Acknowledgment: Integrated Intruder Alarm System

Integrated intruder alarm system
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Firstly, we would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to Jimma University, Jimma institutes of
technology faculty of electrical and computer engineering for giving us this course in our curriculum.
Secondly, we would like to thanks our advisor Engr. Sherwin Catolos. for his constructive suggestion
and critically reviewing of this project.
Finally, we would like to thanks everybody who was important to the successful realization of this
project as well as expressing our apology that we could not mention personally one by one.
JIMMA UNIVERSITY JIT faculty of ECE communication stream I

DECLARATION
We declare that the work presented here is the outcome of us, peer-group 5 communication
engineering students under supervision of Engr. Sherwin Catolos. lecturer at Jimma University
institute of technology faculty of electrical and computer engineering. We also declare that this
project is not copied from elsewhere and it is the result of the group persistence with our advisor.
Name of students Id number signature

1. Melese Getahun………………………………RU1168/07……………
2. Thomas Woldamichael…………………… ..RU1655/07……………
3. Betelihem Abebe……………………………..RU0367/07……………
4. Awel Mohammed……………………………..RU0243/07…………….
5. Esrael Bekele………………………………….RU02655/06…………..
Advisor name signature

Engr. Sherwin Catolos…………………….…………………
JIMMA UNIVERSITY JIT faculty of ECE communication stream II

ABSTRACT
Burglary Crime rates have been on the increase recently. People lose life as well as their property
due to the robbers to put up a forceful fight against the robbers who are armed. As a result,
people have been living in regular fear of being attacked by robbers. The aim of this project is so
to design and implement the intruder alarm activated by four different systems integrated
together. These are touch activated, light activated, vibration activated and sound activated
systems.
The touch sensor is installed on a handle of a door or window and when the intruder tries to
unlock a door or window, the system alarms the intrusion of a person. The light activated system
uses the light dependent resistor as a light sensor which alarms the system when the continuous
light flow between light source and light dependent resistor is blocked. Vibration activated
system senses if the intruder makes some vibration when he/she tries to open the door or window
so sound the alarm. Sound activated system alarms when there is voice around the gate of door
or window. In all cases the lamp glows to show the location of the intruder. The output of the
sensors activates the alarm system for valid conditions to each sensor. Installing of an integrated
intruder alarm system can therefore protect homes and other protected areas from burglars and
criminals. It is therefore necessary to install an integrated burglar alarm system to monitor for
any intrusion into the unauthorized location.
JIMMA UNIVERSITY JIT faculty of ECE communication stream III

Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.................................................................................................................. I
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ II
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................. III
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... IV
Table of figure............................................................................................................................... VI
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ...................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objective of the Project ........................................................................................................ 2
1.2.1 General objective ........................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Specific objective ........................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Statement of problem ............................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Scope of the project .............................................................................................................. 3
1.5 Motivation and Significance of the Study ............................................................................ 3
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 4
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES ........................................................... 4
2.1 Sensors .................................................................................................................................. 4
2.1.1 Light sensor .................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.2 Sound sensor .................................................................................................................. 5
2.1.3 Vibration sensor-Piezoelectric sensor ............................................................................ 6
2.1.4 Touch sensor .................................................................................................................. 8
2.1.5 Transistor ....................................................................................................................... 9
2.1.6 555 Timers ................................................................................................................... 10
JIMMA UNIVERSITY JIT faculty of ECE communication stream IV

2.1.7 Capacitors .................................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Related Studies.................................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 14
METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 14
3.1 Proposed system.................................................................................................................. 14
3.1.1 Material list for hardware implementation .................................................................. 14
3.1.2 Software system ........................................................................................................... 14
3.2 Block diagram ..................................................................................................................... 15
3.3 Flow chart of alarm system ................................................................................................. 15
CHAPTER FOUR......................................................................................................................... 17
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ALARM SYSTEM ................................................... 17
4.1 Design of Light Sensor ....................................................................................................... 17
4.2 Design of Sound sensor ...................................................................................................... 18
4.3 Design of Vibration sensor ................................................................................................. 20
4.4 Design of Touch sensor ...................................................................................................... 21
4.5 Design of frequency generator ............................................................................................ 23
4.6 Design of amplifier ............................................................................................................. 23
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 27
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................................................................................. 27
CHAPTER 6 ................................................................................................................................. 29
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................... 29
6.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 29
6.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 29
Cost estimation of the system ................................................................................................... 30
JIMMA UNIVERSITY JIT faculty of ECE communication stream V

