coTlHo/9

CHAPTER saUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS

INTRODUCTION

In previous classes, we have already studied the squares of many natural numbers.

Forexample, 32 3 x3
=

We say that 3 to the power 2 or 3 squared is 9.

32 3 x3 = 9
A B
Now, let us take a square figure ABCD in order to explain the given
example. Here, each side of the square has 3 units.

Area 3 x3 = 32 square units

= 9 square units
D C

In this Chapter, we shall be concentrating on the procedures to find the positive square roots
of positive rational numbers.

SQUARES
Look at the examples given below:

2x24= 22
3x3=9 32
4x4 =16= 42

Similarly, a xa=a

So, we conclude that

The square of a number is the product obtained by multiplying the number by itself

Numbers, such as 1,4, 9, 16, 25, 36 are called perfect squares.

emernber
A
given number is called a perfect square or a
square number if it is the square of some
atural number. These nunmbers are exact squares and do not involve any decimals or fractions.
To find out whether a given number is a perfect square or not, write
the nunmha.
product of its prime factors. If these factors exist in oer as a
pairs, the number is a perfect sauuar
quare.
Let us take an example to find whether the given number is a
perfect square or not,
Example 1: Which of the following numbers are perfect
squares?
() 256 (i) 154 (ii) 720
Solution: (0 Step 1: 256=2x2x 2x2 2x2 x 2x2
x

Step 2: Prime factors of 256 can be

Out.
grouped into pairs and no factor is left

256 (2x2x2x22= (16)?

256 is a perfect
square of 16.
(i) Step 1: 154 2x7x11
Step 2: No prime factor exists in
pairs.
154 is not a perfect
square.
ii) Step 1: 720 2x2 x
2x2 x
3x3 x 5
Step 2: In prime factors of 720, factor 5 is left
ungrouped.
720 is not a perfect
square.

Facts About Perfect

Squares
) A number
ending with an odd number of zeroes (one zero, three
is never zeroes and so on)
a perfect square,
e.g. 150, 25000, 350 are not perfect squares.
(i) Squares of even numbers are always even,
e.g. 82 64 122= 144 202 4000
(ii) Squares of odd numbers are always odd,
e.g. 72 49 132 169 212 441

(iv) The numbers ending with 2, 3, 7,8 are not perfect squares,
e.g. 32, 243, 37, 368 are not perfect squares.
2
(v) The square of a number other than 0 and 1, is either a multiple of 3 or exceeds the
multiple of 3 by 1.
Examples of multiples of 3.
32 9 122 144
Examples of multiples of 3 exceeded by 1.

4 =16 (15+ 1) 132 169= (168+1)

(vi) The square of a number other than 0 and 1, is either a multiple of 4 or exceeds a
multiple of 4 by 1.
Examples of multiples of 4.
6 36 82 64
Examples of multiples of 4 exceeded by 1.
72 49= (48+1) 92 81 (80 + 1)
(vii) The difference between the squares of two consecutive natural numbers is equal
to their sum.
Let us take two consecutive natural numbers, 3 and 4.

4P-3 16-9 7=4+3

Thus, in general, if n and (n + 1) be two consecutive natural numbers,
then (n+1-n =
\(n+1) (n +1)-n
= n2+n +n+1 -n2 =n+ (n +1)

(vii) The square of a natural number n is equal to the sum of the first n odd natural
numbers,
e.g. 12 1 sum of the first one odd natural number
22 1+3 sum of the first two odd natural numbers
32 1+3+5 sum of the first three odd natural numbers
42 1 4 3+5+7 = sum of the first four odd natural numbe
and so on.

ix) Squares of natural numbers composed of only digit 1, follow a peculiar pattern.

12 1
112 121
1112 =12321
11112= 1234321
111112 123454321
3
 We can also observe that the sum of the digits of every such number is a perfect
a

square 1, 121, 12321, 1234321.

1= 1=12
1+2+1 = 4=22

1+2+3+2+1 = 9 32
1+2+3+4+3+2 +1 =16 42
1+2+3+4+5+4+3+2 +1 25 =52
See, how beautiful patterns of numbers are made above.

Some Interesting Patterns

Adding triangular numbers

emember
Numbers whose dot patterns can be arranged as
triangles are called triangular numbers.
Let add
us
triangular numbers.
Triangular Numbers Combining two consecutive triangular numbers

1+3 4 4
= 22

3
3+6 9
32

6+10 16
42

10
16
4
observe the following pattern and fill in the blanks.

