H2O (g)
OR
C3H8O (l) + 4.5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g) ✔
10i. [3 marks]
Determine the enthalpy of combustion of this compound, in kJ mol −1, using data from
section 11 of the data booklet.

Markscheme
bonds broken:
7(C–H) + C–O + O–H + 2(C–C) + 4.5(O=O)
OR
7(414 «kJ mol−1») + 358 «kJ mol−1» + 463 «kJ mol−1» + 2(346 «kJ mol−1») + 4.5(498 «kJ
mol−1») / 6652 «kJ» ✔

bonds formed:
6(C=O) + 8(O–H)
OR
6(804 «kJ mol−1») + 8(463 «kJ mol−1») / 8528 «kJ» ✔

«ΔH = bonds broken − bonds formed = 6652 – 8528 =» −1876 «kJ mol −1» ✔
 
NOTE: Award [3] for correct final answer.
10j. [1 mark]
State the reagents for the conversion of the compound C3H8O formed in (a)(iv) into C3H6O.

Markscheme
K2Cr2O7/Cr2O72–/«potassium» dichromate «(VI)» AND acidified/H+
OR
«acidified potassium» manganate(VII) / «H+ and» KMnO4 / «H+ and» MnO4– ✔
 
NOTE: Accept “H2SO4” or “H3PO4” for “H+”.
Do not accept HCl.
Accept “permanganate” for “manganate(VII)”.
10k. [2 marks]
Explain why the compound C3H8O, produced in (a)(iv), has a higher boiling point than
compound C3H6O, produced in d(i).

Markscheme
C3H8O/propan-2-ol: hydrogen-bonding AND C3H6O/propanone: no hydrogen
bonding/«only» dipole–dipole/dispersion forces ✔

hydrogen bonding stronger «than dipole–dipole» ✔

10l. [1 mark]
Explain why the 1H NMR spectrum of C3H6O, produced in (d)(i), shows only one signal.

Markscheme
only one hydrogen environment
OR
methyl groups symmetrical «around carbonyl group» ✔
NOTE: Accept “all hydrogens belong to methyl groups «which are in identical positions»”.
10m. [1 mark]
Propene is often polymerized. Draw a section of the resulting polymer, showing two
repeating units.

Markscheme

✔
 
NOTE: Continuation bonds must be shown.
Methyl groups may be drawn on opposite sides of the chain or head to tail.
Ignore square brackets and “n”.
11a. [1 mark]
Copper forms two chlorides, copper(I) chloride and copper(II) chloride.
State the electron configuration of the Cu+ ion.

Markscheme
[Ar] 3d10
OR
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 ✔
11b. [2 marks]
Copper(II) chloride is used as a catalyst in the production of chlorine from hydrogen
chloride.
4HCl (g) + O2 (g) → 2Cl2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
Calculate the standard enthalpy change, ΔHθ, in kJ, for this reaction, using section 12 of the
data booklet.

Markscheme
ΔHθ = ΣΔHθf (products) − ΣΔHθf (reactants) ✔
ΔHθ = 2(−241.8 «kJ mol−1») − 4(−92.3 «kJ mol−1») = −114.4 «kJ» ✔
 
NOTE: Award [2] for correct final answer.
11c. [2 marks]
The diagram shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution and potential energy profile for
the reaction without a catalyst.
Annotate both charts to show the activation energy for the catalysed reaction, using the
label Ea (cat).
Markscheme

Ea (cat) to the left of Ea ✔                        

 
peak lower AND Ea (cat) smaller ✔
11d. [2 marks]
Explain how the catalyst increases the rate of the reaction.

Markscheme
«catalyst provides an» alternative pathway ✔
«with» lower Ea
OR
higher proportion of/more particles with «kinetic» E ≥ Ea(cat) «than Ea» ✔
11e. [3 marks]
Solid copper(II) chloride absorbs moisture from the atmosphere to form a hydrate of
formula CuCl2•xH2O.
A student heated a sample of hydrated copper(II) chloride, in order to determine the value
of x. The following results were obtained:
Mass of crucible = 16.221 g
Initial mass of crucible and hydrated copper(II) chloride = 18.360 g
Final mass of crucible and anhydrous copper(II) chloride = 17.917 g
Determine the value of x.