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 31
Table of figure
figure 1light Dependent Resistor .................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2: Sw-18010p Vibration Sensor .......................................................................................... 7
Figure 3bc547 Transistor ................................................................................................................ 9
Figure 4. Monostable 555 Timer .................................................................................................. 10
Figure 5resistor ............................................................................................................................. 12
Figure 6. General Block Diagram Of The Project ........................................................................ 15
Figure 7. Flow Chart Of Integrated Intruder Alarm ..................................................................... 16
Figure 8light Sensor Circuit Diagram ........................................................................................... 17
Figure 9. Sound Sensor Circuit Diagram ...................................................................................... 19
Figure 10. Vibration Sensor Circuit Diagram. .............................................................................. 20
Figure 11touch Sensor Circuit Diagram ....................................................................................... 22
Figure 121khz Frequency Generator ............................................................................................ 23
Figure 13 Amplifier Circuit .......................................................................................................... 24
Figure 14. Overall Circuit Diagram .............................................................................................. 25
Figure 15 Simulation Result When The There Is Sound At Day Time ........................................ 27
Figure 16 Simulation Result When The Light And The Touch Is Activated At Night Time....... 28
JIMMA UNIVERSITY JIT faculty of ECE communication stream VI

JIMMA UNIVERSITY JIT faculty of ECE communication stream VII

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study

Crime and Insecurity and crime comprise the main problems many people facing in their daily
life today. The burglars, vandals and thieves attack people when they unknowingly come across
them when they are cheating or robbing. Apart from time and resources that has been committed
for development of system and tools that can lower the crime and increase the security of people,
the burglary related problems are still increasing. Because of these problems the need to use
security alarm technology is increased. Even though the existing alarm system decreases the
crimes, there is a false alarming problem. To overcome the false alarming here we are using a
multiple sensor to be activated by different condition.
An alarm is a loud noise or signal for alerting or informing people of danger or a problem. Alarm
system is hence a security system that gives a warning to a people that the particular place is not
allowed to them or a danger. The growth of alarm systems started with the design of man. Man
required giving alert information and adopted a form of signaling, exclamation and shouting.
This was later replaced by clapping of hands and beating of gongs by town criers to alert the
community in order to disseminate information in the early African society. With the
advancement in science and technology, these crude methods of generating alarm were replaced
by electronic alarm systems in the late eighteenth century. These electronic alarm systems
operate without any human effort. Once it senses a particular signal, it gives an indication in
form of loud sound or noise depending on its design. The first electronic fire alarm system was
developed by Dr. William f. Channing and constructed by Mr.-Moses G. Farmer, an electrical
engineer. This system uses boxes with automated signaling to indicate the location of fire and
was first put into operation in Boston in the United State of America (U.S.A). The development
of this alarm system by Dr William was followed with the evolution of fire and burglar alarm
technology of varying complexities and sophistication which are too numerous to mention.
Notable among these technologies is the remote signaling intruder alarm system which was
JIMMA UNIVERSITY JIT faculty of ECE communication stream 1

invented in the early 1970’s. This provided a rapid art full response to alarm call.
However, industries based on security service equipment provision have being coming up with
different designs so as to keep burglars and vandals away from public areas not made for them.
Today we have the new generation of electronic alarm system which comes in various levels of
complexities and sophistication. With the recent increase in crime rates, it has become important
to protect our buildings and properties with adequate safety devices with increased level of
sophistication. These safety devices are called the modern electronic alarm system. Some of the
modern alarm systems commonly used these days is burglar alarms, duress alarms, industrial
alarms, speed limit alarms, and anti-theft car alarms. The burglar alarm is made from a complete
electronic circuit loop where by the loop is closed with a bell at the output or a siren so as to alert
the owner of what so ever is to be secured.
In this project we designed a security alarm system which works by the help of sensors. These
sensors give information to the control circuitry of the alarm system about condition of the area
there by producing a response to the stimuli.
1.2 Objective of the Project
1.2.1 General objective

The general objective of this project is to design and implement an integrated intruder alarm
system which will go on due to any of the following conditions: entry of burglar, door is opened
and door handle is locked.
1.2.2 Specific objective

 To set security alarm specifications.
 To design the alarm system circuitry.
 To evaluate functionality of the designed system from simulation.
 To construct and test performance of the designed system.
1.3 Statement of problem

Insecurity and crime comprise some of the major problems facing our society today. People live
with fear of being attacked by burglars. Despite all the effort, resources and time this lead to the

development of tools that will reduce crime rates and make the world a safer place to live, these
problems are still on the increase. These gave rise to the need for an increasing development in
the technology of alarm systems which utilizes various principles such as infrared motion
detection, vibration detection, sound sensor, touch detection light (photo) sensitive electronic
devices and so on.
1.4 Scope of the project

The scope of work for this project will cover the development of home alarm system. This
project will be focused on two features which are the sensor detecting system and alarming
system. The sensor system are; light detection system, sound sensing system, touch detecting
system, vibration detecting system. The alarming system consists of the speaker and electric
bulb. Then the signal will trigger to system timer, electric bulb and speaker, where speaker will
take out sound, bulb will give the glow light and timer will set time for sound stop.
1.5 Motivation and Significance of the Study

Today economic development of society is increased in every corner of the world. On the other
hand burglary related crimes are increased due to lack of protective mechanism to their property.
The integrated intruder alarm system will help to reduce the crime caused by burglary and has
the following significance;
 Reduced number of burglary.
 Reduce number of death owner fighting against armed burglars.
 Increased safety of homes, offices and some protected area.
 Reduced fear of burglary for owner.

CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
2.1 Sensors
A sensor is a device that converts a physical phenomenon into an electrical signal. As such
sensors represent part of the physical world and the world of electrical devices such as,
computers. A sensor does not function by itself; it is always a part of a larger system that may
incorporate many other detectors, signal conditioners, signal processors, memory devices, data
recorders and actuators. The sensor may be positioned at the input of a device to perceive the
outside effects and to signal the system about variations in the outside stimuli. Sensors are
categorized according to the kind of energy they detect and convert. We are going to see some of
these sensors we used in our project.
2.1.1 Light sensor

A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or a photo resistor is a device whose resistivity is a function
of the incident electromagnetic radiation. LDR has a very high resistance in darkness, almost
high as 1MΩ. But when there is light falls on LDR, the resistance drops to 500Ω depending on
the model. Hence, they are light sensitive devices. They are also called as photo conductors,
photo conductive cells or photocells. They are made up of semiconductor materials having high
resistance.
Figure 1light dependent resistor

A LDR works on the principle of photo conductivity. Photo conductivity is an optical

phenomenon in which the materials conductivity is increased when light is absorbed by the
material.
Illuminance is measured in lux. Common light level at a day and night time is listed below.
Condition Lux LDR Resistance(Ω)
Sun light 107,527 0.0046
Full day light 10,752 0.047
Overcast day 1,075 0.46
Very dark day 107 4.67
Twilight 10.8 46.3
Deep twilight 1.08 464.9
Full moon 0.108 4.7K
Quarter moon 0.0108 47K
Starlight 0.0011 454K
Overcast night 0.0001 5M
Table 2.1 Light levels with corresponding LDR resistance equivalent

When light is incident on a photocell it usually takes about 8 to 12 ms for the change in
resistance to take place, while it takes one or more seconds for the resistance to rise back again to
its initial value after removal of light. This phenomenon is called as resistance recovery rate. The
resistance of the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) varies according to the light level that falls on
it. Light Level or Iluminance, is the amount of light measured in a plane surface. The work plane
is where the most important tasks in the room or space are performed. The relationship between
the resistance RL and light intensity Lux for a typical LDR is:
RL=500/ Lux.(Ω)
2.1.2 Sound sensor

A microphone as an audio-electric converting device, whose audio pickup part has a structure of
a condenser consisting of a diaphragm and a back plate opposite thereto, is called a condenser
microphone. The motion of the diaphragm by sound is picked up as a variation of capacitance

between the diaphragm and the back plate. It has a very small coil of thin wire suspended within
the magnetic field of a permanent magnet. As the sound wave hits the flexible diaphragm, the
diaphragm moves back and forth in response to the sound pressure acting upon it causing the
attached coil of wire to move within the magnetic field of the magnet. The movement of the coil
within the magnetic field causes a voltage to be induced in the coil as defined by Faraday’s law
of Electromagnetic Induction. The resultant output voltage signal from the coil is proportional to
the pressure of the sound wave acting upon the diaphragm so the louder or stronger the sound
wave the larger the output signal will be, making this type of microphone design pressure
sensitive. As the coil of wire is usually very small the range of movement of the coil and
attached diaphragm is also very small producing a very linear output signal which is 90o out of
phase to the sound signal. The coils impedance of a typical loudspeaker is different at between 8
to 16Ω.
2.1.3 Vibration sensor-Piezoelectric sensor

A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure changes in
pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain, or force by converting them to an electrical charge.
Piezoelectric sensors are versatile tools for the measurement of various processes. They have
been successfully used in various applications, such as in medical, aerospace, nuclear
instrumentation, and as a tilt sensor in consumer electronics or a pressure sensor in the touch
pads of mobile phones. The high modulus of elasticity of many piezoelectric materials is
comparable to that of many metals and goes up to 106 N/m².
Even though piezoelectric sensors are electromechanical systems that react to compression, the
sensing elements show almost zero deflection.The linear frequency range of piezoelectric sensors
varies from below 0.1 Hz up to 10Hz. This gives piezoelectric sensors ruggedness, an extremely
high natural frequency and an excellent linearity over a wide amplitude range. Additionally,
piezoelectric technology is insensitive to electromagnetic fields and radiation, enabling
measurements under harsh conditions. Some materials used are extremely stable at high
temperatures, enabling sensors to have a working range of up to 1000 °C.

