Dr. K. C.

DEEKSHIT
SWTICHGEAR & KOMPELLA
Assistant Professor,

PROTECTION Department of EEE

SNIST
 Course Outcomes:
 Understand about power system transients
and its effects.
 Learn about protection against over voltages.
 Learn about different types of circuit breakers
Contents and its importance.
 Learn about different types of electromagnet
relays.
 Learn about different types of static relays.
 Learn about generator, transformer and
feeder protection.
 Contd..

UNIT –I POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENTS

• Types of System Transients - Traveling or Propagation of Surges -

Attenuation, Distortion, Reflection and Refraction Coefficients -
Termination of lines with different types of conditions - Open Circuited
Line, Short Circuited Line, T-Junction, Lumped Reactive Junctions
(Numerical Problems). Bewley’s Lattice Diagrams (for all the cases
mentioned with numerical examples).
• UNIT – II PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGES:
Generation of Over Voltages in Power Systems, Protection against
Lightning Over Voltages ,Valve type and Zinc-Oxide Lighting Arresters,
Insulation Coordination -BIL, Impulse Ratio, Standard Impulse Test
Wave, Volt-Time Characteristics.
• UNIT – III CIRCUIT BREAKERS:
Elementary principles of arc interruption, Re-striking Voltage and
Recovery voltages, Re-striking Phenomenon, Average and Max. RRRV,
Numerical Problems, Current Chopping and Resistance Switching, Types
and Numerical Problems, Auto recloser’s.
Description and Operation of following types of circuit breakers:
Minimum Oil Circuit breakers, Air Blast Circuit Breakers, Vacuum and
SF6 circuit breakers. CB ratings and Specifications.
• UNIT – IV ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAYS:
Principle of Operation and Construction of Attracted armature,
Balanced Beam, Induction Disc and Induction Cup relays. Relays
Classification, Instantaneous, DMT and IDMT types, Application of
relays, over current, under voltage relays, Directional relays, Differential
relays and Percentage Differential Relays.

Universal torque equation, Distance relays, Impedance, Reactance,

Mho and Off-Set Mho relays, Characteristics of Distance Relays and
Comparison
• UNIT – V STATIC RELAYS:
Static Relays, Static Relays verses Electromagnetic Relays. Amplitude and phase
comparators, coincidence type phase comparators, static over current relay,
definite over current relay, static directional over current relay, static impedance
relay, static reactance relay, advantages and disadvantages of static relays,
Microprocessor based relays.
• UNIT – VI GENERATOR, TRANSFORMER, FEEDER AND BUS-BAR PROTECTION:
Protection of generators against Stator faults, Rotor faults, and Abnormal
Conditions. Restricted Earth fault and Inter turn fault Protection. Numerical
Problems on % Winding Unprotected.
Protection of transformers, Percentage Differential Protection, Numerical
Problem on Design of CT s Ratio, Buchholtz relay Protection.
Protection of Lines, Over Current, Carrier Current and Three-zone distance relay
protection using Impedance relays. Translay Relay. Protection of Bus bars,
Differential protection.
Textbooks & References
• TEXT BOOKS:
1. Electrical Power Systems – C.L.Wadhwa, New Age international (P)
Limited, Publishers, 3rd edition.
2. Protection and Switchgear- Bhavesh Bhalja, R. P. Maheshwari, N.G.
Chothani, Oxford University Press, 1st edition.
3. Power System Protection and Switchgear – Badri Ram, D.N
Viswakarma, TMH Publications.
• REFERENCES:
1. Fundamentals of Power System Protection –Paithankar and
S.R.Bhide.,PHI.
2. Art & Science of Protective Relaying – C R Mason, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
3. Switchgear and Protection – Sunil S Rao, Khanna Publlishers
4. A Text book on Power System Engineering – B.L.Soni, Gupta,
Bhatnagar, Chakrabarthy, Dhanpat Rai & Co.
 Types of System Transients
• Transients:
Transients phenomenon is an aperiodic function of time and does
not last longer.
Or
Transients are sudden changes in the state of any system having
energy storage elements.

