ENGINEERING MECHANICS

BAA1113

Chapter 4: Force System Resultants

(Static)
by
Pn Rokiah Bt Othman
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources
[email protected]
 Chapter Description

• Aims
– To explain the Moment of Force (2D-scalar formulation & 3D-Vector
formulation)
– To explain the Principle Moment
– To explain the Moment of a Couple
– To explain the Simplification of a Force and Couple System
– To explain the Reduction of Simple Distributed Loading

• Expected Outcomes
– Able to solve the problems of MOF and COM in the mechanics applications
by using principle of moments

• References
– Russel C. Hibbeler. Engineering Mechanics: Statics & Dynamics, 14th
Edition
 Chapter Outline

4.1 Moment of Force (MOF) –Part I

4.2 Principle of Moment –Part II
4.3 Moment of Couple (MOC) Part III
4.4 Simplification of a Force and Couple System
4.5 Reduction of Simple Distributed Loading- part IV
 4.2 Principle of Moment
Varignon’s Theorem states that “Moment of
a force about a point is equal to the sum
of the moments of the forces’
components about the point”

F = F1 + F2,
MO = r X F1 + r X F2
= r X (F1 + F2)
=rXF
4.2 Principle of Moment
 The guy cable exerts a force F on
the pole and creates a moment
about the base at A
MA = Fd
 If the force is replaced by Fx and Fy
at point B where the cable acts on
the pole, the sum of moment about
point A yields the same resultant
moment
 Fy create zero moment about A
MA = F x h
 Apply principle of transmissibility
and slide the force where line of
action intersects the ground at C,
Fx create zero moment about A
MA = F y b
 Example 4.9

A 200 N force acts on the bracket. Determine the MOF about point A
Step 1: FBD
(Sketch outline
Step 3: assume shape)
tendency to
rotate/ moment
Step 2: det. The
line of action/
moment arm (d)
Step 4: use
formula

MO = Fd
 Solution Example 4.9

A 200 N force acts on the bracket. Determine the MOF about point A

Method 1:
From trigonometry using triangle BCD,
CB = d = 100cos45° = 70.71mm
= 0.07071m
Thus,
MA = Fd = 200N(0.07071m)
= 14.1N.m (CCW)
As a Cartesian vector,
MA = {14.1k}N.m
 Solution Example 4.9

A 200 N force acts on the bracket. Determine the MOF about point A

 Resolve 200N force into x and y components

 Principle of Moments
MA = ∑Fd
MA = (200sin45°N)(0.20m) – (200cos45°)(0.10m)
= 14.1 N.m (CCW)
Thus,
MA = {14.1k}N.m
 Example 4.10

The force F acts at the end of the angle bracket. Determine the moment of the
force about point O
 Solution Example 4.10

Method 1
MO = 400sin30°N(0.2m)-400cos30°N(0.4m)
= -98.6N.m
= 98.6N.m (CW)
As a Cartesian vector,
MO = {-98.6k}N.m
 Solution Example 4.10

Method 2:
• Express as Cartesian vector
r = {0.4i – 0.2j}N
F = {400sin30°i – 400cos30°j}N
= {200.0i – 346.4j}N
For moment,
  
i j k
  
M O  r XF  0.4  0.2 0
200.0  346.4 0

 

  98.6k N .m
 Moment of a Force about specified axis
What is Moment of a force
about a specified axis  For moment of a force
about a point, the
moment and its axis is
always perpendicular to
the plane containing the
force and the moment
arm
 A scalar or vector
analysis is used to find
the component of the
moment along a specified
axis that passes through
the point
 Scalar analysis

 Consider the pipe assembly that lies in the

horizontal plane and is subjected to the
vertical force of F = 20N applied at point A.

 For magnitude of moment,

MO = (20N)(0.5m) = 10N.m
 For direction of moment, apply right hand
rule

 Determine the component of MO about the

y axis, My since this component tend to
unscrew the pipe from the flange at O
 For magnitude of My,
My = 3/5(10N.m) = 6N.m
 For direction of My, apply right hand rule
Vector Analysis
 Consider body subjected to force F
acting at point A
 To determine moment, Ma,
- For moment of F about any
arbitrary point O that lies on the aa’
axis
MO = r X F
where r is directed from O to A
- MO acts along the moment axis
bb’, so projected MO on the aa’ axis is
MA
 For magnitude of MA,
MA = MOcosθ = MO·ua
 where ua is a unit vector that defines the
direction of aa’ axis
MA = ua·(r X F)
Vector Analysis

Ma can also be obtained as

ua represents the unit vector along the a-axis,

r is the position vector from any point on the a-
axis to any point A on the line of action of the
force, and
F is the force vector.
 Vector Analysis

 Determine the component of MO about the

y axis, My since this component tend to
unscrew the pipe from the flange at O

MO = rA X F
= (0.3i +0.4j) X (-20k)
= {-8i + 6j}N.m
Since unit vector for this
axis is ua = j,
My = MO.ua
= (-8i + 6j)·j = 6N.m
 Moment of a Force about specified axis

