Southern Maramag Colleges Module 1 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

P2 South Pob., Maramag, Buk. FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS

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Name: ________________________________________________ Grade 11 Distribution Date: ______________

Learning Outcomes
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Demonstrate an understanding of fractions;
2. Recall the types of fractions learned;
3. Explain how fractions operate when the unit referred to is a group or a class;
4. Perform fundamental operations on fractions; and
5. Convert fraction to decimal, fraction to percent, decimal to percent, percent to decimal and percent to fraction.

FRACTIONS
ACTIVITY 1
Direction: Write your answers on your paper.
1. How fractions were introduced to you in your previous years? Explain your answer.
2. Give 10 practical examples of fractions based from your own experiences where fractions were used.

ACTIVITY 2
Direction: Give the definition of the following words below and give at least 2 examples for each. Write your answer on
your paper.
1. Fraction 6. Improper fractions 11. Decimals
2. Prime number 7. Mixed Numbers
3. Composite number 8. Similar fraction
4. Relatively prime number 9. Dissimilar fractions
5. Proper fractions 10. LCD

ACTIVITY 3
Direction: Express the following as fractions of the units indicated. Write your answer on your paper.
1. 6 as part of a dozen 6. 500 pounds as part of a ton
2. 18 weeks as part of a decade 7. 5 years as part of a decade
3. 25 years as part of the century 8. 6 hours as part of a day
4. 2 quarts as part of the gallon 9. 1 inch as part of a foot
5. 7 days as part of a week 10. 5 as part of an eight-member team

ACTIVITY 4
Direction: Answer the following Write your answer on your paper.
1. Abigail sells rice to store. She has a total of 125 cavans that she plans to distribute to threes stores. If she gives
1/5 of what she has to store A, can she divide the remaining equally to stores B and C? How many will store A
and store B get?
2. Bobby cuts a piece of wood into 3 pieces of the same length. After he cuts off 2 feet from one of the pieces, he is
left with a piece that is 5 feet long. What is the length of the piece of wood he started with?

ACTIVITY 5
Direction: A. True or False. Write True if the statement is correct; if false, correct the statement.
__________1. A whole is always bigger than its parts.
__________2. A fraction of something is always equal to a fraction of another something.
8 7
__________3. is greater than .
5 6

1
 16 20
__________4. is equal to .
4 5
2 4
__________5. is equal to .
3 8

B. Identify the following as a proper fraction (PF), an improper fraction (IF) or a mixed number (MN).
3 9 13
_______1. 4 _________6. __________11.
3 9 15
12 7 9
_______2. _________7. __________12.
5 8 18
1 16 10
_______3. 6 _________8. __________13.
3 18 3
5 21 72
_______4. _________9. __________14.
12 23 9
8 23 4
_______5. ________10. __________15.7
7 12 2

ADDITION OF FRACTIONS
Addition of Similar Fractions
1. Add all the numerators and retain the denominator.
2. Reduce the fractions to lowest terms.
2 3 1 2+ 3+1 6 2 1
Example 1: + + = = =1 =1 When we add the numerators, we get 6. Then, we copy the
4 4 4 4 4 4 2
6 2 2 1
denominator to arrive at . If we divide 6 by 4, we get 1 . Then, reduce to lowest term is . Therefore, our answer is
4 4 4 2
1
1 .
2