It is generated by
• Lightning
• Switching and
• Detonation of nuclear devices at high altitudes above the earth surface.
 TYPES OF TRANSIENTS

• Depending on the duration, • According to the source,

a) Ultra fast transients a) Switching transients and

(Surge phenomena) b) Lightning transients.
b) Medium fast transients,
(Short circuit phenomena) • Depending on the nature,
a) Impulsive transients and
c) slow transients.
(Transient stability) b) Oscillatory transients,
System Transients Analysis
• D.C Source • A.C. Source
• Resistance Only • R-L Circuit
• Inductance only • R-C Circuit
• Capacitance Only
• R-L Circuit
• R-C Circuit
• R-L-C Circuit
INDUCTOR
L
ⅆ𝒊
𝑽=𝑳
ⅆ𝒕
If time t=0, 𝑽 = ∞ which is not possible
practically
S
V ჻ Inductor does not allow sudden change
𝑨𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟎
in the current.
𝒊

𝒕𝒓 𝒕
CAPACITOR
ⅆ𝒗
𝑰=𝑪
C ⅆ𝒕
If time t=0, 𝐢 = ∞ which is not possible
practically
S
V ჻ Capacitor does not allow sudden change
𝑨𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟎
in the voltage.
𝒗

𝒕𝒓 𝒕
TRANSIENTS DUE TO ONLY R
R

𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹
𝑽
𝑰 = = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝑹
S
V
𝑨𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟎
Therefore, resistor does not
𝒊
develop transients during
𝑽
switching
𝑹

𝒕
TRANSIENTS DUE TO ONLY L
L ⅆ𝒊
𝑽=𝑳
ⅆ𝒕
𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝑳𝒂𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒊ⅆ𝒆𝒔
𝒊
𝑽 𝑺
S = 𝑳𝑺𝑰 𝑺 + 𝑰(𝟎)
V 𝑺
𝑨𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟎 𝑽(𝑺)
∴𝑰 𝑺 =
𝒊 𝑳𝒔𝟐
𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝑳𝒂𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒊ⅆ𝒆𝒔
𝑽
𝑳 𝑽
∴𝒊= 𝒕 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙
𝑳
𝒕
TRANSIENTS DUE TO ONLY C
𝟏
𝑽 = ර 𝒊ⅆ𝒕
C
𝑪
𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝑳𝒂𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒊ⅆ𝒆𝒔
𝒊
𝑽 𝑺 𝟏 𝑰(𝑺)
S = − 𝑰(𝟎)
V 𝑺 𝑪 𝑺
𝑨𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟎 ∴𝑰 𝑺 =𝑽 𝑺 𝑪
𝒊 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝑳𝒂𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒊ⅆ𝒆𝒔

∴ 𝒊 = 𝑽𝑪 𝜹(𝒕)

𝒕
 Transient Due to RL
L
R
ⅆ𝒊
𝑽 = 𝑹𝒊 + 𝑳
ⅆ𝒕
𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝑳𝒂𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒊ⅆ𝒆𝒔
𝒊
𝑽 𝑺
S = 𝑹𝑰 𝑺 + 𝑳𝑺𝑰 𝑺 + 𝑰(𝟎)
V 𝑺
𝑨𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟎
𝑽(𝑺)
∴𝑰 𝑺 =
𝑺(𝑹 + 𝑳𝑺)
𝑽(𝑺)ൗ
⇒𝑰 𝑺 = 𝑳
𝑺(𝑺 + 𝑹ൗ𝑳)
 Transient Due to RL
𝑽(𝑺)ൗ 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝑳𝒂𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆
𝑳 𝑽(𝑺) 𝑨 𝑩
⇒𝑰 𝑺 = = + 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒊ⅆ𝒆𝒔
𝑹
𝑺(𝑺 + ൗ𝑳) 𝑳 𝑺 𝑺 + 𝑹ൗ
𝑳
𝑽 𝑹
−𝑳𝒕
⇒𝒊 𝒕 = 𝟏−𝒆
𝑽(𝑺) 𝑳ൗ𝑹 𝑳ൗ
𝑹 𝑹
⇒𝑰 𝑺 = −
𝑳 𝑺 𝑺 + 𝑹ൗ𝑳

𝑽(𝑺) 𝟏 𝟏
⇒𝑰 𝑺 = −
𝑹 𝑺 𝑺 + 𝑹ൗ
𝑳
 Transient Due to RL
𝑽 𝑹
−𝑳𝒕
𝒊 𝒕 = 𝟏−𝒆 𝒊
𝑹
𝑳
𝑨𝒕 𝒕 =
𝑹
𝑽 𝑹𝑳
−𝑳𝑹 𝑽 𝟏 𝑽
𝒊 𝒕 = 𝟏−𝒆 = 𝟏− = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟐 𝑳 𝒕
𝑹 𝑹 𝒆 𝑹 𝒕=
𝑹