Markscheme
mass of H2O = «18.360 g – 17.917 g =» 0.443 «g» AND mass of CuCl2 = «17.917 g – 16.221 g
=» 1.696 «g» ✔
 
moles of H2O = «$\frac{0.443\text{g}}{18.02\text{g\,mo}\text{l}^{- 1}}$=» 0.0246 «mol»
OR
moles of CuCl2 =«$\frac{1.696\text{g}}{134.45\text{g\,mo}\text{l}^{- 1}}$= » 0.0126
«mol» ✔

 
«water : copper(II) chloride = 1.95 : 1»

«x =» 2 ✔
NOTE: Accept «x =» 1.95.
NOTE: Award [3] for correct final answer.
11f. [2 marks]
Two electrolysis cells were assembled using graphite electrodes and connected in series as
shown.

 
State how current is conducted through the wires and through the electrolyte.
Wires: 
Electrolyte:

Markscheme
Wires:
«delocalized» electrons «flow» ✔

Electrolyte:
«mobile» ions «flow» ✔
11g. [1 mark]
Write the half-equation for the formation of gas bubbles at electrode 1.

Markscheme
2Cl− → Cl2 (g) + 2e−
OR
1
Cl− → Cl2 (g) + e− ✔
2
NOTE: Accept e for e−.
11h. [1 mark]
Bubbles of gas were also observed at another electrode. Identify the electrode and the gas.
Electrode number (on diagram):
Name of gas: 

Markscheme
«electrode» 3 AND oxygen/O2 ✔
NOTE: Accept chlorine/Cl2.
11i. [1 mark]
Deduce the half-equation for the formation of the gas identified in (c)(iii).

Markscheme
2H2O (l) → 4H+ (aq) + O2 (g) + 4e– ✔
NOTE: Accept 2Cl– (aq) → Cl2 (g) + 2e–.
Accept 4OH− → 2H2O + O2 + 4e−
11j. [2 marks]
Determine the enthalpy of solution of copper(II) chloride, using data from sections 18 and
20 of the data booklet.
The enthalpy of hydration of the copper(II) ion is −2161 kJ mol −1.

Markscheme
enthalpy of solution = lattice enthalpy + enthalpies of hydration «of Cu 2+ and Cl−» ✔
«+2824 kJ mol–1 − 2161 kJ mol–1 − 2(359 kJ mol–1) =» −55 «kJ mol–1» ✔
NOTE: Accept enthalpy cycle.
Award [2] for correct final answer.
11k. [1 mark]
Copper(I) chloride undergoes a disproportionation reaction, producing copper(II) chloride
and copper.
2Cu+ (aq) → Cu (s) + Cu2+ (aq)
Calculate the cell potential at 298 K for the disproportionation reaction, in V, using section
24 of the data booklet.

Markscheme
Eθ = «+0.52 – 0.15 = +» 0.37 «V» ✔
11l. [1 mark]
Comment on the spontaneity of the disproportionation reaction at 298 K.

Markscheme
spontaneous AND Eθ positive ✔
11m. [1 mark]
Calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, ΔGθ, to two significant figures, for the
disproportionation at 298 K. Use your answer from (e)(i) and sections 1 and 2 of the data
booklet.

Markscheme
ΔGθ = «−nFE = −1 mol × 96 500 C Mol–1 × 0.37 V=» −36 000 J/−36 kJ ✔
 
NOTE: Accept “−18 kJ mol–1 «per mole of Cu+»”.
Do not accept values of n other than 1.

Apply SF in this question.

Accept J/kJ or J mol−1/kJ mol−1 for units.

11n. [1 mark]
Suggest, giving a reason, whether the entropy of the system increases or decreases during
the disproportionation.

Markscheme
2 mol (aq) → 1 mol (aq) AND decreases ✔
NOTE: Accept “solid formed from aqueous solution AND decreases”.
Do not accept 2 mol → 1 mol without (aq).
11o. [1 mark]
Deduce, giving a reason, the sign of the standard enthalpy change, ΔHθ, for the
disproportionation reaction at 298 K.

Markscheme
ΔGθ < 0 AND ΔSθ < 0 AND ΔHθ < 0
OR
ΔGθ + TΔSθ < 0 AND ΔHθ < 0 ✔
11p. [1 mark]
Predict, giving a reason, the effect of increasing temperature on the stability of copper(I)
chloride solution.

