Water filtration 

is the process of removing or reducing the concentration of particulate matter,

including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi, as well as other
undesirable chemical and biological contaminants from contaminated water to produce safe
and clean water for a specific purpose, such as drinking, medical, and pharmaceutical
applications. The filtration systems for drinking water usually incorporate a five-stage
filtration processWhat is the filtration process?

Filtration is the process of separating suspended solid matter from a liquid, by causing the latter to pass
through the pores of some substance, called a filter. The liquid which has passed through the filter is called
the filtrate.
: sediment, mechanical, chemical, mineral, and bacterial.

What are the 3 types of filtration?

The three main types of filtration are mechanical, biological, and chemical filtration.

Types of Filtration

 Vacuum Filtration. In vacuum filtration, a vacuum pump is used to rapidly draw the fluid through a
filter. ...
 Centrifugal Filtration. This kind of filtration is done by rotating the substance to be filtered at very
high speed. ...
 Gravity Filtration. ...
 Cold Filtration. ...
 Hot Filtration. ...
 Multilayer Filtration.

Filtration Definition
Filtration is the separating of substances based on their different physical and chemical qualities.
Typically, we think of it as the removal of solid particles from a mixture containing both solids and
liquids. In this process, we refer to the collected solid material as the residue and the fluid material as
the filtrate. Usually, a tool that contains some form of pores is used, which allows the fluid portion,
but not the solid portion, to pass through. Different materials are used for the purpose of filtration,
including paper, sand, and cloth. Filtration also occurs naturally in our bodies, for example in the
kidneys, where the blood is filtered in a process called glomerular filtration.

Types of Filtration
There are many different ways to filter matter, and below are just a few that we can use in the
separating of substances.

Vacuum Filtration

In vacuum filtration, a vacuum pump is used to rapidly draw the fluid through a filter. Hirsch
funnels and Buchner funnels, which are the same kind of funnel in two different sizes, are used along
with filter paper. The funnels have a plate with holes in it, as we can see below, and they are usually
used when the substance to be filtered is small in volume.

Buchner funnel
Centrifugal Filtration

This kind of filtration is done by rotating the substance to be filtered at very high speed. Due to the
horizontal rotation, the more dense matter is separated from the less dense matter.

Gravity Filtration

This is where the mixture is poured from a higher point to a lower one. It is commonly done through
simple filtration, using filter paper in a glass funnel, where the insoluble solid particles are captured
by the filter paper and the liquid goes right through by gravity’s pull. Depending on the volume of the
substance at hand, filter cones, fluted filters, or filtering pipets can be used.

Cold Filtration

Cold filtration makes use of very low temperatures, often by using an ice bath. Some substances,
such as fatty acid particles, become suspended in the mixture as they cool down, which then allows
us to filter them out more easily.

Hot Filtration

This is often used for crystalline compounds that contain impurities. The way this filtration is done is
by melting down the crystalline compound, removing the impurities as the substance is still in liquid
form, and finally recrystallizing the now pure substance. Often, it is recommended that the apparatus
used in this filtration be heated up so that the filtered substance doesn’t crystallize in the funnel and
block the flow.
Multilayer Filtration

This can refer to multiple layers of different material, including sand, gravel, or charcoal, where the
different layers contain different particle sizes of that material. In this type of filtration, a mixture of
liquid and insoluble solid particles is poured over the layers, and the solid particles are caught
throughout, resulting in a filtered liquid.

Functions of Filtration
Filtration has many different uses, such as the cleaning of water, like river water, from impurities. It
can also be used for sterilization without the use of heat, as long as the filter’s pores are small
enough to catch the microorganisms. Keep in mind that this process will not kill the microorganisms
since it does not make use of heat.

What are sedimentation tanks?

Settling tanks, also called sedimentation basins or clarifiers, are large tanks in which water is made to
flow very slowly in order to promote the sedimentation of particles or flocs. In water and wastewater.
treatment plants, these are so. large that they are situated.

What are the two systems of sedimentation?

The two main flow factors in sediment transport are the settling rate and the boundary layer shear
stress 27.

What is primary sedimentation tank?

Primary Sedimentation Tanks. The primary sedimentation tanks are designed to reduce the velocity of
the wastewater flow for organic solids (called raw sludge) to settle. ... The scum which floats to the surface
is directed by water jets to the sludge sump.

In practice three types of sedimentation tanks are used, which are as follows: 1. Rectangular
Tanks 2. Circular Tanks 3. Hopper Bottom Tanks.

Type # 1. Rectangular Tanks:

These are rectangular in plan and consist of large number of baffle walls. The function of baffle walls is to reduce

the velocity of incoming water to increase the effective length of travel of the particle and prevent the short-

circuiting.

These tanks are generally provided with channel type inlet and outlet extending on the full width. The floor

between two baffles is made like a hopper sloping towards centre where sludge-pipe is provided. The sludge is

taken out through sludge outlet under hydrostatic force by operating the gate-valve.
Type # 2. Circular Tanks:
These are generally not used in plain sedimentation, but are mostly used in sedimentation with coagulation.

There are two types of circular sedimentation tanks classified on the basis of flow of water inside it:

(i) Radial Flow Circular Tank:

The section through a typical type of radial flow circular tank has been shown in Fig. 11.7. The water enters in

this tank through the central inlet pipe placed in-side the deflector box.

ADVERTISEMENTS:

The deflector box deflects the water down wards and then it goes out through the holes provided in the bottom

sides of the deflector box as shown in Fig 11.7. The water flows radially from the deflector box towards the

circumference of the tank, where an outlet is provided on the full periphery as shown. All the suspended on the

sloppy floor and clear water goes through the outlet.

The sludge is removed by scrapper (known as raking arm) which continuously moves around the floor at a very

small velocity. The maximum velocity of raking arm does not exceed 4.5 metres/hour.

(ii) Circumferential Flow Circular Tank:

ADVERTISEMENTS:

Fig. 11.8 shows the plan of a circumferential flow circular tank. Water enters in the tank through two or three

vertical slits. There is one rotating arm in the tank, which allows the water to move along the circumference of the

tank.

Water while moving at very low velocity allows its suspended impurities to settle in the tank, which can be

removed from sludge outlet. The clear water is drawn over a small weir type outlet shown in Fig. 11.8. The length

of this outlet weir should not exceed 1/8th circumference of the tank.

Type # 3. Hopper Bottom Tanks:

These are vertical flow tanks, because water flows upward and downward in these tanks. The water enters in

these tanks from the top into deflector box. After flowing downward inside the deflector box the water reverses its

direction and starts flowing upward around the deflector box as shown by arrows in Fig. 11.9.

ADVERTISEMENTS:

The suspended particles having specific gravity more than one, cannot follow the water at the time of reversing

its direction, and settle in the bottom, from where they are removed through sludge outlet pipe under hydrostatic

pressure.

Rows of decanting channels are provided at the top to collect the clear water. The water after flowing in the

channel is taken out from the outlet channel provided on one side of the tank. The sectional elevation of a typical

type of hopper-bottom settling tank is shown in Fig. 11.9. These tanks are mostly used in sedimentation with co-

angulation process.
Definition of water chamber. A water reservoir in a mine, usually located at the
lowest place, commonly near the shaft station. Also called sump. Ref: Stoces.