1+3 22
1+3+5 = 32

1+3+5+7 =

1+3+5+7+9 =

1+3+5+7+9+11 =

1+3+5+7+9+11 +13 =

Numbers between square numbers

Let us observe some interesting patterns between two consecutive square numbers.

We have 12 1
22 4
The non-square numbers between 1 and 4 are 2,3.

1, 2,34 2 non-square numbers

The non-square numbers between 4 (=2) and 9 (=3) are 5,6, 7, 8.

45,6,7,89 4 non-square numbers

Now, let us put our observations in a tabular form.

Consecutive square Non-square numbers Number of non-square

numbers numbers
1 and 4 2,3 2
4 and 9 4
5,6,7,8
9 and 16 10,11, 12, 13, 14, 15 6
16 and 25 17, 18,.24 8
25 and 36 26, 27,..35 10

and so on.

Now, let us generalise our observations

Between 12(=1) and 2(=4), thereaare two non-square numbers (i.e. 2 x 1).

Between 22(=4) and 33 (=9), there are four non-square numbers (i.e. 2 x 2).

Between 32(=9) and 42(=16), there are six non-square numbers (i.e. 2 x 3).

Between 42(= 16) and 53 25), there are eight non-square numbers (i.e. 2x4).
Between 5 (=25) and 62(=36), there are ten non-square numbers (i.e. 2 x 5).
 Can you say how many non-square numbers are there between 6 and 72?
7.
1. Observ
We find that if we take any natural number, n and (n + 1), the number of non-sau

numbers between n2 and (n + 1) is 2n.

-square

There are 2n non-perfect square numbers between the square of the numbers,
n and (n +1).

Worksheet 1

1. Which
ofthe following numbers are perfect squares? 8. Whic
11, 16, 32, 36, 50, 64, 75 (3,4,

2. Which of the following numbers are perfect squares of even numbers? [Hint
m+

121, 225, 784, 841, 576, 6561

Ano
3. Which of the following numbers are perfect squares?
If'a
100, 205000, 3610000, 212300000

4. By just observing the digits at ones place, tell which of the following can be
(ii)
perfect squares?
1026, 1022, 1024, 1027
SQUA
5. How many non-square numbers lie between the following pairs of numbers? We kno
(i) 72 and 82 () 10 and 112 (Gii) 40 and 412 We say
(iv) 80 and 812 (v) 1012 and 1022 (vi) 205 and 2062 This is

6. Write down the correct number in the box. Note

only
) 1002 992 =

Let us

(i) 272-262 =

(ii) 569-568 = 1-
6
7. Observe the pattern in the following and find the missing numbers.

121 (22)2
1+2+1

12321 (333)2

1+2+3+2 +1

1234321 =
2
+2t3 h t3t2*
123454321 = S5555)
It2t3+4t5t4t3t2t)
12345654321 =GG6666)
It 2+3t4t5 F6+St4 t3t2t1
8. Which of the following triplets are Pythagorean?

(3,4,5), (6, 7, 8), (10, 24, 26), (2, 3, 4

[Hint: Let the smallest even number be 2m and find m from it.Then, find (2m, m - 1
m2+1). If you get the triplet, it is Pythagorean]
Another way of finding a Pythagorean triplet is:

If'a,'b'and 'Care three natural numbers with'd' as the smallest of them, then,

0If 'd'is odd, sum ofother two numbers is a and their difference is 1.

i) If 'a'is even, sum of other two numbers is and their difference is 2.

2

SQUARE ROOTS
We know that
424x4= 16
We say square root of 16 is 4.

This is written as 16 = 4.

Note: (-4)2 = 16 Therefore, square root of 16 can be -4 also, but here we are taking
only positive square root.

Let us see some more examples.

72 49 49 = 7

52 25 25 =5
 864 64 8
In general, if m2=n then vn =mn

Hence, square root of a given natural number n is that natural number m whose square is n.
From the above examples, we observe that
(i) the square root of an W
even number is even.
(ii) the square root of an odd number is odd.
(ii) the symbol for the square root is
(iv) if a is the square root of b, then b is the square of a. Wor
Observe the following pattern.
Fi
1+3 = 22
1+3+5 =32
1+3+5+7 =42
1+3+5+7 +9+ 11+ 13 =72 Fi
1+3+5+7+. up ton terms = n

The sum of first n odd numbers is n. fo

Finding Square Root of a Number by the Repeated Subtraction Method

Let us find 9 .