Markscheme
TΔS more negative «reducing spontaneity» AND stability increases ✔
NOTE: Accept calculation showing non-spontaneity at 433 K.
11q. [3 marks]
Dilute copper(II) chloride solution is light blue, while copper(I) chloride solution is
colourless.
Describe how the blue colour is produced in the Cu(II) solution. Refer to section 17 of the
data booklet.
Markscheme
«ligands cause» d-orbitals «to» split ✔
light absorbed as electrons transit to higher energy level «in d–d transitions»
OR
light absorbed as electrons promoted ✔
energy gap corresponds to «orange» light in visible region of spectrum ✔
colour observed is complementary ✔
11r. [1 mark]
Deduce why the Cu(I) solution is colourless.

Markscheme
full «3»d sub-level/orbitals
OR
no d–d transition possible «and therefore no colour» ✔
11s. [1 mark]
When excess ammonia is added to copper(II) chloride solution, the dark blue complex ion,
[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+, forms.
State the molecular geometry of this complex ion, and the bond angles within it.
 
Molecular geometry:
Bond angles: 

Markscheme
octahedral AND 90° «180° for axial» ✔
NOTE: Accept square-based bi-pyramid.
11t. [2 marks]
Examine the relationship between the Brønsted–Lowry and Lewis definitions of a base,
referring to the ligands in the complex ion [CuCl4]2−.

Markscheme
Any two of:
ligand/chloride ion Lewis base AND donates e-pair ✔
not Brønsted–Lowry base AND does not accept proton/H+ ✔
Lewis definition extends/broader than Brønsted–Lowry definition ✔
12a. [1 mark]
This question is about sodium and its compounds.
Plot the relative values of the first four ionization energies of sodium.
 

Markscheme

     [✔]
Notes: Accept curve showing general trend.
Award mark only if the energy difference between the first two points is larger than that
between points 2/3 and 3/4.
 
12b. [1 mark]
Outline why the alkali metals (group 1) have similar chemical properties.

Markscheme
same number of electrons in outer shell
OR
all are s1 [✔]
12c. [2 marks]
Describe the structure and bonding in solid sodium oxide.

Markscheme
«3-D/giant» regularly repeating arrangement «of ions»
OR
lattice «of ions»    [✔]
 
electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
OR
electrostatic attraction between Na+ and O2− ions    [✔]
 
Note: Do not accept “ionic” without description.
12d. [2 marks]
The Born-Haber cycle for sodium oxide is shown (not to scale).
Calculate values for the following changes using section 8 of the data booklet.

ΔHatomisation (Na) = 107 kJ mol−1

ΔHatomisation (O) = 249 kJ mol−1
1
O (g) → O2- (g):
2 2
Na (s) → Na+ (g):
 
 

Markscheme
1
O (g) → O2- (g)
2 2
«ΔHatomisation (O) + 1st EA + 2nd EA = 249 k Jmol−1 − 141 kJmol−1 + 753 kJmol−1 =» «+»861
«kJmol−1»    [✔]
 
Na (s) → Na+ (g)
«ΔHatomisation (Na) + 1st IE = 107 kJmol−1 + 496 kJmol−1 =» «+»603 «kJmol−1»     [✔]
12e. [2 marks]
The standard enthalpy of formation of sodium oxide is −414 kJ mol −1. Determine the lattice
enthalpy of sodium oxide, in kJ mol−1, using section 8 of the data booklet and your answers
to (d)(i).

(If you did not get answers to (d)(i), use +850 kJ mol −1 and +600 kJ mol−1 respectively, but
these are not the correct answers.)

Markscheme
lattice enthalpy = 861 «kJ mol−1» + 2 × 603 «kJ mol−1» −(−414 «kJ mol−1»)     [✔]
«= +» 2481 «kJ mol−1»    [✔]
 
Note: Award [2] for correct final answer.
If given values are used:
M1: lattice enthalpy = 850 «kJ mol−1» +
2 × 600 «kJ mol−1» −(−414 «kJ mol−1»)
M2: «= +» 2464 «kJ mol−1»
12f. [1 mark]
Justify why K2O has a lower lattice enthalpy (absolute value) than Na2O.

