9

SCIENCE
LEARNER’S ACTIVITY SHEET
Quarter 2 - Week 2:
Recognize different types of
compounds (ionic or covalent) based
on their properties such as melting
point, hardness, polarity, and
electrical and thermal conductivity
Science – Grade 9
Learner's Activity Sheet
Quarter 2 – Week 2: Recognize different types of compounds (ionic or
covalent) based on their properties such as melting point, hardness, polarity,
and electrical and thermal conductivity
First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer:
Editor: Carmen R. Lim
Reviewer: Carmen R. Lim
Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Management Team:

Marilyn B. Siao
Roberto N. Mangaliman
Ma. Luz I. Orbe
Cecilia A. Arga
Carmen R. Lim

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Department of Education – Schools Division of Catbalogan City

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 LEARNER’S ACTIVITY SHEET IN SCIENCE 9
QUARTER 2, WEEK 2

Name: ___________________________ Grade & Section: _______________

School: __________________________ Teacher: _______________________

Competencies: Recognize different types of compounds (ionic or covalent) based on their

properties such as melting point, hardness, polarity, and electrical and thermal conductivity;
(S9MT-IIb-14)
General Reminders: Use this activity sheet with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the activity sheet. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. Read the
directions carefully before doing each task. Return this activity sheet to your teacher/facilitator
once you are through with it.

Explore

Previously, you learned how quantum mechanical model of the atom describes the energies
and positions of the electrons. From there, you were able to prove that atoms are occupying and
are found in definite energy levels as well as the maximum number electrons that could occupy in
each orbital, sublevel of energy and principal energy level. This time, you will proceed to learning
how atoms combine, the type of bond, and as well as the properties of ionic and covalent bonds.
But beforehand, do the following simple activity to recall your previous knowledge regarding
the lesson:
1. The negatively charged particles moving about in the outer part of the atoms are
___________.
a. nuetrons c. electrons
b. shells d. protons

2. The main energy level of an atom that can accommodate a maximum of 8 eletrons is
the __________.
a. 1st level c. 3rd level
b. 2nd level d. 4th level
3. What particle(s) account(s) for most of the mass of an atom?
a. proton c. neutron and proton
b. electron and proton d. neutron

4. The number of protons in an atom of 31𝐴𝐴 65 is __________.

a. 31 e. 65
b.34 d. 59
5. The number of neutrons in an atom of 31 𝐵𝐵59 is __________________.
a. 28 c. 34
b. 31 d. 59

Learn

Going through this Learner’s Activity Sheet will make you understand what is
happening in the atoms during the formation of compounds.
Physical chemists were able to establish the reason why certain changes happen
naturally or spontaneously. All systems in the universe tend to move toward a state of
maximum stability. This state is also characterized by minimum energy. The same tendency
rules the chemical combination of atoms. Atoms combine to become more stable. Atoms
which are already stable by themselves, will show no tendency to combine with other atoms.
Atoms will combine with other atoms, either with like atoms or different atoms, only if the
resulting combination is more stable than the uncombined atoms.
There are two common types of compounds based on their chemical bonding
characteristics – Ionic Compounds and Covalent Compounds. These compounds are
formed between the chemical combinations of two or more elements. To distinguish between
the types of compounds, one should first take note of the type of elements that are
chemically combined. Figure 1 shows the compounds formed based on the type of elements
combined.

Figure 1: Compounds Formed Based on the Types of Elements Combined

The combined atoms in a compound are said to be chemically bonded. The attractive
force existing between any two atoms is called a chemical bond. Chemical bonds are
formed either by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another or by sharing of
electrons.

The Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds are formed between a metal and a non-metal. As a result of electron
transfer, the atom which gives up an electron becomes a positive ion (cation), while the
atom which accepts the electron becomes a negative ion (anion). Two particles oppositely
charged become closer than before and are held by electrostatic attraction, forming an ionic
bond.

Figure 2: Model of transfer of electrons from an atom to another in the ionic bond
formation

The table below show examples of ionic compounds and their uses.