1 2 1 3+2 1+ 2+ 1 4 1 1
Example 2: 3 + +2 = + =5+ =5+1 =6
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Addition of Dissimilar Fractions
5 1
Example: + =?
8 4
1. Look for the LCD. The denominators of the fractions to be added are 8 and 4. The smallest number (LCD) which
can be added by 8 and 4 without a remainder is 8, which becomes the denominator for both fractions.
5 ?
=
8 8
1 ?
+ =
4 8
5
2. Solve for the numerators. If the LCD is also the denominator of a given fraction (like our first term, ), we simply
8
copy the numerator. If not, the process is the same as converting a fraction into higher terms, which we have
2
already learned. We divide 8 by 4 and multiply by the numerator 1 to arrive at .
8
5 5
=
8 8
1 2
+ =
4 8
2
 3. Add the fractions.
5 5 5 2 7
= + =
8 8 8 8 8
1 2
+ =
4 8
Addition of Mixed Numbers
First Method: To add mixed numbers, add the whole numbers then add the fractional parts:
1 1 1 1 4+ 3 7 7
Example: 2 + 5 = (2 + 5) + ( + ) = 7 + =7+ =7
2 3 2 3 8 8 8
Second Method: Change the mixed numbers into improper fractions and then add:
1 1 5 43 20+43 63 7
Example: 2 +5 = + = = = 7
2 3 2 8 8 8 8
ACTIVITY 6
Direction: A. Answer the following problems. Write your answers on your paper.
1 3
1. Ramon worked in the hardware store for 7 hours while Raul worked 8 hours. How many total hours did the
2 4
two work? Express your answer as an improper fraction.
1 5
2. Janine and Jella are owners of small textile stores. Janine sold of her stock yesterday. Jella sold of hers.
8 6
a. Assume a total of 400 yards for Janine and 300 yards for Jella in stock. Who sold the more?
b. Assume that Janine and Jella own only one store, what part of their total stock did Janine sell and what part
of their total stock did Jella sell?
c. Of the total stock of their stores combined, add the part that Janine sold and the part that Jella sold. Find
the part of the total stock sold.

B. Find the sum.

6 2 5 9 1 2 3 1 5
1. + + = 3. 7 +3 +5 = 5. 10 + 12 + 21 =
1 10 9 10 4 3 8 6 13
3 5 1 2 1
2. 1 + 8 = 4. 26 + 13 + 17 =
4 6 8 3 12

SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS
Subtraction of Similar Fractions
To subtract, we subtract the numerators and copy the denominator and reduce the fraction to lowest terms, if
needed.
15 8 15−8 7
Example: - = =
16 16 16 16
Subtraction of Dissimilar Fractions
As in addition, it is necessary that dissimilar fractions be converted into similar fractions first. Then, we proceed
to subtraction of similar fractions.
2 1 8 3 5 2 8
Example: - = - = We find the LCD for 3 and 4 and that is 12. 12 ÷ 3 = 4; 4 x 2 = 8; hence, = .
3 4 12 12 12 3 12
1 3
12 ÷ 4 = 3; 3 x 1 = 3; hence, = . Next, we subtract 3 from 8 to arrive at 5 and we
4 12
5
retain the denominator (12), so our answer is .
12
Subtraction of Mixed Numbers
To subtract a mixed number from another mixed number, we follow the following rules:
1. If the mixed numbers have similar fractional parts, we subtract the whole numbers and then subtract the
fractional parts following our rule for subtraction of similar fractions.
3
 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
8 - 3 = (8 – 3) + ( - ) = 5 + = 5 We subtract the whole numbers 8 – 3 = 5. Next, we subtract -
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1
= .
3
1
Our answer, therefore, is 5 .
3
2. If the mixed numbers have fractional parts which are not similar, then we change the fractional parts into similar
fractions and then proceed as in above.
2 8 2
12 = 12 We deduct 8 from 12 to get 4. We change and to similar fractions. The LCD for 3 and 4 is 12
3 12 3
so
1 3 2 8 1 3
8 =8 2 ÷ 3 = 4; 4 x 2 = 8; therefore,
= . Again, 12 ÷ 4 =3; 3 x 1= 3; therefore, = . So, we
4 12 3 12 4 12
3 8 5 5
deduct from to get ;hence, the answer is 4 .
12 12 12 12
3. If the fraction in the subtrahend is greater than the fraction in the minuend, convert one unit of the minuend
into an improper fraction with the correct denominator and add this unit to the existing fraction in the minuend.
Then, the whole number in the minuend is reduced by one. After that, we can proceed with the subtraction.
3 5
Example: 14 -8 =?
8 6
3 9 33 24
14 = 14 = 13 We borrow 1 unit from 14 so it becomes 13. This unit is which we add to
8 24 24 24
9
to
24
5 20 20 33 20 33 13
8 =8 =8 arrive at . We can now deduct from to get . We deduct 8 from 13
6 24 24 24 24 24 24
to get
13
Our answer, therefore, is 5 .
24
Subtraction of Mixed Numbers and Whole Numbers
To subtract a mixed number from a whole number, we convert one unit of the minuend into an improper
fraction with the same denominator as the fraction in the subtrahend, thus reducing the whole number in the minuend
by one. Then, we subtract.
4 4
Example: 14 = 13 We borrow one unit from 14 so it becomes 13 and we have as the unit we borrowed. We
4 4
deduct
3 3 3 4 1 1
3 = 3 from to get . Then, we deduct 3 from 13 to get 10. Our answer, therefore, is 10 .
4 4 4 4 4 4
To subtract a whole number from a mixed number, we simply subtract the whole numbers and copy the
fraction.
2 2
Example: 18 - 7 = 11
5 5