Markscheme
K+ ion is larger than Na+
OR
smaller attractive force because of greater distance between ion «centres»      [✔]
12g. [3 marks]
Write equations for the separate reactions of solid sodium oxide and solid phosphorus(V)
oxide with excess water and differentiate between the solutions formed.
Sodium oxide, Na2O:
Phosphorus(V) oxide, P4O10:
Differentiation:
 
 

Markscheme
Sodium oxide:
Na2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2NaOH (aq)      [✔]
Phosphorus(V) oxide:
P4O10 (s) + 6H2O(l) → 4H3PO4 (aq)     [✔]
Differentiation:
NaOH/product of Na2O is alkaline/basic/pH > 7 AND H3PO4/product of P4O10 is acidic/pH <
7     [✔]
12h. [2 marks]
Sodium peroxide, Na2O2, is formed by the reaction of sodium oxide with oxygen.
2Na2O (s) + O2 (g) → 2Na2O2 (s)
Calculate the percentage yield of sodium peroxide if 5.00g of sodium oxide produces 5.50g
of sodium peroxide.

Markscheme
5.00 g
n(Na2O2) theoretical yield «=  » = 0.0807/8.07 × 10−2 «mol»
61.98 g mo l −1
OR

5.00 g
mass of Na2O2 theoretical yield «=  × 77.98 gmol−1» = 6.291 «g»    [✔]
61.98 g mo l −1
5.50 g 0.0705
% yield «= × 100» OR «  × 100» = 87.4 «%»     [✔]
6.291 g 0.0807
 
Note: Award [2] for correct final answer.
12i. [3 marks]
Sodium peroxide is used in diving apparatus to produce oxygen from carbon dioxide.
2Na2O2 (s) + 2CO2 (g) → 2Na2CO3 (s) + O2 (g)
Determine the enthalpy change, ΔH, in kJ, for this reaction using data from the table and
section 12 of the data booklet.
Markscheme
∑ΔHf products = 2 × (−1130.7) / −2261.4 «kJ»    [✔]
∑ΔHf reactants = 2 × (−510.9) + 2 × (−393.5) / −1808.8 «kJ»     [✔]
ΔH = «∑ΔHf products − ∑ΔHf reactants = −2261.4 −(−1808.8) =» −452.6 «kJ»     [✔]
 
Note: Award [3] for correct final answer.
Award [2 max] for “+ 452.6 «kJ»”.
12j. [1 mark]
Outline why bond enthalpy values are not valid in calculations such as that in (g)(i).

Markscheme
only valid for covalent bonds
OR
only valid in gaseous state     [✔]
12k. [1 mark]
An allotrope of molecular oxygen is ozone. Compare, giving a reason, the bond enthalpies of
the O to O bonds in O2 and O3.

Markscheme
bond in O3 has lower enthalpy AND bond order is 1.5 «not 2»    [✔]
 
Note: Accept “bond in ozone is longer”.
12l. [1 mark]
Outline why a real gas differs from ideal behaviour at low temperature and high pressure.
Markscheme
Any one of:
finite volume of particles «requires adjustment to volume of gas»     [✔]
short-range attractive forces «overcomes low kinetic energy»    [✔]
12m. [1 mark]
The reaction of sodium peroxide with excess water produces hydrogen peroxide and one
other sodium compound. Suggest the formula of this compound.

Markscheme
NaOH    [✔]
12n. [1 mark]
State the oxidation number of carbon in sodium carbonate, Na 2CO3.

Markscheme
IV    [✔]
13a. [1 mark]
Ethyne, C2H2, reacts with oxygen in welding torches.
Write an equation for the complete combustion of ethyne.

Markscheme
C2H2 (g) + 2.5O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
OR
2C2H2 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 4CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)    [✔]
13b. [1 mark]
Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure of ethyne.

Markscheme

    [✔]
 
Note: Accept any valid combination of lines, dots and crosses.
13c. [1 mark]
Compare, giving a reason, the length of the bond between the carbon atoms in ethyne with
that in ethane, C2H6.

Markscheme
«ethyne» shorter AND a greater number of shared/bonding electrons
OR
«ethyne» shorter AND stronger bond     [✔]
13d. [1 mark]
Identify the type of interaction that must be overcome when liquid ethyne vaporizes.