𝑽
⇒ 𝒊 𝒕 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟐% 𝒐𝒇
𝑹
Transient Due to RL
➢The time taken to reach the 63.2% of its rated value is
known as time constant and is given by

𝑳
𝝉=
𝑹

If L is large and R is small, the time taken to reach 63.2% is

high and vice versa.
 Transient due to RC
C
R 𝟏
𝑽 = 𝑹𝒊 + න 𝒊ⅆ𝒕
𝑪
𝒊 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝑳𝒂𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒊ⅆ𝒆𝒔
𝑽 𝑺 𝟏𝑰 𝑺
= 𝑹𝑰 𝑺 + − 𝑰(𝟎)
S
V
𝑺 𝑪 𝑺
𝑨𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟎
𝑽(𝑺) 𝑽(𝑺) 𝑽(𝑺)
∴𝑰 𝑺 = = ⇒𝑰 𝑺 =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑺(𝑹 + ) 𝑹𝑺 + 𝑹 𝑺+
𝑪𝑺 𝑪 𝑹𝑪

𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝑳𝒂𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒊ⅆ𝒆𝒔

𝑽 −𝟏𝒕
⇒ 𝒊 𝒕 = 𝒆 𝑹𝑪
𝑹
 𝒊(𝒕)
𝑽
𝑹
𝑽 −𝟏𝒕
𝒊 𝒕 = 𝒆 𝑹𝑪
𝑹
𝑽
𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟕
𝑨𝒕 𝒕 = 𝐑𝐂 𝑹
𝒕
𝑽 −
𝑹𝑪 𝑽 𝟏 𝑽 𝒕 = 𝑹𝑪
𝒊 𝒕 = 𝒆 𝑹𝑪 = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟕
𝑹 𝑹 𝒆 𝑹

𝑽
⇒ 𝒊 𝒕 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟕% 𝒐𝒇
𝑹
 Travelling (or) Propagation of a Surge/
Wave

AC Load
 Travelling (or) Propagation of a Surge/
Wave
𝑸
From the definition of capacitance 𝑪=
𝑽
𝑸
Per unit capacitance is given by 𝑪= ⇒ 𝑸 = 𝑪𝑽𝒙
𝑽𝒙
ⅆ𝑸 ⅆ𝑪𝑽𝒙 ⅆ𝒙
From the definition of current 𝑰= = = 𝑪𝑽 = 𝑪𝑽𝝑 −− −(𝟏)
ⅆ𝒕 ⅆ𝒕 ⅆ𝒕
𝑵𝝋 𝑵𝝋
From the definition of inductance 𝑳= ⇒𝑳=
𝑰 𝑰𝒙
𝝋
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝑵 = 𝟏 𝑳= ⇒ 𝝋 = 𝑳𝑰𝒙
𝑰𝒙
 Travelling (or) Propagation of a Surge/
Wave
𝝋 = 𝑳𝑰𝒙
ⅆ𝝋 ⅆ𝑳𝑰𝒙 ⅆ𝒙
From the Faraday’s 2 Law 𝑽=𝑽 =𝑽 = 𝑳𝑰 = 𝑳𝑰𝝑 −− −(𝟐)
ⅆ𝒕 ⅆ𝒕 ⅆ𝒕

(𝟐) 𝑽 𝑳𝑰𝝑 𝑽𝟐 𝑳 𝑽 𝑳
= ⇒ 𝟐 = ⇒ =
(𝟏) 𝑰 𝑽𝑪𝝑 𝑰 𝑪 𝑰 𝑪

𝑳
∴ 𝒁𝟎 = 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒁𝟎 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒆ⅆ𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑻𝒓. 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆
𝑪
Travelling (or) Propagation of a Surge/
Wave
From power systems-1
𝟐 × (𝟏) 𝑽𝑰 = 𝑪𝑽𝝑 × 𝑳𝑰𝝑
𝑫
𝟏 𝑳=𝟐× 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐥𝐧 −− −(𝟓)
𝟐
⇒𝝑 = 𝒓
𝑳𝑪
𝟐𝝅𝜺𝟎
𝑪= −− −(𝟔)
𝑫
𝟏 𝐥𝐧
𝒓
∴𝝑= −− −(𝟒)
𝑳𝑪
Travelling (or) Propagation of a Surge/
Wave
𝒔𝒖𝒃 𝟓 , (𝟔) 𝒊𝒏 (𝟒)