ACTIVITY 7
Direction: Answer the following questions. Write your answer on your paper.

4
 5
1. The Fernando family decided to hike to Mt. Apo, approximately 9 miles away. After an hour, the mountain
8
1
was still 5 miles away. How far did the group hike so far?
3
3
2. For track practice, runners were supposed to walk or jog twenty laps. Sarah jogged of the laps. Jacob jogged
4
3 1
of the laps. James jogged of the laps. List the runners in order from the least to greatest number of laps
5 2
jogged.

ACTIVITY 8
Direction: Find the difference. Write your answer on your paper.
1 5 11 5 1
1. 80 - 14 = 3. 22 - 13 = 5. 49 - 25 =
4 6 15 6 8
2 13 17
2. 24 - 17= 4. 32 -5 =
3 17 18

MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS
Multiplication of Fraction by another Fraction
To multiply a fraction by another fraction, we multiply their numerators to obtain the numerator of the product;
then, multiply the denominators to obtain the denominator of the product and reduce the product to lowest terms.
1 4 1x 4 4 1
1. x =( )= =
8 7 8 x7 56 14
Multiplication of Fraction by a Whole Number
To multiply a whole number by a fraction, we multiply the whole number by the numerator of the fraction and
multiply the denominator of the fraction by 1. If the answer is an improper fraction, change it into a whole number or a
mixed number.
2 3 6 1 2
x = =1 2 is equal to . We multiply the numerators 2 and 3 and we get 6. We multiply our denominators
4 1 4 2 1
1
6 2
and 4 and we get 4. Our preliminary answer is , which when divided gives us 1 and which, when
4 4
1
reduced to lowest terms, becomes 1 .
2
Multiplication of Whole Number by a Mixed Number
To multiply a whole number, change the mixed number into an improper fraction and then multiply.
1 13 1 13
2x3 =2x 3
becomes [{(4 x 3) + 1} / 4]. We multiply 2 and13 to give us 26. We multiply 4 and 1
4 4 4 4
2 2 1
(denominator of 2) to give us 4. We divide 26 by 4 by giving us 6 and . We change to lowest terms giving us 6 as
4 4 2
the final answer.
When either the whole number or the mixed number or both are large, the following method is better. Example:
3
122 x 24 .
4
1. Multiply the whole number by the integral part (whole number portion) of the mixed number.
122 x 25 = 3 050
2. Multiply the whole number by the fractional part of the mixed number.
3 366 2 1
122 x = = 91 = 91
4 4 4 2
3. Add the products.
5
 1 1
3 050 + 91 = 3 141
2 2
Multiplication of Mixed Number by Mixed Number
1. Change the mixed numbers into improper fractions and then multiply.
3 1 11 3 33 1
2 x1 = x = =4
4 2 4 2 8 8

