Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

PAKISTAN STUDIES 0448/01

Paper 1 History and Culture of Pakistan For Examination from 2015
SPECIMEN MARK SCHEME
1 hour 30 minutes

MAXIMUM MARK: 75

This document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.

DC (NH) 75187/1
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SECTION A

1 (a) According to Source A, what problems faced Pakistan in 1947? [3]

Reward each correct statement with 1 mark.

Population who have low morale, are disheartened and disorganised, government will need
to work hard to motivate the people and have to become more responsible.

(b) What does Source B tell us about Muslim refugees in 1947?

Level Description Marks

Level 3 Supported inferences, e.g. [4–5]

Lots of people are moving because the train is crowded and people
are sitting on the roof. It looks dangerous because the refugees are
clinging to the sides of the train and they may fall off when the train
moves. Many refugees lost their lives while travelling by train from
India to Pakistan in 1947 when partition was announced.
Level 2 Unsupported inferences, e.g. [2–3]

Lots of people are moving, families are leaving. It looks dangerous.

Level 1 Identify surface features from the source, e.g. [1]

I can see people on a train.

Level 0 No valid response. [0]

(c) Why did Pakistan join the United Nations in 1947?

Level Description Marks

Level 3 Explains reasons, e.g. [5–7]

Pakistan felt that membership of the United Nations would help

their conflict with India over Kashmir by drawing the international
community’s attention to it. Also Pakistan took it upon itself to
become a spokesman of many Asian states and movements,
especially Muslim countries. Other issues included the World Bank
and the Canal Water Dispute.
Level 2 Identifies reasons, e.g. [2–4]

Because of the Canal Water Dispute.

Level 1 Simplistic answer, e.g. [1]

The United Nations was founded after World War II.

Level 0 No valid response. [0]

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(d) How successful was Quaid-e-Azam in establishing the new Pakistan in 1947? Explain
your answer.

Level Description Marks

Level 5 Explains successes and failures, and also produces a judgement or [10]
evaluation.
Level 4 Explains successes and failures. [8–9]

Successes:
Quaid-e-Azam Relief Fund created to help refugees. He appealed to
the people to help the refugees.
He toured the provinces encouraging and motivating the people.
Declared himself ‘Protector-General’ of religious minorities.
State Bank of Pakistan set up.
Karachi made capital of Pakistan.
Civil Services re-organised.
Joined United Nations and attempted to draw their attention to
Kashmir problem.

Failures:
Kashmir and other Princely States issues not resolved.
Canal Water Dispute not resolved until 1959.
Millions made homeless or died as a result of partition.
He died in 1948.
Level 3 Explains successes OR explains failures. [5–7]
Level 2 Identifies/describes his policies, e.g. [3–4]

He set up accommodation centres for refugees.

Level 1 Simplistic statement, e.g. [1–2]

He was very successful and they missed him badly when he died.
Level 0 No valid response. [0]

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SECTION B

2 (a) Describe the battle of Plassey. [4]

Reward each correct statement with 1 mark; 2 marks can be awarded for a developed
statement. Candidates might refer to:

1757, French encouraged Siraj-ud-Daulah to attack EIC base at Calcutta. Captured city but
couldn’t keep hold of it, Clive arrived with EIC soldiers and bribed Jafar, one of Siraj’s key
men. Made him Nawab of Bengal as a reward for turning against Siraj who was defeated by
Clive. Body found in a river after battle. As a result of battle, EIC controlled trade in Bengal,
Clive made Governor of Bengal.

(b) Explain why the Mughal Empire declined following the reign of Aurangzeb.

Level Description Marks

Level 3 Explains reasons, e.g. [5–7]

Aurangzeb’s successors became lazy, weak and corrupt and left the
administration to their ministers who often put their own interests
first. There was no law of succession. Instead there was usually
a struggle for succession which ended in war. Succession often
depended upon the ability of the candidates and the support they
could get. Fighting wars became expensive and the military was
stretched and suffered much inefficiency. The successors failed
to run the Empire effectively becoming very extravagant and so
suffered from financial inefficiencies. The vastness of the Empire
made it hard to defend and as such suffered several invasions.
Eventually the British overran the Empire and were superior in such
areas as military might.
Level 2 Identifies reasons, e.g. [2–4]

Aurangzeb’s successors were weak. There was no law of

succession.
Level 1 Simplistic statement, e.g. [1]

It was Aurangzeb’s successors that were to blame.

Level 0 No valid response. [0]

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(c) Was the greased cartridge incident the most important cause of the War of
Independence of 1857? Give reasons for your answer.