Electrical properties
A piezoelectric transducer has very high DC output impedance and can be modeled as a
proportional voltage source and filter network. The voltage V at the source is directly
proportional to the applied force, pressure, or strain. The output signal is then related to this
mechanical force as if it had passed through the equivalent circuit. Vibration sensors can also
harvest otherwise wasted energy from mechanical vibrations. This is accomplished by using
piezoelectric materials to convert mechanical strain into usable electrical energy.
As a rule of thumb, if the system produces amplitude vibrations (greater than 10 g RMS) at the
measurement point, a low sensitivity (10 mV/g) sensor is preferable. If the vibration is less than
10 g RMS, higher than 10 mV/g up to 100 mV/g should be used. In no case should the peak g
level exceed the acceleration range of the sensor. In our project we are using 20mv/g sensitivity
sensor, sw-18010p.
Figure 2: SW-18010p vibration sensor

The minimum resistance occurred is, at maximum vibration of the seismic. Therefore, minimum
resistor, R (KΩ) = 20mΩ/g/800g = 0.025, where g is mass of seismic suspender in the vibrator.

Resistor occurred by the vibration is a linear inverse function of acceleration of seismic

suspender. See from the following table.
Acceleration/g Resistance(Ω)
800 25
400 50
200 100
100 200
10 2K
1 20K
0.1 200K
0.01 2M
0.005 4M
Table 2.2 Acceleration-resistance relationship for sw-18010p
2.1.4 Touch sensor
Resistive touch sensors are used for a longer time than capacitive solutions as they are simple
control circuits. Resistive touch sensors can accommodate non – conducting materials like stylus
and glove wrapped finger. In contrast to capacitive touch sensors which measure the capacitance,
resistive touch sensors sense the pressure on the surface. A resistive touch sensor consists of two
conductive layers separated by small spacer dots. The bottom layer is made up of either glass or
film and the top layer is made up of film. The conductive material is coated with metallic film
generally Indium Tin Oxide and is transparent in nature. A voltage is applied across the surface
of the conductor. When any probe like a finger, stylus pen, pen, etc. is used to apply pressure on
the top film of the sensor, it activates the sensor. When ample pressure is applied, the top film
flexes inward and makes contact with the bottom film. This results in voltage drop and the point
of contact creates a voltage in the network. When finger touches the surface, the small resistance
of the finger allows some current to flow through it, completing a circuit. The transistor acts as a
switch. When both the electrodes are touched, small current flows through the finger and the
transistor switches ON, as a result the load becomes active.

2.1.5 Transistor
The transistor is a three-layer semiconductor device consisting of either two n- and one p-type
layers of material or two p- and one n-type layers of material. The former is called an NPN
transistor, while the latter is called a PNP transistor. They can work as switches (turning currents
on and off) and as amplifiers (making currents bigger). When acting as an amplifier they operate
in the linear mode and as a switch they are forced into saturation (on) or cut off (off). Transistors
are sandwiches of three pieces of semiconductor material. A thin slice of n-type or p-type
semiconductor is sandwiched between two layers of the opposite type. This gives two junctions
rather than the one found in a diode. If the thin slice is n-type the transistor is called a PNP
transistor, and if the thin slice is p-type it is called an NPN transistor. The middle layer is always
called the base, and the outer two layers are called the collector and the emitter.
Figure 3BC547 transistor

In our project we use BC547 type transistor. A BC547 transistor is an NPN transistor that is used
for general purposes. Together with other electronic components, such as resistors, coils, and
capacitors, it can be used as the active component for switches and amplifiers.
In an NPN transistor, electrons are the main current carriers (because n-type material
predominates). When no voltage is connected to the base then the transistor is equivalent to two
diodes connected back to back. Recall that current can only flow one way through a diode. A
pair of back-to-back diodes can't conduct at all. If a small voltage is applied to the base (enough
to remove the depletion layer in the lower junction), current flows from emitter to base like a
normal diode. Once current is flowing, it is able to sweep straight through the very thin base
region and into the collector, only a small part of the current flows out of the base. The transistor
is now conducting through both junctions. A few of the electrons are consumed by the holes in
the p-type region of the base, but most of them go straight through.
2.1.6 555 Timers
555 is an IC used to generate a clock. The two attributes of a clock are
 Frequency
 Duty cycle.
Both of these can be changed using this IC, however the duty cycle is always <50%.
There are two modes in which 555 can run.
Monostable Mode: As the name suggests; in this mode the output is stable in only one
(mono) state i.e. ‘off’ state. Thus it can stay only for a finite time, if triggered, to the other state
i.e. ‘on’ state.
Figure 4. Monostable 555 timer