Markscheme
London/dispersion/instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces    [✔]
13e. [1 mark]
Ethyne reacts with steam.
C2H2 (g) + H2O (g) → C2H4O (g)
Two possible products are:

State the name of product B, applying IUPAC rules.

Markscheme
ethanal    [✔]
13f. [3 marks]
Determine the enthalpy change for the reaction, in kJ, to produce A using section 11 of the
data booklet.
Markscheme
«sum of bond enthalpies of reactants =» 2(C—H)+C ≡ C + 2(O—H)
OR
2 × 414 «kJ mol-1» + 839 «kJ mol-1» + 2 × 463 «kJ mol-1»
OR
2593 «kJ»    [✔]
 
«sum of bond enthalpies of A =» 3(C—H) + C=C + C—O + O—H
OR
3 × 414 «kJ mol-1» + 614 «kJ mol-1» + 358 «kJ mol-1» + 463 «kJ mol-1»
OR
2677 «kJ»     [✔]
«enthalpy of reaction = 2593 kJ – 2677 kJ» = –84 «kJ»     [✔]
 
Note: Award [3] for correct final answer.
13g. [1 mark]
The enthalpy change for the reaction to produce B is −213 kJ.
Predict, giving a reason, which product is the most stable.

Markscheme
B AND it has a more negative/lower enthalpy/«potential» energy
OR
B AND more exothermic «enthalpy of reaction from same starting point»     [✔]
13h. [2 marks]
The IR spectrum and low resolution 1H NMR spectrum of the actual product formed are
shown.
Deduce whether the product is A or B, using evidence from these spectra together with
sections 26 and 27 of the  data booklet.
Identity of product:
One piece of evidence from IR:
One piece of evidence from 1H NMR:
 

Markscheme
Identity of product: «B»
IR spectrum:
1700–1750 «cm–1 band» AND carbonyl/CO group present
OR
no «band at» 1620–1680 «cm–1» AND absence of double bond/C=C
OR
no «broad band at» 3200–3600 «cm–1 » AND absence of hydroxyl/OH group    [✔]

1
H NMR spectrum:
«only» two signals AND A would have three
OR
«signal at» 9.4–10.0 «ppm» AND «H atom/proton of» aldehyde/–CHO present
OR
«signal at» 2.2–2.7 «ppm» AND «H atom/proton of alkyl/CH next to» aldehyde/CHO
present
OR
«signal at» 2.2–2.7 «ppm» AND «H atom/proton of» RCOCH2- present
OR
no «signal at» 4.5–6.0 «ppm» AND absence of «H atom/proton next to» double bond/C=C ✔
 
Note: Accept a specific value or range of wavenumbers and chemical shifts.
Accept “two signals with areas 1:3”.
13i. [2 marks]
Deduce the splitting pattern you would expect for the signals in a high resolution 1H NMR
spectrum.
2.3 ppm:
9.8 ppm:

Markscheme
2.3 ppm: doublet    [✔]
9.8 ppm: quartet    [✔]
13j. [2 marks]
Product B, CH3CHO, can also be synthesized from ethanol.
Suggest the reagents and conditions required to ensure a good yield of product B.
Reagents: 
Conditions:
Markscheme
Reagents:
acidified/H+ AND «potassium» dichromate«(VI)»/K2Cr2O7/Cr2O72-    [✔]
Conditions:
distil «the product before further oxidation»       [✔]
 
Note: Accept “«acidified potassium» manganate(VII)/KMnO4/MnO4-/permanganate”.
Accept “H2SO4” or “H3PO4” for “H+”.
Accept “more dilute dichromate(VI)/manganate(VII)” or “excess ethanol”.
Award M1 if correct reagents given under “Conditions”.
13k. [1 mark]
Deduce the average oxidation state of carbon in product B.

Markscheme
–1     [✔]
13l. [3 marks]
Explain why product B is water soluble.

Markscheme
Any three of:
has an oxygen/O atom with a lone pair      [✔]
that can form hydrogen bonds/H-bonds «with water molecules»     [✔]
hydrocarbon chain is short «so does not disrupt many H-bonds with water molecules»    
[✔]
«large permanent» dipole-dipole interactions with water      [✔]
14a. [1 mark]
Dinitrogen monoxide, N2O, causes depletion of ozone in the stratosphere.
Outline why ozone in the stratosphere is important.