Table 1: Common Ionic Compounds and their Uses

Chemical
Ionic Compound Importance and Uses
Formula
Potassium iodide KI Iodized salt used for thyroid health
An ingredient in toothpaste that helps prevent
Sodium fluoride NaF
cavities and tooth decay.
Baking soda; used in baking and as an antacid to
Sodium
NaHCO3 reduce stomach acid, treats indigestion and upset
bicarbonate
stomach.
Used as a cleaning agent, it is the component of
Sodium hydroxide NaOH
soap and detergents.
Used in making fireworks releasing the green-
Barium chloride BaCl2
colored explosions

Properties of Ionic Compounds

PROPERTY EXPLANATION
The melting and boiling points of ionic compounds
are high because a large amount of thermal energy
Melting point and Boiling point is required to separate the ions bound by strong
electrical forces. For example, NaCl has a melting
point of 800 °C and a boiling point of 1413 °C
Solid ionic compounds do not conduct electricity,
instead, these are good insulators. This is because
the ions are locked into its crystal lattice and ions
cannot move out, so the solid cannot conduct
Electrical Conductivity
electricity. Only ionic compounds in liquid (molten)
form or aqueous solutions are good electrical
conductors. These ionic substances that conduct
electricity are referred as electrolytes.
Most ionic compounds are hard; the surfaces of
their crystals are not easily scratched. Their ions
Hardness
are strongly bound to the lattice and are not easily
displaced. Crystal lattice is the symmetrical three-
 dimensional arrangement of atoms inside a
crystal.
Most ionic compounds are brittle; a crystal will
shatter if we try to distort its shape or size.
Brittleness
Distortion causes ions of like charges to come close
together ten sharply repel.

The Covalent Compounds

Covalent molecular compounds or simply covalent compounds are substances that
are formed from the chemical combination of two or more non-metallic elements. It could
be between a non-metal and another non-metal, or a metalloid and a non-metal. In a
covalent compound, atoms of the different elements are held together in molecules by
covalent bonds, it is when two atoms in a molecule are held together by the sharing of
electrons.

Figure 3: Models of the sharing of electrons between two atoms in the formation of
covalent bonds

There are millions of covalent molecular compounds most are formed by carbon
and found in living things. The smallest, simplest covalent compounds have molecules
with just two atoms referred to as binary molecular compounds.
Here are some examples of Covalent Molecular Compounds and their uses.

Table 2: Common Covalent Compounds and their Uses

Covalent Chemical
Importance and Uses
Compound Formula
An odorless, colorless gas used mainly as fuel to make heat
Methane CH4
and light.
Ammonia is used as a refrigerant gas, for purification of water
Ammonia NH3 supplies, and in the manufacture of plastics, explosives,
textiles, pesticides, dyes, and other chemicals.
Ozone is a gas that occurs naturally in trace amounts in the
stratosphere. It protects life on Earth from the harmful UV
Ozone O3
rays of the son. But this gas is toxic to living organisms at
ground level.
It is an essential gas for plant and animal processes– like
photosynthesis and respiration. But the excessive amount in
Carbon
CO2 the atmosphere is unsafe as it is a greenhouse gas.
dioxide
In the industry, carbon dioxide in liquid and solid form is
used as a refrigerant, in fire extinguishers.
 One of the most important substances, perhaps in the
universe. Water exists in three states of matter and is
essential to life processes, as our body needs water for all
Water H2O cells, tissues, organs to help regulate body temperature and
maintain bodily functions.
It is also essential for daily and domestic use. Water also
plays an important role in the balance of the ecosystem.

Properties of Covalent Compounds

Property Explanation
Ionic compounds dissociate into ions when
dissolving in water, ions are needed to
conduct electricity. When dissolved in
Do not conduct electricity
water, covalent compounds separate into
molecules rather than ions so, it is typically
don’t conduct electricity.
The covalent bonds between atoms are quite
strong, but the intermolecular forces, the
attraction between molecules can be
Low melting and boiling points relatively weak. The addition of a small
amount of energy separates these molecules
easily. Therefore, they have low melting and
boiling points.
Covalent compounds tend to be more
flammable than ionic compounds.
Combustion is a reaction that releases
energy when the compound reacts with
Flammable
oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and
water. Many of these molecular compounds
that undergo combustion contain hydrogen
and carbon atoms.
This is because covalent bonds are
relatively flexible and easy to break, which
causes molecular compounds to form
Soft and Flexible gasses, liquids, and soft solids at room
temperature. However, there are
exceptions, primarily when molecular
compounds assume crystalline form.