PIN Description of 555 Timer
Pin 1: Grounded Terminal: All the voltages are measured with respect to this terminal.
Pin 2: Trigger Terminal: This pin is an inverting input to a comparator that is responsible for
transition of flip-flop from set to reset. The output of the timer depends on the amplitude of the
external trigger pulse applied to this pin.
Pin 3: Output Terminal: Output of the timer is available at this pin. There are two ways in
which a load can be connected to the output terminal either between pin 3 and ground pin (pin 1)

or between pin 3 and supply pin (pin 8). The load connected between pin 3 and the supply.
Supply pin is called the normally on load and the load connected between pin 3 and ground pin
is called the normally off load.
Pin 4: Reset Terminal: To disable or reset the timer a negative pulse is applied to this pin due to
the fact it is referred to as reset terminal. When this pin is not to be used for reset purpose, it
should be connected to + VCC to avoid any possibility of false triggering.
Pin 5: Control Voltage Terminal: The function of this terminal is to control the threshold and
trigger levels. Thus either the external voltage or a pot connected to this pin determines the pulse
width of the output waveform. The external voltage applied to this pin can also be used to
modulate the output waveform. When this pin is not used, it should be connected to ground
through a 0.01 micro Farad to avoid any noise problem.
Pin 6: Threshold Terminal: This is the non-inverting input terminal of comparator 1, which
compares the voltage applied to the terminal with a reference voltage of 2/3 VCC. The amplitude
of voltage applied to this terminal is responsible for the set state of flip-flop.
Pin 7: Discharge Terminal: This pin is connected internally to the collector of transistor and
mostly a capacitor is connected between this terminal and ground. It is called discharge terminal
because when transistor saturates, capacitor discharges through the transistor. The capacitor
charges at a rate determined by the external resistor and capacitor, when the transistor is cut-off.
Pin 8: Supply Terminal: A supply voltage of + 5 V to + 18 V is applied to this terminal with
respect to ground (pin 1).
2.1.7 Capacitors
A capacitor is a passive two terminal electrical component used to store energy electro statically
in an electric field. Contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric
(insulator). Capacitors are used for smoothing power supply variations, coupling the various
stages of audio system, tuning in radio circuits, and store energy like in camera flash.
2.1.8 Resistor
A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an
electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device
such as a transistor

Figure 5Resistor
2.2 Related Studies

A motion detector is an electronic device that detects the physical movement in agiven area and
transforms motion into an electric signal. The motion detector may be electrically connected to
devices such as security, lighting, audio alarms, and the like. Motion sensors are used in a wide
variety of applications and as a result many different types of motion sensors are available.
In [1] motion sensor is used to detect the presence of the person near it and is controlled by
microcontroller, ardiuno. There are a multitude of sensors that become useful in industry
settings, especially where factory operations are concerned. Different sensors include
temperature sensors, optical sensors, pressure sensors, motion sensors, ultrasonic sensors, and
more. Sensors allow for smooth operations and accurate measurement [2].In [3] the LDR and
resistor R1 forms a potential divider network, which the voltage across LDR is equal to the
voltage transistor base to ground circuit. The voltage drop across the LDR is used to drive the
transistor switch. When the voltage drop is above cut in voltage (0.7V), the transistor is turned
ON. LDR has low resistance in the presence of light and high resistance (MΩ range) in the
absence of light. a laser light is allowed to fall on the LDR continuously. Light from other
sources should not be allowed to fall on the LDR, so place the LDR in a box with a single hole to
pass laser. When unauthorized person makes a block to the continuous flow of laser beam, then
the light falling on the LDR gets blocked. As a result the current from the source starts flowing
to ground via the buzzer and thyristor, which makes an alarm sound.
In [4] the project introduces a security system with recording system which consists two sections
such as development of movement detection and CCTV system. The project implemented the
CCTV and combination of other handful electronic component in developing the system. By
adding a few sensors at door and window, including siren and timer 555 to the security system, it

can become a multi-function security system. Basically, the sensors will be put at side door and
window. The CCTV system will focus to the sites of sensor. If the system detects some
movement, it will ON the alarm circuit by creating a sound.

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Proposed system

In this project we are implementing integrated intruder alarm with the help of multiple sensors.
These sensors are light sensor, sound sensor, vibration sensor and touch sensor. The sensors are
interfaced with a 555 timer designed as a monostable multivibrator to activate the alarm system
for specified interval of time if the sensor output is high. The output of the 555 timer is applied to
OR GATE which output will be connected to the speaker and the night bulb through switching
transistor. The transistor is used as a switch for the alarming system. When the output of the
parallel port is high, the transistor conducts and it will turn ON the alarm. The bulb will glow if
both the night detector and parallel port output are active.
3.1.1 Material list for hardware implementation

The hardware circuits the following tools;
 Sensors
 555 Timers
 Transistor
 Speaker
 Bulb
 Resistors
 4-input OR Gate
 2-input AND Gate
 Capacitors
3.1.2 Software system

To simulate this project we use proteus8 professional software because Proteus was designed to
be practical (easy to use, efficient, complete), readable and consistent. Proteus is simulation
software for various designs with any electronics and embedded system. So it is a handy tool to

test programs and embedded designs for electronics hobbyist. Its strongest points are: Powerful
string manipulation, Comprehensibly of Proteus scripts, Availability of advanced data structure.
3.2 Block diagram