Step1: 9-1=8
First odd number
Step 2: 8-3=5 Second odd number
Step 3: 5-5=0
Third odd number Let us

We have subtracted from 9, the successive odd numbers Exam

1,3 and 5, and obtained 0 in
Step 3.
Soluti
93
.

Consider another example.

Example 2: Find 121 by repeated subtraction method.
Solution : Step 1: 121 - 1 = 120 Step 3: 117 - 5 112
Step 2: 120-3 117 Theref
Step 4:112 -7 105
8
 Step 5: 105 -9 96 Step 9:57 -

17 400
Step6:96-11 85 Step 10:40 19 21
Step 7:85 - 13 72
Step 11:21 -21 0
Step 8:72 - 15 57

We have subtracted from 121, the successive odd numbers from 1 to 21, and obtained
O in Step 11.

121 =11

Worksheet 2
Find the square root of the following numbers by the repeated subtraction method.

16 (49 64 (W 100

( 169 81 ( 256 i) 144

Finding Square Root by Prime Factorisation

To find the square root of a perfect square by prime factorisation, we go through the
following steps:
LWrite down the prime factors ofthe given number.
I. Make pairs of prime factors such that both the factors in each pair areequal
l. Write one factor from each pair.
IV. Find the product of the above factors.
V. The product is the required square root.

Let us now take some examples to find the square root by prime factorisation.

Example 3: Find the square root of 1156.

Solution: 11562x2x17x17 2 1156
2 578
1156 2x2x17x17 17 289
v1156 2x17 17 17
34

Therefore, the square root of 1156 is 34.

9
Example4: Find the square root of 11025.
3 11025
Solution: 11025 3x3 x 5x5 x7x7 333675
5
v11025 3x3x5x5x7x7 1225
245
11025= 3x5x7
49
= 105

Therefore, the square root of 11025 is 105. 1

Example 5: Find the smallest number by which 9408 must be

that it becomes a perfect divided so 2 9408
square. Also, find the square root of the number
so obtained. 2 4704

Solution: 9408 2 2352

2x2x2x2 x2x2x 7x7x3
We observe that prime factor 3 does not 2 1176
form a pair. 588
Therefore, we must divide the number by 3 so that 2 294
a perfect square. the quotient becomes
7 147
9408
3136 21
3
3 3
3136 =
(2x 2) x (2x 2) x (2 x 2) x (7 x 7)
Now, each prime factor 1
occurs in pairs. Therefore, the required smallest
number is 3.

3136= 2x2x2x 7 =
56

Worksheet 3
1. Find the square root of each of
the following
by prime factorisation.
225 441
529
40000
7744 (Vi) 8281 () 4096
Find the smallest number by which 1100
(vis 28900
must be multiplied so that
the product
becomes a perfect square. Also, find the
square root of the perfect
obtained. soquare so

By what smallest number must 180 be multiplied so that it

becomes a perfect
square? Also, find the square root of the number so obtained.
10
 Find the smallest number by which 3645 must
be divided so that it becomes a
perfect square. Also, find the square root of the resulting number.
5. A gardener planted
1,521 trees in rows such that the number of rows was equal to
the number of plants in each row. Find the
number of rows.
An officer wants to
arrange 2,02,500 cadets in the form of a square. How many
cadets were there in each row?
The area of a
square field is 5184 m2. A rectangular field, whose
length is twice its
breadth, has its perimeter equal to the
perimeter of the square field. Find the area
of the recttangular field.

Find the value of J47089 +N24336

Finding Square Root by Long Division Method

When numbers very large, the method of finding their square roots
are
by prime
factorisation becomes lengthy. So, we use long division method. Consider the
following
steps to find the square root of any number, say 1521.

Step 1: Mark off the digits in pairs starting with the ones digit.
Each
1521
pair and remaining one digit (if it is there) is
called a period. 3
3 1521
Step 2: Think of the largest number whose square is either
9
equal to or just less than the first period starting from
the left. This digit is the quotient as well as the divisor.
3
Put the quotient above the period and write the 3 1521
product of divisor and quotient just below the first |9
period.

Step 3: Find the remainder (6 in this case).