Level Description Marks

Level 5 Explains more than one reason and also produces a judgement or [14]
evaluation.
Level 4 Explains more than one reason, e.g. [10–13]

A new cartridge was introduced by the British which was coated

in both cow and pig fat. Because the soldiers had to chew the
fat it caused great resentment since pig fat was forbidden by
the Muslims and the cow was a sacred animal in the eyes of
the Hindus. However there were other reasons for the War. The
replacement of Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official
language in 1832 deeply upset both the Muslims and Hindus. In
1852 the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ was introduced and caused great
unrest because any local kingdom not having a direct male heir
was taken over by the British. A number of social reforms had been
imposed without consultation or care for local feeling which also
caused unrest. Indians had to send their children to co-educational
schools and were forced to abandon purdha.
Level 3 Explains one reason OR gives more than one reason with only [7–9]
simple explanation.
Level 2 Description/identification of reasons, e.g. [3–6]

A new cartridge was introduced by the British which was coated in

both cow and pig fat. The cartridge had to be unfolded by chewing
with teeth before using them in the guns.
Level 1 Simplistic statement, e.g. [1–2]

It was the most important reason.

Level 0 No valid response. [0]

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3 (a) What was the Lucknow Pact? [4]

Reward each correct statement with 1 mark; 2 marks can be awarded for a developed
statement. Candidates might refer to:

(Dec) 1916, Congress agreed to concessions with Muslim League – right to separate
electorates, one third of seats in Councils. Both wanted more seats in Councils, protection
of Minorities, provinces to have autonomy, proposals to be binding on British. First time
joint agreement, Congress accepted some form of partition needed, Home Rule seemed a
possibility and Muslim League realised they needed to work with Congress.

(b) Why was the Muslim League established in 1906?

Level Description Marks

Level 3 Explains reasons, e.g. [5–7]

Muslim rights would not be advanced if they continued to rely on

the Indian National Congress. It was seen as an organisation which
would only advance Hindu views. The Congress was demanding
that India should be treated as a cultural whole and Hindi should
be declared the official language. By not organising a Muslim
group they would continue to be disorganised and disunited. Even
more worrying was the growth of extreme Hindu nationalist groups
who demanded that Muslims be forcibly converted to Hinduism.
Therefore a number of prominent Muslim leaders founded the
Muslim League.
Level 2 Identifies reasons, e.g. [2–4]

The Muslims were not united. The Hindus had their own party.
Level 1 Simplistic statement, e.g. [1]

They wanted their own political party.

Level 0 No valid response. [0]

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(c) ‘The Khilafat Movement failed by 1924 because Gandhi withdrew his support.’ Do you
agree? Give reasons for your answer.

Level Description Marks

Level 5 Explains at least two factors and also produces a judgement or [14]
evaluation.
Level 4 Explains at least two factors, e.g. [10–13]

Gandhi had seen an opportunity for self rule by joining the

Movement, and the involvement of the Hindus was welcomed by
many Muslims. However, by joining with the Hindus the objectives
of the Movement were made less clear since the Hindus and
Ghandi especially, were using it for their own ends and didn’t have
the interests of the Muslims at heart. Chauri Chaura was a village in
the United Province where trouble started between the police and
a mob. Gandhi decided that the Swaraj Movement was becoming
too violent following the Chauri Chaura incident and so called off his
support.
However, there were other reasons for its failure. Some of the
leaders including Maulana Muhammad Ali were imprisoned in 1921
which made the organisation less effective. Thousands of Muslims
migrated to Afghanistan in a religious protest against the British
government. The Afghan government was hostile to the migrants
and refused to allow all the refugees to settle. Many of those who
returned to India died on the journey back or found themselves
homeless and jobs occupied which dispirited the Muslims. Thus
Muslim support for the Khilafat Movement fell away. Its failure was
also brought about by the decision of the Muslim Mustafa Kamal
Ataturk to form a nationalist government in Turkey but the end had
been seen in the refusal of Lloyd George to accept the demands of
the Movement.
Level 3 Explains one factor OR gives more than one reason with only [7–9]
simple explanation.
Level 2 Identifies/describes the reasons for failure, e.g. [3–6]

Gandhi thought that events were getting too violent.

Level 1 Simplistic statement, e.g. [1–2]

It led to the failure of the Movement.

Level 0 No valid response. [0]

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4 (a) Who was Chaudri Rahmat Ali? [4]

Reward each correct statement with 1 mark; 2 marks can be awarded for a developed
statement. Candidates might refer to:

1930 left India to study law at Cambridge, attended conferences in London on Hindu-Muslim
relationships. Believed in a separate Muslim homeland – partition. 1933 a pamphlet ‘Now or
Never’ – argued in favour of partition, gave the name Pakistan. Became popular amongst
most Muslims during the 1930s. Considered less important than Allama Iqbal, Jinnah refused
to meet him.