General block diagram of proposed integrated intruder alarm system is shown below. It consists
of three sections; these are input section, controller section and output section. The input section
consists of sensors and night detector. The control section is a circuitry which waits for receiving
from input section. According to the signal received from the input devices the controller section
takes decision and activates or deactivates the output section which consisting of speaker and
electric bulb.
Light
Sensor
Frequency
Vibration Generator Speaker
Sensor Controlling
circuit
Sound
Sensor
Relay Bulb
Touch
Sensor
Figure 6. General block diagram of the project
3.3 Flow chart of alarm system

This flow chart below shows the interconnection of various components or hardware and
their sequential operation when the sensor become active it senses their respective parameter

and this data is processed or analysis by the controller then after the controller initiates a the
next section of system and the other components are activated based on the present data they
received from the controller.
Start
Sensor
Sound
Touch Vibration Light
sensor
sensor sensor sensor
∑
X
No ∑=1 No X=1
Yes Yes
Speaker
End Bulb ON
ON
Figure 7. Flow chart of integrated intruder alarm

CHAPTER FOUR
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ALARM SYSTEM
4.1 Design of Light Sensor

Light sensor alarming system depends on the light dependent resistor (LDR) which is connected
with a 47kΩ resistor as a voltage divide circuit as shown below.
Figure 8Light sensor circuit diagram

Calculation
Human eye can efficiently see for light level above 0.0108 lux. Therefore we designed the night
detecting element for light level of quarter moon or at 0.0108lux. At this light level the value of
resistance of LDR become:
RLDR=500/0.0108,
RLDR=46296KΩ
RLDR≈47KΩ/0.5W

For the Timer to be triggered, the value of resistance of LDR at 0.0108lux and below R1should
be 47kΩ. Below 0.0108lux the voltage drop across R3 is less than 1/3Vcc therefore the alarm is
activated.
We want to alarm the system for 20sec. Set R2 = 120kΩ, for monostable multivibrator time
off/on is; T = 1.1R2C2, C2 =20/(132KΩ*F), C2 = 150µF/10v
Working principle
The light dependent resistor (LDR) or light sensor is installed at a place where the light from
other source cannot reach and is given a laser light source. When the intruder inters between the
laser and LDR the light is blocked therefore the light level on the LDR will be changed which
trigger the 555 timer causing the system to alarm for specified period of time as indicated by the
RC circuit calculated above.
4.2 Design of Sound sensor

The circuit diagram of sound sensor is shown as below. Figure (a) shows the actual circuit
diagram of sound sensor while figure (b) since we have no sound sensing element or microphone
in proteus8 professional, we have shown it by potentiometer.
(a) Actual circuit

(b) Simulation circuit

Figure 9. Sound sensor circuit diagram
The standard reference input signal for microphone sensitivity measurements is a 1 kHz sine
wave at 94 dB sound pressure level (SPL), or 1pa. Microphones have sensitivity 8 mV/Pa.
From the datasheet of BC547 transistor, hFE = 120, VBE = 0.77V, IC = 100mA;
The resistor is calculated using the formula,
Vcc – IBRB – VBE =0, RB = (VCC –VBE)/ IB,
IB = IC/ hFE = 100 / 120 = 0.175mA
RB= (9V – 0.77)/ 0.175 = 47.02kΩ ≈47kΩ/0.5W
To trigger the timer, output voltage of the transistor should be less than 1/3Vcc = 3v.
Therefore RC is determined as;
9v-ICRC=3V, IC=100mA, RC=600Ω/0.5W
Similarly as the above timing design alarm the system for 20sec having R2 = 120kΩ, for
monostable multivibrator time of on is; T = 1.1R2C2, C2 =20/(132KΩ*F),C2 = 150µf/10v
Working principle
When there is a sound near the microphone the sound energy is converted to equivalent electrical
energy which increases the potential difference at the base of transistor turning on the it. When
the transistor become on, the voltage at the input to the 555 timer is become small therefore it
will be triggered. The 555 timer is triggered when the voltage at pin2 is less than 1/3 Vcc. when
this happens the system alarms for the time specified by RC circuit at pin6 and pin7.
That is T = 1.1*R*C
4.3 Design of Vibration sensor

The vibration sensor circuit diagram is shown below. The crystal oscillator is used to detect the
vibration above sensitivity of the sensor and induces voltage in proportion to the acceleration of
vibrating seismic which results to reduce of the resistance of the vibrator. In our simulation we
have used a potentiometer to show the variation of resistance in the vibration sensor.
(a) Actual circuit diagram
(b) Simulation circuit diagram

Figure 10. Vibration sensor circuit diagram.