1521
9
Step 4: Bring down the next pair of digits (i.e. second period)
621
to the right of the remainder. This becomes the new
dividend (i.e. 621). 3

Step 5: Double the current quotient and enter it as divisor with

3 15 21
9
a blank on its right. (3 x 2)-6_6 21
11
 which 3
digit to fill the blank
largest possible
Step 6: Guess a
becomes the new digit in the quotient such that 3 15 21
also 9
to the new divisor, the
when the new digit is multiplied 69 6 21
than or equal to the dividend. 6 21-(69x9
product is either less

7: Now, subtract
the product of new divisor and the new
Step
dividend.
digit from the new
Step 8: If the remainder is zero and no period is left, then we stop and the currans
nt
quotient is the square root of the given number (like in this case). So here.
e
1521 39.
And if the remainder is non-zero, then repeat the Steps from 5 to 8 till all the
periods have been taken care of.
et us look at another example.

Example 6: Find 99856

Solution:

Step 1: 3
998 56 Step 2:
3 998 56
-9
0 98
Step 3:
3 Step 4:
3 998 56 31
3 998 56
-9 -9
(3x2)-6_098 61 098
61-(61 x1)
Step 5: 3756

3
316
998 56
-9
61| 098
61
626 3756
(31 x2)
3756-(626 x 6)

99856= 316
12
Now, let us try to understand long division method of square roots by some more
examples.
Example 7: Find the square root of 4401604.

Solution:
2098
2-4440 16 04
40 40
00
409 4016
(20 x 2)- 3681- (409 x 9)
188 33504
(209x 2) 33504- -(4188x8)
0

V4401604 2098

Example 8: Find the square root of 1734489 by long division method.

Solution: Apply long division method to find square root of 1734489.

1317
173 44 89

073
69

261 444
261
2627 18389
18389
0
1734489 = 1317

Example 9: Find the least number which must be subtracted from 7581 to obtain a
perfect square. Find the perfect square and its square root.
Solution:
87
8 75 811
-64
167 1181
-1169
12

13
 12 should be subtracted from
7581 to make it a perfect square.
12 7569
Hence, the perfect square = 7581
and 7569 = 87

Example 10: What least number must be added to 5607 to make the sum a perfect
square? Find the perfect square and its square root.
Solution: Try to find the square root of 5607.

74 75
56 07 756 07
49 -49
144 707 145 707
- 576 - 725

131 -18

We observe that (74) < 5607 < (75)2

. 5607 is (725 707) = 18 less than (75)?.

So, we must add 18 to 5607 to make it a perfect square.

Hence, the perfect square = 5607 + 18 = 5625 and 5625 75

Worksheet 4

1. Find the square root of the following numbers by the long division method.

9801 6561 () 390625 108241

(363609 (y 120409 (vii) 1471369 vi 57121
2 Find the least number which must be subtracted from 6203 to obtain a perfect
square. Also, find square root of the number so obtained.
Find the greatest number of six digits which is a perfect square. Find the square
root of this number.
Find the least number which must be added to 6203 to obtain a perfect square.
Also, find the square root of the number so obtained.

Find the least number of six digits which is a perfect square. Find the square root
of this number.

Find the value of 64432729 9653449

14
 sQUARE ROOT OF A RATIONAL NUMBER

In this Chapter, we shall be taking some examples to understand the rules of finding the
root of rational numbers.
square

erfect
cExample 11: Find 49 x 25 and show that it is equal to 49 x 25.

Solution: 49x 25 = 72 x5

= y72x52 [We know a" x b'" = (ab)"]

(35)2= 35 7x5
= 49x 25

Rule : For perfect squares a and b, vaxb = vaxvb.

49 and 49 and find out whether they are equal.

Example 12: Consider 25
Solution: V49
25 Also,
25 v52
a
We know

Thus, 25
49 5

Rule I: For perfect squares a and b, where b+0, .

Now, let us apply Rule I and ll and solve some examples.