Covalent Molecular Compounds can be polar or nonpolar. The polarity of molecules

results from the differences in the electronegativity of the bonded atoms.

Electronegativity (EN) is the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared

electrons toward it. Figure 4 shows the electronegativity values of the elements in the
periodic table.
The greater the electronegativity of an atom the stronger is its ability to attract shared
electrons towards itself and away from the less electronegative atom. The electrons are not
shared equally and part of the molecule carries a partial positive charge(δ+) and the other
part carries a slight negative charge(δ-) creating a dipole.
 Figure 4: Electronegativity Values of Atoms of Elements

For instance, the covalent bonding between Hydrogen (H)

and Fluorine (F). Fluorine has an EN = 4.0 while Hydrogen has
an EN = 2.1, thus fluorine is more electronegative than
hydrogen and so the shared electrons spend more time around
the fluorine atom creating a partial negative charge. The arrow
points to the slightly negative side of the molecule. This kind of
bonds is a polar covalent bond. Figure 5: Unequal
Sharing of Electrons
Between H and F

When two identical atoms covalently bonded with each

other like diatomic Hydrogen (H2), there would be equal sharing of
electrons between the Hydrogen atoms. This type of bond is a
nonpolar covalent bond form nonpolar molecules.
Figure 6: Equal Sharing
of Electrons Between
Hydrogen atoms

To determine if the type of bond is polar or nonpolar, one has to consider the
electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms. The greater the difference, the more
polar is the bond. If the difference in electronegativity is greater than or equal to 2.0, the
electrons are completely transferred instead of being shared. And an ionic bond would result
rather than a covalent bond.

Electronegativity
Bond Type
Difference
0 < 0.4 Nonpolar
0.5 – 1.9 Polar
>2.0 Ionic
Practice Exercises/Activity

Directions: Do the following activity to reinforce your learning:

You will need:

• Improvised electrical • Salt (sodium chloride)
conductivity apparatus • Vetsin (monosodium
• Distilled water glutamate)
• Alcohol burner /Lamp • Vials or very small
• Metal spoon bottles
• Sugar (sucrose) • Medicine dropper
• Grated paraffin wax
(candle wax)

Follow the steps:

1. Get a pinch of salt, place it in a spoon, and heat it with the use of an alcohol
burner/lamp in 1 minute. Do the same with vetsin, sugar, and grated candle
wax. Record what you observe in column 1, table below.
2. Place a pinch of salt, vetsin, sugar, and grated candle wax on a clean dry sheet
of paper. Label each sample. Let the electrodes of the electrical conductivity
apparatus touch each of the solid sample. Be sure you clean the electrodes
before transferring to the sample. Record your observations in column 2.
3. Transfer each sample to individual vial. Add approximately 3mL of distilled
water in each vial and label. Observe the solubility of each sample in the
distilled water. Record your observations in column 2 observations in column
3. Test the conductivity of the compound with distilled water. Record your
observations in column 2b. Fill out the table below

Electrical
Reactio Conductivit
n to y
Heat (x-did not Type of
Solubility in
(melted conduct Compound
Compoun Water
easily/ electricity (ionic/polar
d (soluble/insoluble
did not /-conduct covalent/nonpola
)
melt electricity) r covalent)
easily) (2)
(1) (a)
(b)
Salt
Vetsin
Wax
Sugar

Guide Questions:
Q1. How do you differentiate ionic from covalent bond?
Q2. What are the characteristics of ionic compounds? Covalent compounds?
 Engage