ACTIVITY 9
Direction: Answer the following questions. Write your answer on your paper.
1. John needs 95 kilograms of potatoes. He buys 12 bags. There are three 5-kilogram bags. The rest are 10-kilogram
bags. How many 10-kilogram bags are there? What part of the 95 kilograms of potatoes are 5-kilogram bags?
10-kilogram bags?
2. You were given the following tables. For the Underwater Gift Shop Sale, how much is the large shark poster
more expensive than the small shark poster? What part of the price of the large shark poster is the difference in
price?
Underwater Gift Shop Sale
Items Unit Price in Peso
Shark poster (small) ₱25.00
(large) ₱40.00
Whale Poster (small) ₱25.00
(large) ₱40.00
Sea Lion key chain ₱30.00
1 1
3. Joey worked 24 hours last week for landscape. She worked of those hours planting flowers and of those
3 2
hours mowing lawns. How many hours did Joey work planting flowers? Mowing the lawn? If she is paid
₱20.00/hour, how much did she earn?

ACTIVITY 10
Direction: Find the products of the following. Write your answer on your paper.
3 4 2 5
1. 20 x x = 3. 10 x 35 = 5. 23 x 10 =
5 15 7 8
125 11 3
2. x 1 x 20 = 4. 6 x 15 =
923 12 8
DIVISION OF FRACTIONS
Division of Fraction by another Fraction
To divide a fraction by another fraction, invert the divisor (change the divisor to its reciprocal) and multiply:
2 3 2 4 8
÷ = x =
3 4 3 3 9
Division of Whole Numbers and Fraction
To divide whole numbers and fractions, the whole numbers are always treated as fractions with denominator of
1. Then, we proceed as in division of common fractions- inverting the divisor and then multiply.
2 5 3 15 1 2 3
1. 5 ÷ = x = =7 We change to its reciprocal so it becomes then we multiply 5 by 3 to get 15 as
3 1 2 2 2 3 2
15
numerator and we multiply 1 by 2 to get 2 as denominator. Next, we reduce to mixed number.
2
Division of Mixed Numbers
To divide mixed numbers, we always change the mixed numbers to improper fractions and proceed as in
division of common fractions.

6
 1 1 33 17 33 8 264 264 ÷ 4 66 15
8 ÷2 = ÷ = ÷ = = = =3 [(4 x 8) + 1] = 33 and we copy the denominator 4,
4 8 4 4 4 17 68 68 ÷ 4 17 17
33 17
so we got for the first term. [(8 x 2) + 1] = 17 and we copy the denominator 8 to get .
4 8

ACTIVITY 11
Direction: Answer the following questions. Write your answer on your paper.
1 1
1. A tract of land containing 62 acres was divided into smaller lots of 1 acres each. Into how many smaller lots
2 4
was the tract of land divided?
2. Mr. Dy owns a big parcel of land measuring 500 meters by 1,000 meters.
a. If he wishes to divide it into 500 square meters each, how many lots will there be?
b. If he sells each lot for ₱2 500.00 per square meter, how much will Mr. Dy realize from the sale of all of the
lots?
c. If he sells only 75% of the lots, how much will Mr. Dy realize?
d. If the land costs Mr. Dy ₱1 500.00 per square meter, how much profit will Mr. Dy realize if he sells 75% of his
lots? 100% of his lots?