Scalar Vector

• MOF about any point O is • MOF about any arbitrary point O is

• M O= F d O • MO = r  F
• Now finding moment about an axis using • Now find the moment along the a-axis
• Ma = Fda using the dot product
• da is the perpendicular or shortest • Ma = ua • MO
distance from the force line of action to • Ma = ua • (r x F) (triple product)
the axis (any specified axis aa) • ua Defines the direction of the axis
• No moment about a specified axis if the • r is directed from any point on the axis to
force line of action is parallel or passes any point on the line of action of the
through the axis force
• Sign of scalar indicates the direction of Ma
(if +ve, Ma has same sense as ua , if -ve, Ma
act opposite to ua
 Application (Scalar analysis)

 The moment about the y-axis

would be
 My= Fz (dx) = F (r cos θ)
 If force can easily be broken into
components and the “dx” found
quickly
 such calculations are not always
trivial and vector analysis may
be much easier (and less likely to
produce errors)
 Application

With the force P, a person is creating a

moment MA using this flex-handle socket
wrench. Does all of MA act to turn the
socket? How would you calculate an answer
to this question?
Application

Sleeve A of this bracket can provide a

maximum resisting moment of 125 N·m
about the x-axis. How would you determine
the maximum magnitude of F before turning
about the x-axis occurs?
 Example 4.11
A force is applied to the tool as shown. Determine the magnitude of the
moment of this force about the x axis of the value.

1) Use Mz = u • (r  F )
2) First, write F in Cartesian
vector form
3) Note that u = 1 i in this case
4) The vector r is the position
vector from O to A
 Solution Example 4.11

u=1i
rOA = {0 i + 0.3 j + 0.25 k} m
F = 200 (cos 120 i + cos 60 j
+ cos 45 k) N
= {-100 i + 100 j + 141.4 k} N
Now find Mz = u • (rOA  F )

1 0 0
Mz = 0 0.3 0.25 = 1{0.3 (141.4) – 0.25 (100) } N·m
-100 100 141.4

Mz = 17.4 N·m CCW

 Example 4.12
The force of F = 30 N acts on the bracket.
 = 60,  = 60,  = 45
Determine the moment of F about the a-a
A 
axis.

rOA
1) Find ua and rOA
2) Write F in Cartesian vector form
ua 
3) Use Ma = ua • (rOA  F) O
 Solution Example 4.12

ua = j
A 
rOA = {– 0.1 i + 0.15 k} m
F = 30 {cos 60 i + cos 60 j + rOA
cos 45 k} N

F = { 15 i + 15 j + 21.21 k} N ua
O
 Solution Example 4.12

Now find the triple product, Ma = ua • (rOA  F)

0 1 0

Ma = - 0.1 0 0.15
N·m
15 15 21.21

A 
Ma = -1 {-0.1 (21.21) – 0.15 (15)}
= 4.37 N·m
rOA

ua 
Ma O
 Example 4.13
The force F = {-40i + 20j + 10k} N acts on the point A. Determine the moments
of this force about the x and a axes
 Solution Example 4.13

Method 1
   
rA  {3i  4 j  6k }m
 
ux  i
1 0 0
   
M x  i  (rA XF )   3 4 6
 40 20 10
 80 N .m
Negative sign indicates that sense of Mx is
opposite to i
 Solution Example 4.13

We can also compute Ma using rA as rA extends

from a point on the a axis to the force

  
uA   i 
3 4 j
5 5
3 4 0
    5 5
M a  u A  (rA XF )   3 4 6
 40 20 10
 120 N .m
 Solution Example 4.13
Method 2
 Only 10N and 20N forces contribute moments about the x axis
 Line of action of the 40N is parallel to this axis and thus, moment = 0
 Using right hand rule
Mx = (10N)(4m) – (20N)(6m) = -80N.m
My = (10N)(3m) – (40N)(6m) = -210N.m
Mz = (40N)(4m) – (20N)(3m) = 100N.m
 Example 4.14

The rod is supported by two brackets at A and B.

Determine the moment MAB produced by
F = {-600i + 200j – 300k}N, which tends to rotate the
rod about the AB axis.
 Solution Example 4.14

Vector analysis chosen as moment arm from line of action of F

to the AB axis is hard to determine
• For unit vector defining direction of AB axis of the rod,

• For simplicity, choose rD

   
M AB  u B  (r XF )

  
 rB 0 .4 i  0 .2 j
uB   
rB ( 0 .4 ) 2  ( 0 .2 ) 2
 
 0.894i  0.447 j
 Solution Example 4.14

• For force,
   
F  {600i  200 j  300 k }N
• In determinant form,
0.894 0.447 0
   
M AB  u B  (rD XF )  0 0.2 0
 600 200  300
 53.67 N .m

Negative sign indicates MAB is opposite to uB

 Solution Example 4.14

• In

Cartesian

form,
  
M AB  M AB u B  (53.67 N .m)(0.894i  0.447 j )
 
 {48.0i  24.0 j }N .m
*Note: if axis AB is defined
using unit vector directed
from B towards A, the above
formulation –uB should be used.
MAB = MAB(-uB)
 Conclusion of The Chapter 4

• Conclusions

- The Principle Moment has been identified

- The triple product vector have been implemented to solve
Moment problems in specified axis
 Credits to:
Dr Nurul Nadhrah Bt Tukimat
[email protected]

En Khalimi Johan bin Abd Hamid

[email protected]

Roslina binti Omar

[email protected]