𝟏 𝟏
∴𝝑= =
𝑫 𝟐𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝟒𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝜺𝟎
𝟐× 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐥𝐧 ×
𝒓 𝑫
𝐥𝐧
𝒓

𝟏
∴𝝑= 𝝑 = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎Τ𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎/𝝁𝒔
𝝁𝟎 𝜺𝟎

𝝑 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒎/𝝁𝒔
Coefficients

• Reflection Coefficients
• Refraction Coefficients
• Attenuation Constant
• Distortion Constant
Reflection Coefficients

Reflection coefficient is defined as the ratio

of reflected voltage to forwarded voltage.
𝒁𝟎

𝑽+ L
A O
a 𝒁𝑳
C d

𝑽− 𝒙=𝟎
Reflection Coefficients

𝑽−
𝚼= +
𝑽

𝑽 𝒙, 𝒕 = 𝑽+ 𝒆−𝜸𝒙 + 𝑽− 𝒆𝜸𝒙 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝜸 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕

𝑰 𝒙, 𝒕 = 𝑰+ 𝒆−𝜸𝒙 + 𝑰− 𝒆𝜸𝒙

𝑽+ −𝑽− 𝑽 + −𝑽 −
𝒁𝟎 = + = − ⇒ 𝑰+ = 𝒐𝒓 𝑰− =
𝑰 𝑰 𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝟎
Reflection Coefficients

𝑰 𝒙, 𝒕 = 𝑰+ 𝒆−𝜸𝒙 + 𝑰− 𝒆𝜸𝒙 𝑽 𝒙, 𝒕 = 𝑽+ 𝒆−𝜸𝒙 + 𝑽− 𝒆𝜸𝒙

𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒍𝒓𝒚
𝑽+ −𝜸𝒙 𝑽− 𝜸𝒙
𝑰 𝒙, 𝒕 = 𝒆 − 𝒆 𝑽 𝟎, 𝒕 = 𝑽 = 𝑽+ + 𝑽−
𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝟎
𝑨𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝑽 𝑽+ + 𝑽 −
= + 𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒆ⅆ𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝑽+ 𝑽− 𝑰 𝑽 𝑽−
𝑰 𝟎, 𝒕 = 𝑰 = 𝒆−𝜸𝟎 − 𝒆𝜸𝟎 −
𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝟎

𝑽+ 𝑽 − 𝑽 𝑽+ + 𝑽−
⇒𝑰= − ⇒ 𝒁𝑳 = = + −
𝒁𝟎
𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝟎 𝑰 𝑽 −𝑽
Reflection Coefficients

𝑽 −
𝑽 𝑽+ 𝟏 + ൗ𝑽+ ⇒ 𝒁𝑳 −𝒁𝟎 = 𝒁𝑳 𝚼 + 𝒁𝟎 𝚼
𝒁𝑳 = = + − 𝒁𝟎
𝑰 𝑽 𝟏 − 𝑽 ൗ𝑽+
𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎
𝟏+𝚼 ⇒𝚼=
𝒁𝑳 = 𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝑳
𝟏−𝚼
𝑽− 𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎
⇒ 𝒁𝑳 𝟏 − 𝚼 = 𝟏 + 𝚼 𝒁𝟎 𝒊. 𝒆 =
𝑽 + 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎
⇒ 𝒁𝑳 −𝒁𝑳 𝚼 = 𝒁𝟎 + 𝒁𝟎 𝚼 𝑾𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒔 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒔
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕
Refraction Coefficients

The refraction coefficient is defined as the

𝑽−
𝟏+𝜰=𝟏+ +
𝑽

𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎
⇒𝟏+𝜰=𝟏+
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎

𝟐𝒁𝑳 𝑾𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒔 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒔

∴𝟏+𝜰=
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕
Attenuation Constant

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒃𝒚

𝜸= 𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳 𝑮 + 𝒋𝝎𝑪

𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝜸 = 𝜶 + 𝒋𝜷

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝜶 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒏ⅆ

𝜷 𝒊𝒔 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒐𝒓 ⅆ𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
Attenuation Constant

𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝟐 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝜶𝟐 − 𝜷𝟐 = 𝑹𝑮 − 𝝎𝟐 𝑳𝑪