ACTIVITY 12
Direction: Find the quotient. Write your answer on your paper.
14 14 5 3 18 2
1. ÷ = 3. ÷ = 5. ÷ =
18 18 8 8 19 7
2 1 5 1
2. ÷ = 4. ÷ =
3 8 6 2

ACTIVITY 13
Direction: Perform the indicated operation. Remember to perform operations within the parentheses first before
proceeding to other operations. Write your answer on your paper.
11 3 1 1 1
1. ( + + )–( + )=
15 4 2 8 3
5 2 1
2. 72 – (5 + 6 ) =
8 3 4
2 2 1
3. 36 – (7 + 3 + 6 ) =
7 5 8
3 1 3
4. (14 + 2 + 5 ) – 10 =
8 6 4
1 52 5
5. (20 + + 15 ) – 15 =
7 5 8
CHANGING FRACTION TO DECIMAL AND PERCENT AND VICE VERSA
Converting fraction to Decimal
3
To reduce fractions into decimal, we simply perform division. If we want to change into decimal, we divide 3
4
3
by 4: Therefore, = 0.75
4
Converting Fraction to Percent
To convert fractions to percent, we change the fraction into decimal (by performing division) and move the
decimal point two places to the right, then affix the percent symbol (%).
Examples:

7
 1 0 5
=1÷2= = 50% = 5 ÷ 12 = 0.4166 = 41.67% (round off)
2 5 12
Converting Decimal to Fraction
To change decimal to fraction, we convert a decimal to a fraction with a denominator in multiples of 10(10, 100,
1000, etc.) and reduce the said fraction to lowest terms.
75 75÷ 25 3
Examples: a. 0.75 = = = Explanation: 0.75 has two decimal places. Our denominator have two
100 100÷ 25 4
zeroes; hence, 100. We divide 75 by 27 (HCF or highest common factor) and we get 3 and we divide 100 by 25 and get 4;
3
hence, the answer is .
4

375 375÷ 125 3

b. 0.375 = = =
1000 1000÷ 125 8

Converting Decimal to Percent

To convert decimal to percent, we move the decimal point two places to the right and affix the percent sign (%).
Examples: a. 0.75 = 75% c. 1.25 = 125% e. 33.38 = 3 338%
b. 0.0065 = .65% d. 2 = 200% f. 0.015 = 1.5%
Converting Percent to Decimal
To convert percent to decimal, we move the decimal point two places to the left (as in dividing by 100) and we
drop the percent sign (%). This is exactly the opposite of what we did when we converted decimal to percent.
Examples: a. 45% = .45 c. 3% = 0.03 e. 23.56% =.2356
b. 100% = 1 d. 250% =2.5 f. 150.5% = 1.505
Converting Percent to Fraction
To convert percent to fraction, we first change percent to decimal, then change the decimal to fraction and
reduce to lowest terms.
14 7 5 1 125 5 1
Examples: 14% = 0.14 = = 5% = 0.005 = = 125% = 1.25 = = =1
100 50 1000 200 100 4 4

ACTIVITY 14
Direction: Answer the question below. Write your answer on your paper.
1. Audrey needs 55 kilograms of potatoes. She buys 12 bags of potatoes, which include three 5-kilogram bags. The
rest are 10-kilogram bags. How many 10-kilogram bags are there? What part of the total bags is the 5-kilogram
bags? The 10-kilogram bags? Express them in decimal.

ACTIVITY 15
Direction: A. Change the following fractions to decimal. If not whole number, compute up to three decimal places and
round to the nearest hundredth. Write your answers below.
4 11 7 15 200
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
9 12 7 4 58
B. Change the following decimals to fraction, renaming in simplest terms.
1. 0.7 = 2. 0.35 = 3. 7.5 = 4. 0.245 = 5. 0.1235 =

C. Change the following fractions to percent.

1 1 16 4 1
1. 6 =¿ 2. = 3. = 4. = 5. 2 =
3 3 5 8 4

D. Change the following percent to farction.

8
 1
1. 28% = 2. 5 %= 3. 0.0010% = 4. 0.09% = 5. 125% =
2

E. Change the following decimals to percent.

1. 0.75 = 2. 1.82 = 3. 0.200 = 4. 0.00690 = 5. 4.06

F. Change the following percent to decimal.

3
1. 5.64% = 2. 15 %= 3. 675% = 4. 85% = 5. 0.635% =
4

Prepared by: Roselle S. Villaquer

Contact details: 09107969153/[email protected]