V243
Example 13:Find the value of V867

Solution:v243 243 (using Rule l)

V867 V867

81
(cancel the common factor 3)
V289
15
 81
289

v173
9
17

Thus, the value of 243

867
Example 14: Find the square root of:
(i) 156
169 (i) 14400

Solution: 56
01169 225
169
225 15
V169 V132 (by Rule I)

15
13

(i) 14400
=144x100
144 x 100
(by Rule D
V122 x ho?
= 12x 110

= 120

SQUARES OF TERMINATING DECIMALS

Observe some squares.
42 =16 and (0.4)2 = 0.16
122=144 and
(1.2)2= 1.44
152 225 and (0.15)2 0.0225
182 =
324 and (0.18)2 0.0324
16
From the above examples, we observe that the square of a decimal consists of twice as
many decimal places as given in the number.

Example 15: Find the square of:

i) 0.41 () 2.6 (i) 0.25 (iv) 0.009

Solution: i) (0.41)? = 0.1681

i) (2.6 = 6.76

(i) (0.25 = 0.0625

(iv) (0.009) 0.000081

Square Roots of Numbers in Decimal Form (which are perfect squares)

Let us find the square root of a decimal number

Example 16: Find the square root of 147.1369

Solution:
12.13
1 147. 13 69
1-1
22 047
44- -
(22 x 2)
241 313
-241- - (241 x 1)

2423 7269
7269-(2423 x3)

Therefore, 147.1369= 12.13

From the above example, the steps of finding out square roots of numbers in decimal
form are clear.
Step 1: In the whole number part, make pairs from the right. But in the decimal part,
make pairs from the left.

Step 2: Then, find square root as in the case of long division method.

Step 3: Place the decimal point as soon as the integral part comes to an end.

Observe that above steps are taken in the following example also.

17
Example 17: Find the square root of 0.00059049

Solution: Exam
0.0243
o 0.00 05 90 49 Solu
- 00

2 05
4
44 190
-176
483 1449
-1449

Therefore, o.00059049 = 0.0243

Approximate Value of the Square Roots of Natural Numbers

(which are not perfect squares)
Long division method is also used to find
decimals up approximate square roots of numbers or
to certain decimal places. Let us look at the
following examples.
Example 18: Find the square root of 3
up to three decimal places.
Solution: To find the number
up to three decimal
three pairs of zeroes (six places which is equal to 3, e add
zeroes) to the right of decimal point.

1.732
1 3. 00 00 00

27 200
-189
343 1100
-1029
3462 7100
-6924
176

Hence, 3 =
1.732 up to three decimal places.
18
 1
xample 19: Find the square root of 2 correct to two places of decimal.
1
-olution: 2.2

2.2
1.483
1 2.20 00 00
-1
24 120
- 96
288 2400
- 2304
2963 9600
8889
711

2.2= 1.483
1.48 (correct to two places of decimal)

Note: We were required to find the square root of 2 correct to two places of
decimal. Here, we have found the square root up to three places of decimal. In the
third place, we have 3 (<5) and therefore, in the final result, 3 is ignored.

Square Root of Other Numbers (not perfect squares) by Estimation

It is easy to work out the square root of a perfect square, but it is really hard to work out
the square root of other numbers. Well, in such cases, we need to estimate the square
root. Let us do some examples.

Example 20: Find the square root of 10 by estimation.

Solution: The perfect squares near to 10 are 9 and 16,

i.e. 9< 10 < 16 or

3210 < 42
So, we can guess thatthe answer is between 3 and 4, i.e. 3< 10<4

19
 Let us try with 3.5 as 33.5 < 4
12.25 10
But 3.5x3.5 = >

i.e. 3<10 < (3.5)2

Let us further reduce the number 3.5 to 3.2

So, 3.2x3.2 = 10.24> 10

i.e. 3210< (3.2)2

Let us try with 3.1 so that

3.1 x 3.1 =9.61

So, we can say 9.61 1 0 < 10.24

or
(3.1)210 < (3.2)2
But 10.24 is much closer to 10 as compared to 9.61.
So, we can say 10 is 3.2
approximately.
Example 21: Find the square root of 410 by estimation.
Solution: The perfect
square near to 410 are 400 and 441
i.e.
400< 410 <441
202< 410 < 212
We guess the answer
is between 20 and 21
Let us try with 20.3 as 20< 20.3 < 21
But
(20.3)2= 412. 09> 4110
i.e.
202<410< (20.3)2
Let us try 20.2

20.2x 20.2 =
408. 04
408.04<410<412.09
(20.2)2<410< (20.3)2
We take 410 as 20.2 approximately.
20
Worksheet 5
1. Find the square root of the following fractions.