𝜶 + 𝒋𝜷 = 𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳 𝑮 + 𝒋𝝎𝑪 𝟐𝜶𝜷 = 𝝎 𝑹𝑪 + 𝑮𝑳

2 𝝎 𝑹𝑪 + 𝑮𝑳
⇒ 𝜶 + 𝒋𝜷 = 𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳 𝑮 + 𝒋𝝎𝑪 ⇒𝜷=
𝟐𝜶
⇒ 𝜶𝟐 − 𝜷𝟐 + 𝟐𝒋𝜶𝜷 = 𝑹𝑮 − 𝝎𝟐 𝑳𝑪 + 𝒋𝝎 𝑹𝑪 + 𝑮𝑳 𝑩𝒚 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝜷 𝒊𝒏
𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑩𝒚 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒏ⅆ 𝟐
𝟐
𝝎 𝑹𝑪 + 𝑮𝑳
𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒔 𝜶 − = 𝑹𝑮 − 𝝎𝟐 𝑳𝑪
𝟐𝜶
Attenuation Constant

𝟐
𝟐
𝝎 𝑹𝑪 + 𝑮𝑳
𝜶 − = 𝑹𝑮 − 𝝎𝟐 𝑳𝑪
𝟐𝜶

𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝟒𝜶𝟒 − 𝝎𝟐 𝑹𝑪 𝟐 + 𝑮𝑳 𝟐 + 𝟐𝑹𝑪𝑮𝑳 = 𝟒𝜶𝟐 𝑹𝑮 − 𝟒𝜶𝟐 𝝎𝟐 𝑳𝑪

𝝎 𝟐
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
𝜶 + 𝜶 𝝎 𝑳𝑪 − 𝑹𝑮 − 𝑹𝑪 + 𝑮𝑳 =𝟎
𝟐

𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝜶𝟐 = 𝒙
Attenuation Constant
𝝎 𝟐 𝝎 𝟐
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝜶 + 𝜶 𝝎 𝑳𝑪 − 𝑹𝑮 − 𝑹𝑪 + 𝑮𝑳 =𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 +𝒙 𝝎 𝑳𝑪 − 𝑹𝑮 − 𝑹𝑪 + 𝑮𝑳 =𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
−𝒃 ± 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝑾𝒆 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒙=
𝟐𝒂

𝑹𝑮 − 𝝎𝟐 𝑳𝑪 ± 𝑹𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 𝑳𝟐 𝑮𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 𝑪𝟐
∴𝒙=
𝟐
𝑩𝒖𝒕 𝒙 = 𝜶𝟐
𝟏ൗ
𝟐
𝑹𝑮 − 𝝎𝟐 𝑳𝑪 ± 𝑹𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 𝑳𝟐 𝑮𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 𝑪𝟐
∴𝜶=
𝟐
Attenuation Constant

𝑩𝒖𝒕 𝜶 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒑𝒉𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒂𝒏ⅆ 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒍ⅆ 𝒃𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍

𝟏ൗ
𝟐
𝑹𝑮 − 𝝎𝟐 𝑳𝑪 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 𝑳𝟐 𝑮𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 𝑪𝟐 𝑵𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒓ൗ
∴𝜶= 𝒎
𝟐

𝟏 𝑵𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒓 = 𝟓. 𝟔ⅆ𝑩
Distortion Constant

𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝝎 𝑹𝑪 + 𝑮𝑳

𝜷=
𝟐𝜶
𝑩𝒚 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝜶 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝝎𝟐 𝑳𝑪 − 𝑹𝑮 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 𝑳𝟐 𝑮𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 𝑪𝟐 𝒓𝒂ⅆൗ
𝜷= 𝒎
𝟐
Open-End
Line
 Transients on open circuited end circuit
𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎
𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆 = 𝑰𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆 =−
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎

𝟐𝒁𝑳 𝟐𝒁𝟎
𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒂 = 𝑰𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒂 =
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎
𝑨𝒔 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒊𝒕 𝒆𝒏ⅆ 𝒁𝑳 = ∞ 𝑨𝒔 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒊𝒕 𝒆𝒏ⅆ 𝒁𝑳 = ∞
𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎
𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏 𝑰𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 − = −𝟏
𝒁𝑳→∞ 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝑳→∞ 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎
𝟐𝒁𝑳 𝟐𝒁𝟎
𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒂 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟐 𝑰𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒂 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
𝒁𝑳→∞ 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝑳→∞ 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎
SHORT-
CIRCUIT
LINE
 Transients on short circuited end circuit
𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎
𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆 = 𝑰𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆 =−
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎

