Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 27 views

    Cross Slope, Cross Fall or Camber Is A Geometric Feature of Pavement Surfaces: The Transverse Slope

    Uploaded by

    may ann garcia
    Cross slope, or the transverse slope of a roadway, is designed to provide drainage away from the road surface. It is usually highest in the center of straight road sections and banked into curves to reduce steering effort. Typical cross slopes range from 2% on straight segments to 10% for sharp curves. Stopping sight distance is the distance required for a driver to see and come to a complete stop, and consists of braking distance and perception-reaction time. Formulas are provided to calculate these distances based on initial speed, coefficient of friction, and road grade.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Cross Slope, Cross Fall or Camber Is A Geometric Feature of Pavement Surfaces: The Transverse Slope

    Uploaded by

    may ann garcia
    27 views3 pages
    Cross slope, or the transverse slope of a roadway, is designed to provide drainage away from the road surface. It is usually highest in the center of straight road sections and banked into curves to reduce steering effort. Typical cross slopes range from 2% on straight segments to 10% for sharp curves. Stopping sight distance is the distance required for a driver to see and come to a complete stop, and consists of braking distance and perception-reaction time. Formulas are provided to calculate these distances based on initial speed, coefficient of friction, and road grade.

    Original Title

    Highway

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Cross slope, or the transverse slope of a roadway, is designed to provide drainage away from the road surface. It is usually highest in the center of straight road sections and banked into curves to reduce steering effort. Typical cross slopes range from 2% on straight segments to 10% for sharp curves. Stopping sight distance is the distance required for a driver to see and come to a complete stop, and consists of braking distance and perception-reaction time. Formulas are provided to calculate these distances based on initial speed, coefficient of friction, and road grade.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    27 views3 pages

    Cross Slope, Cross Fall or Camber Is A Geometric Feature of Pavement Surfaces: The Transverse Slope

    Uploaded by

    may ann garcia
    Cross slope, or the transverse slope of a roadway, is designed to provide drainage away from the road surface. It is usually highest in the center of straight road sections and banked into curves to reduce steering effort. Typical cross slopes range from 2% on straight segments to 10% for sharp curves. Stopping sight distance is the distance required for a driver to see and come to a complete stop, and consists of braking distance and perception-reaction time. Formulas are provided to calculate these distances based on initial speed, coefficient of friction, and road grade.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    HIGHWAY DESIGN PART II

    Cross slope, cross fall or camber is a geometric feature of pavement surfaces: the transverse slope
    with respect to the horizon. It is a very important safety factor. Cross slope is provided to provide
    a drainage gradient so that water will run off the surface to a drainage system such as a street
    gutter or ditch. Inadequate cross slope will contribute to aquaplaning. On straight sections of normal
    two-lane roads, the pavement cross section is usually highest in the center and drains to both sides. In
    horizontal curves, the cross slope is banked into superelevation to reduce steering effort and lateral
    force required to go around the curve. All water drains to the inside of the curve. If the cross slope
    magnitude oscillates within 1–25 meters (3–82 ft), the body and payload of high (heavy) vehicles will
    experience high roll vibration.
    Cross slope is usually expressed as a percentage:
    .
    Cross slope is the angle around a vertical axis between:

     the horizontal line that is perpendicular to the road's center line, and
     the surface.
    Typical values range from 2 percent for straight segments to 10 percent for sharp superelevated
    curves. It may also be expressed as a fraction of an inch in rise over a one-foot run (e.g.
    1
    ⁄4 inch per foot).

    Stopping Sight Distance

    Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) is the viewable distance required for a driver to see so that he or she
    can make a complete stop in the event of an unforeseen hazard. SSD is made up of two components:
    (1) Braking Distance and (2) Perception-Reaction Time.

    For highway design, analysis of braking is simplified by assuming that deceleration is caused by the
    resisting force of friction against skidding tires. This is applicable to both an uphill or a downhill
    situation. A vehicle can be modeled as an object with mass m sliding on a surface inclined an angle θ .

    While the force of gravity pulls the vehicle down, the force of friction resists that movement. The
    forces acting this vehicle can be simplified to:

    HIGHWAY DESIGN 2.0

    1|PAGE
    While the force of gravity pulls the vehicle down, the force of friction resists that movement. The
    forces acting this vehicle can be simplified to:

    F=W (sin ( θ )−fcos ( θ ))

    where

     W = mg = object’s weight
     f = coefficient of friction
    Using Newton’s second law ( F=m a ¿, we can conclude then that the acceleration (a Aaa) of the object is

    a=g(sin ( θ ) −fcos ( θ ) )

    Using our basic equations to solve for braking distance ( d b ) in terms of initial speed ( v¿ ¿i)¿ and
    ending speed ( v¿ ¿ e) ¿ gives

    v i2−v e 2
    db=
    −2 a

    and substituting for the acceleration yields


    2 2
    v i −v e
    db=
    −2 g ¿ ¿

    For angles commonly encountered on roads, c os ( θ ) ≈ 1 and sin ( θ ) ≈ tan ( θ ) =G where G is called the
    roads grade. This gives

    v i2−v e 2
    db=
    −2 g( f ±G)

    Using simply the braking formula assumes that a driver reacts instantaneously to a hazard. However,
    there is an inherent delay between the time a driver identifies a hazard and when he or she mentally
    determines an appropriate reaction. This amount of time is called perception-reaction time. For a
    HIGHWAY DESIGN 2.0

    2|PAGE
    vehicle in motion, this inherent delay translates to a distance covered in the meanwhile. This extra
    distance must be accounted for.

    For a vehicle traveling at a constant rate, distance ❑❑ d r  covered by a specific velocity vvvvv and a
    certain perception-reaction time ❑❑ t r can be computed using simple dynamics:
    d r =( v t r ) 

    Finally, combining these two elements together and incorporating unit conversion, the AASHTO
    stopping sight distance formula is produced. The unit conversions convert the problem to metric, with 
    ❑❑ v i in kilometers per hour and ❑❑ d s in meters.

    Passing Sight Distance -

    HIGHWAY DESIGN 2.0

    3|PAGE

    You might also like