The following statements are the properties of ionic and covalent molecular
compounds. Color the circle RED if the property is an ionic compound, and BLUE if the
property is a covalent molecular compound.
1) Formed between non-metallic elements
2) Formed between a metal and a non-metal elements
3) Held by ionic bonds
4) Held by covalent bonds
5) Relatively low melting and boiling points
6) Relatively high melting and boiling points
7) Good conductors of electricity in aqueous solutions
8) Insulators in solid form
9) Hard and brittle
10) Soft and flexible
11) Can be classified as polar and nonpolar
12) Consists of Cations and anions
13) There is a complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another
14) There is sharing of valence electrons between atom
15) Flammable because of the presence of carbon and hydrogen atoms

Apply

Activity 1. Classify the following compounds as ionic (metal + nonmetal), covalent (nonmetal +
nonmetal)
1. Ca𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶2 6. HCl
2. C𝑂𝑂2 7. Kl
3. 𝐻𝐻2 O 8. NaF
4. 𝐾𝐾2 O 9. C𝐻𝐻4
5. MgO 10. S𝑂𝑂3

Activity 2. Calculate the electronegativity difference and give the kind of bond that exists
between the atoms in each pair. Refer to Figure 4 for the Electronegativity values. The first
one is done for you.
Type of Bond
(Ionic/Polar
Atoms EN Difference
Covalent/Nonpolar
Covalent)
Ca = 1.1 O = 3.5
1.) Ca and O Ionic Bond
3.5 – 1.1 = 2.4
2.) Si and H
3.) O and F
4.) Br and H
5.) C and H
 Post Test

Multiple Choice: Read the statements carefully. Choose the letter of your answer and write it on
the space provided before the number.
______ 1. It is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons
a. Polarity c. Chemical Bonding
b. Ionic Bonding d. Electronegativity
______ 2. What accounts for the polarity of compounds?
a. It is a result of the uneven partial charge distribution between various atoms in a
compound.
b. The structure of covalent compounds is unique that’s why they can be polar and
nonpolar.
c. The strength between covalent bonding causes molecules to have polar and
nonpolar characteristics
d. Due to some exception, the sharing of electrons between atoms in covalent
compounds results in a stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between
atoms.
_____ 3. Which of the following explains the flammability of covalent molecular compounds?
a. Molecules easily react with heat-producing flames.
b. They contain carbon and hydrogen atoms that react readily with oxygen gas.
c. Covalent molecular compounds share their electrons forming polar and nonpolar
bonds.
d. Because they generally have low melting and boiling points and the addition of a
small amount of energy causes intermolecular attraction to break.
_____4. Which of the following compounds is covalent?
a. Sodium Hydroxide c. Barium chloride
b. Table sugar d. table salt
_____5. Which of the following example is ionic in nature?
a. CO2 c. NaCl
b. H2O d. C12H22O11
_____ 6. Which type of compound results from the combination of metal and non-metal
elements?
a. Ionic compounds c. Organic compounds
b. Covalent molecular compounds d. Acids and Bases
_____ 7. Which type of compounds results from the combination of two non-metallic elements?
a. Ionic compounds c. Organic compounds
b. Covalent molecular compounds d. Acids and Bases
_____ 8. These are electrostatic forces of attraction that results from the complete transfer of
electrons from one atom to another.
a. Covalent bonds c. Metallic Bonds
b. Ionic bonds d. Polar and Nonpolar Bonds
_____9. All of the following describes ionic compounds except:
a. They form crystals. c. They have high melting and boiling points
b. They are hard and brittle. d. It possesses polar and nonpolar characteristics.
_____10. Why are ionic compounds good conductors of electricity?
a. Ionic compounds are electrical
b. The strong electrostatic attraction between ions allows electricity to flow freely
c. Aqueous solutions of ionic compounds cause ions to dissociate and are free to
conduct electricity.
d. Strong electrostatic attraction between crystal lattice of ionic compounds is
strong which needs high temperature to melt or boil these compounds.
 Activity 1:
1. Ionic
2. Covalent
3. Covalent
4. Ionic
5. Ionic
6. Covalent
7. Ionic
8. Ionic
9. Covalent
10. Covalent
Activity 2:
Apply:
Engage:
1. d
2. a
3. b
4. b
5. c
6. a
7. d
8. b
9. d
10. c
Post Test: Activity:
Answer Key