In order to prevent wrong alarm we designed the system to alarm at vibration level of 10g. At
this vibration level the value of resistance is 2kΩ for the timer to be triggered, the voltage at 2kΩ
should be 1/3Vcc. Therefore we can calculate the value of R3;VS = RS x VCC/(RS +
R3)Rearranging, R3 = ( RSVCC - VSRS)/VS, VCC =9V,RS =2kΩ and VS = 3V;R3 = 4kΩ/0.2w
Working principle
When there is a vibration, the seismic of the vibrator will accelerate and produce a change in a
capacitance induces voltages which will trigger the 555 timer causes the alarm system to be
activated for some time and will be become off after duration of time designed by monostable
multivibrator.
4.4 Design of Touch sensor
There are several types of touch sensor in a market. In our design we are using a resistive touch
sensor in which the resistivity of the system is varied with response to the touching. The actual
design of the touch sensing element is shown in the figure below (a)
(a) Actual circuit diagram

(b) Simulation circuit diagram
Figure 11Touch sensor circuit diagram
Calculation
Naturally human body resistance vary from person to person has a resistance range from 1kΩ to
100kΩ depending on the atmospheric condition. So to have alarm at any range of resistivity of a
human body using 1kΩ resistance of human body,
Vt= Rt*VCC/(Rt + R) ≤1/3VCC, where Rt= touch resistance Vt= touch voltage
VCC = 9V, 1/3VCC = 3V. Therefore, the value of R is determined as;
R = (VccRt-3)/3Rt = 6/3, R =2kΩ/0.5v. Therefore, the value of R should be 2kΩ.
Working principle
When there is a touch, the plate makes contact. This results in voltage drop and the point of
contact creates a voltage in the network. When finger touches the surface, the small resistance of
the finger allows some current to flow through it, completing a circuit. The transistor acts as a
switch. When both the electrodes are touched, small current flows through the finger and the
transistor switches ON, as a result the load becomes active.

4.5 Design of frequency generator

We have designed frequency generator at frequency of 1khz using astable multivibrator because
it is in audible frequency range (0.3-3.4khz).
Figure 121khz frequency generator
Calculation
Time of on/off is determined from RC circuit associated with the 555 timer. ON time is;
T = 1/f =1/1khz =1ms
Ton = 1.1R*C =1ms
Having 120kΩ resistor the value of C is determined.
R =1/1.1*120kΩ = 7.5µF
OFF time is; Toff = 0.69(R1 + R2) *C, R2 = 73kΩ
4.6 Design of amplifier

We have designed an amplifier with gain of 20 to get enough output voltage that drives the
speaker.

Figure 13 amplifier circuit

Assuming Rs = 50Ω choose Rb = 10RS, RB = 500Ω, hfe = 120
(1 + hfe)*RE must be greater than or equal to Av*RE, RE = 20*500/120 = 83Ω
Icq = Vcc (Rac+ Rdc) = 6/(1000 + 2400) =1.76mA
Vbb =vbe+(Rb/(hfe+Re)) = 3.16v
R1 = Rb/(1-vbb/vcc) = 770Ω
R2 = RB*Vcc/Vbb = 1.4kΩ
Coupling capacitor is then found as; 1/wcb = 1khz; cb = 23.5uf

4.7 Overall Circuit of Integrated Intruder Alarm System
(a) Actualcircuit diagram
(b) Simulation circuit

Figure 14. Overall circuit diagram
Actual circuit; is circuit containing the electrical internal components of the sensor.
Simulation circuit; is circuit containing equivalent electrical properties of the sensor.

4.8 Components List Summary

Components Quantity Value/type
Vibration sensor 1 Piezo
Sound sensor 1 Condenser
Touch sensor 1 Resistive
LDR 1 -
Buzzer 1 -
Transistor 2 BC547
555 timer 4 -
Diode 1 -
Resistor 9 47k(2), 120k(4),2k,4k
Electric bulb 1 12v
Relay 1 12v
Capacitor 8 150u(4), 0.01u(4)
Battery 1 9v
OR GATE 1 4-input
AND GATE 1 2 input

CHAPTER FIVE
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Case1
When one of the sensor output is high or there is a trigger from one of the four sensors but the
time is not night, the buzzer alarms. Let say there is an intruder making a sound around the home
or anywhere around the sensor therefore the sound sensor output is high triggering the 555 timer
which will drive the buzzer to give sound. The buzzer gives sound but the bulb is not glow. The
condition when there is sound at day time is shown in the following figure.
Figure 15 Simulation result when the there is sound at day time

From the figure, the relay is open because the night circuit is not activated. We represented the
buzzer by LED since we cannot show sound on picture.
Case 2
When there is an intruder and the time is a night time, the buzzer gives sound and the bulb also
glows. For example if the intruder blocks the laser light from the LDR at night time, the buzzer
alarms and the bulb also glow. See condition when the system is detected an intruder at night
time on the figure shown below.