441
i324

361 961 52 o 213

169

5625 23 394 85
(v (vii) 23 729 (vii 35 1444
441

2. Find the value of:

(i o.0009 o.0081 i 0.012321 ( 7.29

3. Find the square root of:

0.053361 (0.00053361 ( 150.0625

I 2d e
(iv 0.374544 ( 610.09
4. Find the square root of the following (correct to three decimal places).
2
()7 (i) 2.5 (ii) 2 12 (iv) 367

5. Estimate the value of the following to the nearest to one decimal place.

(0) 90 n V150 Gi600 iv 1000

6.
6. Devika has a square piece of cloth of area 9 m* and she wants to make
16 square-shaped scarves of equal size out of it. What should possibly be the
length of the side of the scarf that can be made out of this piece?

7.
7. The area of a square plot is 800 m?. Find the estimated length of the side of the
plot.

Value Based Questions

1. Priya wants to wish her teacher on Teacher's Day by giving her a self-made
greeting card. She chooses a pink coloured square sheet of paper. A side of that

paper measures 19.5 cm.

(a) Find the area of paper she chooses for the card.

(6) What act of Priya did you like?

21
 7 2,304 for the Prime Ministers
2. The students of Class-VIll
B of a school donated
2
student donated as many rupees as the number of
National Relief Fund. Each
students in the class.
3
B.
(a) Find the number of students in VIll
here?
(6) What quality of the students do you appreciate

Brain Teasers

1.A. Tick () the correct option.

(a) The difference between the squares of two consecutive number is equal to their
() difference (i) Sum (ii) product (iv) quotient

(b) What will be the digit in the thousands place of (1111)?

(ii) 2 (iv) 1
) 3 4

(c) Perfect squares cannot have 2, 3,andin its ones place.

i) 1,7 (ii) 5,6 (ii) 7,8 (iv) 7,9

(d) The smallest number by which 72 must be divided to make it a perfect square is
i) 4 i) 5 (ii) 3 (iv) 2

(e) The square root of 3.052009 has. decimal places.

(i) 3 (ii) 4 (ii) 5 (iv) 1

B. Answer the following questions.

(a) How many non-square numbers are there between 132 and 142?

(b) Write the first four triangular numbers.

(c) Is 5, 7, 9 a Pythagorean triplets? Why? Justify.

(d) Find 9 by repeated subtraction method.

(e)
(e) Find the measure of the side of a square handkerchief of area 324 cm2

22
2. Find the square root of 10 correct to four places of decimal.
2.

3. Find the values of: 3.1428 and 0.31428 correct to three decimal places.

4. Simplify:
o.0441
0 o.000441 (i) y49 + v0.49+ 0.0049

5. The area of a square field is 101 m2.Find the length of one side of the field.
400

6. What is that number which when multiplied by itself gives 227.798649?

7. In a lecture hall, 8,649 students are sitting in such a manner that there are as
many students in a row as there are rows in the lecture hal. How many students
are there in each row of the lecture hall?

8. A General wishing to draw up his 64,019 men in the form of a square found that
he had 10 men extra. Find the number of men in the front row.

HOTS

1.
1. The cost of levelling a square lawn at 15 per square metre is 19,935. Find the
cost of fencing the lawn at 22 per metre.

2. f 2 =1.414, J5=2.236 and 3=1.732, find thevalue of:

(0 72+J48 (i)

Enrichment Questions
1. The product of two numbers is 1296. If one number is 16 times the other, find

the number.

2. Find the value of 50625 and hence the value of 506.25 + J5.0625.

3. Write a Pythagorean triplet if one number is 14.

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You Must Know

1. The square of a number is that

number raised to the power 2.

2. A square number is never negative.

3. Anumber ending in 2, 3, 7 or 8 is never a perfect square.
4. Squares of even numbers are even.
(i) Squares of odd numbers are odd.
5. A perfect square number leaves a remainder 0 or 1 on division by 3.
6. There are no natural
numbers p and q such that p= 2q.
7. Ifa and b are perfect squares (b 0), then
axb vax/b
and
Vb
8. The square root
of a perfect square can be obtained by
() finding prime factors.
(i) long division method.
9. The pairing of numbers in the division
integral part, it goes from right to left andmethod starts from a decimal point. For the
for the decimal part, it goes from left to right.
10. Ifp and q are not perfect
squares, then to find p P
,we
we
expressas aa decimal and then
apply division method to find the
square root.

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