𝟐𝒁𝑳 𝟐𝒁𝟎
𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒂 = 𝑰𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒂 =
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎
𝑨𝒔 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒊𝒕 𝒆𝒏ⅆ 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟎 𝑨𝒔 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒊𝒕 𝒆𝒏ⅆ 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟎
𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎
𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = −𝟏 𝑰𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 − =𝟏
𝒁𝑳→∞ 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝑳→∞ 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎
𝟐𝒁𝑳 𝟐𝒁𝟎
𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒂 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎 𝑰𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒂 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟐
𝒁𝑳→∞ 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝑳→∞ 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎
 Transients under Resistive Load
𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 − 𝒁𝟎
𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆 = =
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 + 𝒁𝟎
𝑽+ L
A O 𝟐𝒁𝑳 𝟐𝑹
a 𝑹 𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒂 = =
C d 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 + 𝒁𝟎
𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 − 𝒁𝟎
𝑰𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆 =− =−
𝑽 − 𝒙=𝟎 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 + 𝒁𝟎

𝟐𝒁𝟎 𝟐𝒁𝟎
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝟒𝟎𝒎𝜴 𝑰𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒂 = =
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 + 𝒁𝟎

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝜴

 Transients connected to Cable
𝒁𝟎 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝛀
𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎 𝟒𝟎 − 𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆 = = = −𝟎. 𝟖𝟏
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝟒𝟎 + 𝟒𝟎𝟎
+ 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟒𝟎𝒎𝛀
𝑽 L
A O 𝟐𝒁𝑳 𝟐 × 𝟒𝟎
C
a 𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒂 = = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗
d 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝟒𝟎 + 𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎 𝟒𝟎 − 𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆 =− =− = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏
𝑽 − 𝒙=𝟎 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝟒𝟎 + 𝟒𝟎𝟎

𝟐𝒁𝟎 𝟐 × 𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝑰𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒂 = = = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟏
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝟒𝟎 + 𝟒𝟎𝟎
Transients connected to T-Junction
𝑽 𝒙, 𝒕 = 𝑽+ 𝒆−𝜸𝒙 + 𝑽− 𝒆𝜸𝒙

𝑨𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝑽 = 𝑽+ + 𝑽−
𝒁𝟎 𝑰𝟏
𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆ⅆ 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒊ⅆ𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 + 𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆ⅆ 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆
𝑰𝟐
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑽 = 𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆ⅆ 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆
AC
𝑽+ = 𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒊ⅆ𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆

𝑽− = 𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆ⅆ 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆

𝑽 + 𝑽 −
𝑰+ = & 𝑰− = − 𝑰 = 𝑰+ + 𝑰−
𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝟎
 Transients connected to T-Junction
𝑽 + 𝑽− 𝑽+ − 𝑽 − 𝑽+ 𝟏 𝟏
∴𝑰= − −− −(𝟏) ⇒ =𝑽 +
𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐
𝟐𝑽+ − 𝑽 𝟏 𝟏
𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒊𝒕 𝑰 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 ⇒ =𝑽 +
𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐
𝑽 𝑽
∴ 𝑰𝟏 = & 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟐𝑽+ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐 ⇒ =𝑽 + +
𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝟎
𝑽 𝑽
∴𝑰= + −− −(𝟐)
𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐 𝟐𝑽+ൗ
𝒁𝟎
𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟏 & (𝟐) ∴𝑽=
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ +
𝑽+ − 𝑽− 𝟏 𝟏 𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝟎
=𝑽 +
𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐
Solution:
3-Phase ⅆ = 𝟏. 𝟓𝒄𝒎 𝑫 = 𝟏𝒄𝒎 𝑹 𝑵𝒆𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆ⅆ 𝜵 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆ⅆ 𝑻. 𝑳

𝑽+ = 𝟏𝟏𝒌𝑽 𝑹𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝜴ൗ𝒎 𝑳Τ

𝒄𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝑯

𝑪Τ
𝒄𝒎 = 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝝁𝑭
 𝑳
𝑵𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒆ⅆ𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒁𝟎 =
𝑪
𝑫 −𝟕
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑳 = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟕
𝐥𝐧 ⇒ 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒏 = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑯
𝒓 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
𝟐𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝟐𝝅 × 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐
𝑪= ⇒ = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 𝑭
𝑫 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐥𝐧 𝒍𝒏
𝒓 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓

𝑳
∴ 𝒁𝟎 = = 𝟐𝟗𝟑. 𝟑𝟗𝛀
𝑪
 Bewley’s Lattice Diagram

This is a graphical representation of the time-space relation, which

shows the position and direction of motion at any instant of incident,
reflected and transmitted current or voltage surges. In a Lattice diagram,
the horizontal axes represent the distance travelled along the system
and vertical axes represent the time taken to travel. At each instant of
change in impedance, the reflected and transmitted values (current or
voltages) can be calculated by multiplying incident wave values with
reflected and transmitted coefficients.
 Example:

Draw the Bewley’s lattice diagram of sending end voltage V with a

transmission line impedance 𝒁𝟎 . The receiving end consisting of resistance
𝒁𝟎
of R ohms with the source has internal resistance of 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔.
𝟑

𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 − 𝒁𝟎 𝑽 − 𝑹 − 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 − 𝒁𝟎
𝜸𝑹 = = ⇒ = ∴ 𝑽− =𝑽
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 + 𝒁𝟎 𝑽 𝑹 + 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 + 𝒁𝟎

𝒁𝟎ൗ
𝟑 − 𝒁𝟎 −𝟏
𝜸𝒔 = =
𝒁𝟎ൗ 𝟐
𝟑 + 𝒁𝟎
 Diagram

𝑺𝒆𝒏ⅆ𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏ⅆ 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏ⅆ

𝒕=𝟎
𝑹 − 𝒁𝟎
𝒕=𝑻 𝑽
𝑹 + 𝒁𝟎
𝑹 − 𝒁𝟎
𝑽
𝑹 + 𝒁𝟎 𝒕 = 𝟐𝑻
× −𝟏ൗ𝟐 𝟐
𝑹 − 𝒁𝟎
𝒕 = 𝟑𝑻 𝑽 × −𝟏ൗ𝟐
𝑹 + 𝒁𝟎

𝒕 = 𝟒𝑻

𝟐
𝑹 − 𝒁𝟎
𝑽 × 𝟏ൗ𝟒
𝑹 + 𝒁𝟎
 Case:1

Draw the Bewley’s lattice diagram of sending end voltage V=20V with a
transmission line impedance 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟐𝟕𝒐𝒉𝒎. The receiving end consisting of
resistance of R=100 ohms with the source has internal resistance of
𝒁𝟎
𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔.
𝟑
𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 − 𝒁𝟎 𝑽− 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟕
𝜸𝑹 = = ⇒ = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟒
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 + 𝒁𝟎 𝑽 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟐𝟕

𝒁𝟎ൗ
𝟑 − 𝒁𝟎 −𝟏
𝜸𝒔 = = = −𝟎. 𝟓
𝒁𝟎ൗ 𝟐
𝟑 + 𝒁𝟎
 Diagram

𝑺𝒆𝒏ⅆ𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏ⅆ 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏ⅆ

𝒕=𝟎
𝒕=𝑻 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟗

−𝟓. 𝟕𝟒 𝒕 = 𝟐𝑻

𝒕 = 𝟑𝑻 −𝟑. 𝟑𝟎𝟑

𝟏. 𝟔𝟓 𝒕 = 𝟒𝑻
 Case:2

Draw the Bewley’s lattice diagram of sending end voltage V=20V with a
transmission line impedance 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟐𝟕𝒐𝒉𝒎. The receiving end consisting of
𝒁𝟎
resistance of R=0 ohms with the source has internal resistance of 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔.
𝟑

𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 − 𝒁𝟎 𝑽− 𝟎 − 𝟐𝟕
𝜸𝑹 = = ⇒ = = −𝟏
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 + 𝒁𝟎 𝑽 𝟎 + 𝟐𝟕

𝒁𝟎ൗ
𝟑 − 𝒁𝟎 −𝟏
𝜸𝒔 = = = −𝟎. 𝟓
𝒁𝟎ൗ 𝟐
𝟑 + 𝒁𝟎
 Diagram

𝑺𝒆𝒏ⅆ𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏ⅆ 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏ⅆ

𝒕=𝟎
𝒕=𝑻 −𝟐𝟎

1𝟎 𝒕 = 𝟐𝑻

𝒕 = 𝟑𝑻 −𝟏𝟎

𝟓 𝒕 = 𝟒𝑻
 Case:3

Draw the Bewley’s lattice diagram of sending end voltage V=20V with a
transmission line impedance 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟐𝟕𝒐𝒉𝒎. The receiving end consisting of
𝒁𝟎
resistance of R=inf ohms with the source has internal resistance of 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔.
𝟑

𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 − 𝒁𝟎 𝑽− 𝑹 − 𝟐𝟕
𝜸𝑹 = = ⇒ = lim =𝟏
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 + 𝒁𝟎 𝑽 𝑹→∞ 𝑹 + 𝟐𝟕

𝒁𝟎ൗ
𝟑 − 𝒁𝟎 −𝟏
𝜸𝒔 = = = −𝟎. 𝟓
𝒁𝟎ൗ 𝟐
𝟑 + 𝒁𝟎
 Diagram

𝑺𝒆𝒏ⅆ𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏ⅆ 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏ⅆ

𝒕=𝟎
𝒕=𝑻 𝟐𝟎

−1𝟎 𝒕 = 𝟐𝑻

𝒕 = 𝟑𝑻 −𝟏𝟎

𝟓 𝒕 = 𝟒𝑻
 Case:4

Draw the Bewley’s lattice diagram of sending end voltage V=20V with a
transmission line impedance 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟐𝟕𝒐𝒉𝒎. The receiving end consisting of
resistance of R=100 ohms with the source has internal resistance of 𝟎 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔.

𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 − 𝒁𝟎 𝑽− 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟕
𝜸𝑹 = = ⇒ = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟒
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 + 𝒁𝟎 𝑽 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟐𝟕

𝟎 − 𝒁𝟎
𝜸𝒔 = = −𝟏
𝟎 + 𝒁𝟎
 Diagram

𝑺𝒆𝒏ⅆ𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏ⅆ 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏ⅆ

𝒕=𝟎
𝒕=𝑻 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟗

−1𝟏. 𝟒𝟗
𝒕 = 𝟐𝑻

𝒕 = 𝟑𝑻 −𝟔. 𝟓𝟗

−𝟔. 𝟓𝟗 𝒕 = 𝟒𝑻
 Case:5

Draw the Bewley’s lattice diagram of sending end voltage V=20V with a
transmission line impedance 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟐𝟕𝒐𝒉𝒎. The receiving end consisting of
resistance of R=0 ohms with the source has internal resistance of 𝟎 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔.

𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 − 𝒁𝟎 𝑽− 𝟎 − 𝟐𝟕
𝜸𝑹 = = ⇒ = = −𝟏
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 + 𝒁𝟎 𝑽 𝟎 + 𝟐𝟕

𝟎 − 𝒁𝟎
𝜸𝒔 = = −𝟏
𝟎 + 𝒁𝟎
 Diagram

𝑺𝒆𝒏ⅆ𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏ⅆ 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏ⅆ

𝒕=𝟎
𝒕=𝑻 −𝟐𝟎

2𝟎 𝒕 = 𝟐𝑻

𝒕 = 𝟑𝑻 −𝟐𝟎

𝟐𝟎 𝒕 = 𝟒𝑻
 Case:5

Draw the Bewley’s lattice diagram of sending end voltage V=20V with a
transmission line impedance 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟐𝟕𝒐𝒉𝒎. The receiving end consisting of
resistance of R=inf ohms with the source has internal resistance of 𝟎 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔.

𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 − 𝒁𝟎 𝑽− 𝑹 − 𝟐𝟕
𝜸𝑹 = = ⇒ = lim =𝟏
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎 𝑹 + 𝒁𝟎 𝑽 𝑹→∞ 𝑹 + 𝟐𝟕

𝟎 − 𝒁𝟎
𝜸𝒔 = = −𝟏
𝟎 + 𝒁𝟎
 Diagram

𝑺𝒆𝒏ⅆ𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏ⅆ 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏ⅆ

𝒕=𝟎
𝒕=𝑻 𝟐𝟎

−2𝟎 𝒕 = 𝟐𝑻

𝒕 = 𝟑𝑻 −𝟐𝟎

𝟐𝟎 𝒕 = 𝟒𝑻
Bewley’s
Lattice
Diagram
 𝑨
𝑩
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝜴 𝟖𝟎𝜴 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝜴

𝟏𝑽
𝜷𝟏
𝜶𝟏
𝜷𝟏 𝜷𝟐
𝜷𝟏 𝜶𝟐

𝜷𝟏 𝜶𝟐 𝜷′ 𝟐