In this case, the buzzer is activated because the output from OR Gate is logic high which
provides a potential for the transistor to be turned on. The relay is energized due to the output
from AND Gate is logic high making short circuit the transistor.
Figure 16 Simulation result when the light and the touch is activated at night time

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Conclusion
This project presents design and implementation of integrated intruder alarm using four sensors.
This system detects the intrusion of a person to certain places and activates the alarm to inform
the intruder as well as the owner of the home, office, etc. From this paper we can conclude the
following points:
 Increasing the number of sensors helps to increase the system reliability.
 The system is applicable for home security and for commercial purpose.
 The system is simple to use and can be used by a people without knowing technical
background.
6.2 Recommendations
We are left the following works for those interested to modify this system.
 Add camera to the system to recognize the face of a person.
 Use GSM to send a text when there is an intruder increases the reliability of the system.
 In our system most of the sensors need contact with the home; therefore if the intruder is
not in contact, the system is not activated if there is no sound. Including ultrasonic sensor
in the system will make it smart.

Cost estimation of the system

Rough estimation of cost of our system is presented on the following table.
Components Quantity Cost per Total cost (BIRR)
component
Vibration sensor 1 35 35
Sound sensor 1 15 15
Touch sensor 1 17 17
LDR 1 10 10
Buzzer 1 40 40
Transistor 2 7 14
555 timer 4 12 48
Diode 1 2 2
Resistor 9 2.50 22.50
Electric bulb 1 25 25
Relay 1 20 20
Capacitor 8 1.50 12
Battery 1 40 40
OR GATE 1 7 7
AND GATE 1 7 7
Miscellaneous - - 75
TOTAL 34 - 389.50

REFERENCES
[1] The Joint Commission Perspectives on Patient Safety, December 2011, Volume 11, Issue 12
[2]“Burglar alarm system” by Waithaka Stephen Wachaiyu February 17/2005.
[3] John Ambroseo, “coherent laser –the photonics design and applications handbook 2001.”
[4] “Home alarm system using detector sensor” MdKhairulAmri B.BdZain.
[5] Robert boylestadLouisnashelsky “electronic devicesAnd circuit theoryseventh edition.”
[6] Charles K. Alexander, Matthew N. O. Sadiku, “Fundamentals of electric circuit”.

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Integrated intruder alarm system

JIMMA UNIVERSITY JIT faculty of ECE communication stream I

Name of students Id number signature

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JIMMA UNIVERSITY JIT faculty of ECE communication stream II

JIMMA UNIVERSITY JIT faculty of ECE communication stream III

Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... IV

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background of the Study ...................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Objective of the Project ........................................................................................................ 2

1.2.1 General objective ........................................................................................................... 2

1.2.2 Specific objective ........................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Statement of problem ............................................................................................................ 2

1.4 Scope of the project .............................................................................................................. 3

1.5 Motivation and Significance of the Study ............................................................................ 3

CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 4

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES ........................................................... 4

2.1 Sensors .................................................................................................................................. 4

2.1.1 Light sensor .................................................................................................................... 4

2.1.2 Sound sensor .................................................................................................................. 5

2.1.3 Vibration sensor-Piezoelectric sensor ............................................................................ 6

2.1.4 Touch sensor .................................................................................................................. 8

2.1.5 Transistor ....................................................................................................................... 9

2.1.6 555 Timers ................................................................................................................... 10

JIMMA UNIVERSITY JIT faculty of ECE communication stream IV

2.1.7 Capacitors .................................................................................................................... 11

2.2 Related Studies.................................................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 14

3.1 Proposed system.................................................................................................................. 14

3.1.1 Material list for hardware implementation .................................................................. 14

3.1.2 Software system ........................................................................................................... 14

3.2 Block diagram ..................................................................................................................... 15

3.3 Flow chart of alarm system ................................................................................................. 15

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ALARM SYSTEM ................................................... 17

4.1 Design of Light Sensor ....................................................................................................... 17

4.2 Design of Sound sensor ...................................................................................................... 18

4.3 Design of Vibration sensor ................................................................................................. 20

4.4 Design of Touch sensor ...................................................................................................... 21

4.5 Design of frequency generator ............................................................................................ 23

4.6 Design of amplifier ............................................................................................................. 23

CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 27

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................................................................................. 27

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................... 29

6.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 29

6.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 29

Cost estimation of the system ................................................................................................... 30

JIMMA UNIVERSITY JIT faculty of ECE communication stream V

JIMMA UNIVERSITY JIT faculty of ECE communication stream VI

JIMMA UNIVERSITY JIT faculty of ECE communication stream VII

1.1 Background of the Study

JIMMA UNIVERSITY JIT faculty of ECE communication stream 1

1.2 Objective of the Project

1.2.1 General objective

1.2.2 Specific objective

1.3 Statement of problem

JIMMA UNIVERSITY JIT faculty of ECE communication stream 2

1.4 Scope of the project

1.5 Motivation and Significance of the Study

JIMMA UNIVERSITY JIT faculty of ECE communication stream 3