Markscheme
absorbs UV/ultraviolet light «of longer wavelength than absorbed by O2»     [✔]
14b. [2 marks]
Dinitrogen monoxide in the stratosphere is converted to nitrogen monoxide, NO (g).
Write two equations to show how NO (g) catalyses the decomposition of ozone.

Markscheme
NO (g) + O3 (g) → NO2 (g) + O2 (g)       [✔]
NO2 (g) + O3 (g) → NO (g) + 2O2 (g)     [✔]
 
Note: Ignore radical signs.
Accept equilibrium arrows.
Award [1 max] for NO2 (g) + O (g) → NO (g) + O2 (g).
14c. [1 mark]
Different sources of N2O have different ratios of 14N : 15N.
State one analytical technique that could be used to determine the ratio of 14N : 15N.

Markscheme
mass spectrometry/MS     [✔]
14d. [2 marks]
A sample of gas was enriched to contain 2 % by mass of 15N with the remainder being 14N.
Calculate the relative molecular mass of the resulting N2O.

Markscheme
(98 ×14 )+(2 ×15)
«  =» 14.02    [✔]
100
«Mr = (14.02 × 2) + 16.00 =» 44.04    [✔]
14e. [2 marks]
Predict, giving two reasons, how the first ionization energy of 15N compares with that of
14
N.

Markscheme
Any two:
same AND have same nuclear charge /number of protons/Zeff      [✔]
same AND neutrons do not affect attraction/ionization energy/Z eff
OR
same AND neutrons have no charge       [✔]
same AND same attraction for «outer» electrons     [✔]
same AND have same electronic configuration/shielding     [✔]
 
Note: Accept “almost the same”.
“Same” only needs to be stated once.
14f. [2 marks]
Explain why the first ionization energy of nitrogen is greater than both carbon and oxygen.
Nitrogen and carbon:
Nitrogen and oxygen:

Markscheme
Nitrogen and carbon:
N has greater nuclear charge/«one» more proton «and electrons both lost from singly filled
p-orbitals»    [✔]

 
Nitrogen and oxygen:
O has a doubly filled «p-»orbital
OR
N has only singly occupied «p-»orbitals     [✔]
 
Note: Accept “greater e– - e- repulsion in O” or “lower e– - e- repulsion in N”.
Accept box annotation of electrons for M2.
14g. [1 mark]
The Lewis (electron dot) structure of the dinitrogen monoxide molecule can be
represented as:
State what the presence of alternative Lewis structures shows about the nature of the
bonding in the molecule.

Markscheme
delocalization
OR
delocalized π-electrons    [✔]
 
Note: Accept “resonance”.
14h. [1 mark]
State, giving a reason, the shape of the dinitrogen monoxide molecule.

Markscheme
linear AND 2 electron domains
OR
linear AND 2 regions of electron density    [✔]
 
Note: Accept “two bonds AND no lone pairs” for reason.
14i. [1 mark]
Deduce the hybridization of the central nitrogen atom in the molecule.

Markscheme
sp     [✔]
15. [1 mark]
Consider the following reaction:
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2NH3 (g)
    
Which calculation gives ΔHΘ, in kJ, for the forward reaction?
A.   2z − y − 3x
B.   y + 3x − 2z
C.   y + 3x − 6z
D.   6z − y − 3x
 

Markscheme
C
16. [1 mark]
Which statement is correct?
A.     In an exothermic reaction, the products have more energy than the reactants.
B.     In an exothermic reversible reaction, the activation energy of the forward reaction is
greater than that of the reverse reaction.
C.     In an endothermic reaction, the products are more stable than the reactants.
D.     In an endothermic reversible reaction, the activation energy of the forward reaction is
greater than that of the reverse reaction.

Markscheme
D
17. [1 mark]
Which describes the reaction shown in the potential energy profile?
A.     The reaction is endothermic and the products have greater enthalpy than the
reactants.
B.     The reaction is endothermic and the reactants have greater enthalpy than the
products.
C.     The reaction is exothermic and the products have greater enthalpy than the reactants.
D.     The reaction is exothermic and the reactants have greater enthalpy than the products.

Markscheme
A

Printed for GREEN HILLS ACAD SEC

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2021
International Baccalaureate® - Baccalauréat International® - Bachillerato Internacional®