(b) Why did the Cripps Mission of 1942 fail?

Level Description Marks

Level 3 Explains reasons, e.g. [5–7]

The Muslims rejected the plan because the British would not
agree to Partition and the Congress Party wanted immediate and
full control over the central government. The British were also
negotiating from a weak position which the Congress Party exploited
by demanding Britain leave the sub-continent immediately.
Level 2 Identifies reasons, e.g. [2–4]

The Muslims and Hindus opposed it.

Level 1 Simplistic statement, e.g. [1]

The Cripps Mission had no success/Describes the Mission.

Level 0 No valid response. [0]

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(c) ‘The main reason why Congress rule (1937–1939) was so hated was because of the
introduction of the Wardha Scheme.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.

Level Description Marks

Level 5 Explains at least two factors and also produces a judgement or [14]
evaluation.

Level 4 Explains at least two factors, e.g. [10–13]

The Wardha Scheme was imposed on Muslims. Under this scheme,

students had to bow before Gandhi’s picture each day. Muslims saw
this as an attempt to convert them to Hinduism. However there were
other reasons why Congress Rule was hated. This was due to the
atrocities committed against the Muslims. They were abused and
killed by Hindus. Hindi was enforced as the official language and
organised attacks were made on Muslim worshippers in mosques.
Bande Matram, a song in which degrading remarks were used
against Muslims, was adopted as the national anthem and had to
be sung at the beginning of each day.
Level 3 Explains one factor OR gives two reasons with only simple [7–9]
explanation.
Level 2 Identifies the reasons, e.g. [3–6]

The Muslims had to observe the Wardha Scheme and sing Bande
Matram.
Level 1 Simplistic statement, e.g. [1–2]

The Hindus were cruel.

Level 0 No valid response. [0]

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5 (a) What problems did Benazir Bhutto face as Prime Minister of Pakistan? [4]

Reward each correct statement with 1 mark; 2 marks can be awarded for a developed
statement. Candidates might refer to:

1988–90, 1993–96. Faced opposition from politicians who wanted her to fail, husband Zardari
accused of corruption, divisions within her party (PPP), IJI criticised government of being
close to USA. Confrontations with provincial governments, violent protests, coalition party
MQM joined with IJI, Pucca Qila massacre.

(b) Why was India successful in the 1965 and 1971 wars against Pakistan?

Level Description Marks

Level 3 Explains reasons, e.g. [5–7]

In 1965 the Pakistan army had never expected a full scale war with
India over Kashmir. Their plans to encourage an uprising in Indian
occupied Kashmir did not work. Indian troops attacked and Lahore
was caught unprepared. By 1971, the Indians had developed a
much bigger army and used the civil war in East Pakistan to fight
Pakistan. The speed and ease of the Indian victory confirmed the
Indian army’s superiority.
Level 2 Identifies reasons, e.g. [2–4]

The Indian army was bigger and Pakistan was unprepared.

Level 1 Simplistic answer, e.g. [1]

Pakistan felt betrayed.

Level 0 No valid response. [0]

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(c) ‘Constitutional reforms were the most important of Ayub Khan’s domestic policies
during the ‘Decade of Progress’ between 1958 and 1969.’ Do you agree? Give reasons
for your answer.

Level Description Marks

Level 5 Explains at least two factors/policies and also produces a judgement [14]
or evaluation.
Level 4 Explains at least two factors/policies, e.g. [10–13]

In 1959 Basic Democracies were introduced which was a 4 tier

structure of government, allowing elections at various levels. The
success of these councils which were set up was such that martial
law was lifted. However there were other factors which were
important aspects of his domestic policies. Land was redistributed
to farmers with medium-sized farms and agriculture was revitalised
to such an extent that crop outputs were at record levels. In
1962 an oil refinery was established in Karachi and a Mineral
Development Corporation was set up for the exploration of mineral
deposits. An Export Bonus Scheme was set up offering incentives
to industrialists who increased exports. As a result of these policies
economic growth rose sharply. National growth rate rose more than
7% and the economy grew three times faster than any other South
East Asian country. However the new wealth was concentrated in
the hands of a few and the general population didn’t benefit.
Level 3 Explains one factor/policy OR gives more than one factor/policy with [7–9]
only simple explanation.
Level 2 Identifies/describes the policies, e.g. [3–6]

He introduced Basic Democracies and redistributed land.

Level 1 Simplistic statement, e.g. [1–2]

Constitutional reforms were important to the government of

Pakistan.
Level 0 No valid response. [0]

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