BUET Undergrad Thermodynamics Question Toufiq Rahman- 07 BUET

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Session - 2015-16
1. (a) Define 'work' and 'heat', and make brief comparison between them.
(b) Define 'heat' and 'work'. Explain the physical meaning of 'flow work'.
a) Define and classify thermodynamic properties.
(c) Write a short note on 'thermodynamic equilibrium'. What is meant by 'quasi-static' process?
(c) A gas contained within a piston-cylinder device is initially at 1.0 MPa and 0.02 m3. It expands to a
final volume of 0.04 m3 under the conditions that
(i)pressure remains constant
(ii)temperature remains consent. Estimate heat transfer and work output.
(d) Write short notes on
(i) thermodynamic system
(ii) closed mass system
(iii) thermodynamic cycle
(iv) 'zero-th' law of thermodynamics joule free-expansion experiment

a) Using 'First-law of thermodynamics' show that ‘energy 'IS a thermodynamic property.

(a) State clausius statement of the Second Law of thermodynamics. Show that, violation of clausius
statement results in the violation of Kelvin-Planck statement.
(b) Briefly present ‘energy equation for control volume system’. Using suitable assumptions, derive
Bernoulli's equation from it.
a) Briefly present First Law of thermodynamics for open system and derive Bernoulli's equation from it.

c) An air compressor operates at steady flow with air entering at PI = 1 bar, T1 = 27°C, and exiting at P2
= 10 bar. If the air undergoes a polytrophic process with n = 1.33, estimate work done and heat transfer in
kJlkg
** Mention some characteristics and origins of 'thermodynamic properties'. Show that, internal energy is a
thermodynamic property.
(d) With schematic diagrams and suitable assumptions, simplify the 1st law of thermodynamics for the
following process:
(i) nozzle
(ii) pump
(iii) heat exchanger
(iv) throttling

A steam turbine operates with an initial condition of 30 bars and 400°C, 160 m/s and an outlet state of
saturated vapour at 0.5 bar with a velocity of 100 m/s. The mass flow rate is 20 kg/s, and the power output
is 10.8 MW. Estimate heat transfer neglecting friction.

2.(a) Briefly present Clausius' statement of second law of thermodynamics. Show that, violation of this
statement leads to violation of Kelvin- Planck statement.
(b)Write a short note on 'Perpetual Motion Machine'. Show that, Kelvin-Planck statement states the
impossibility of Perpetual Motion Machine of second kind.
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(c)Briefly explain the principle of increase of entropy. Apply this principle for the melting of ice at 25°C
ambient condition.
4.(a) Briefly explain
(i)isentropic nozzle efficiency
(ii)isentropic turbine efficiency
(b) Air is compressed isentropically from 100 kPa and 25°C to 500 kPa. Estimate the work required if
the compressor is
(i) reciprocating type
(ii) centrifugal type

(c)A turbine operating at steady state receives air at a pressure of P1 = 3.0 bar and temperature of TI = 400K.
Air exists the turbine at P2 = 1.0 bar. Work developed is 74 kJ/kg of air. Using ideal gas model estimate
isentropic turbine efficiency and entropy generation.

5.(a) Determine the specific volume of refrigerant-134a at 1 MPa and 50°C, using: (i) the ideal gas
equation of state and (ii) the generalized compressibility chart.
(b)Refrigerant-134a enters the compressor of a refrigerator as superheated vapor at 0.14 MPa and -lo°C at
a rate of 0.05 kg/s and leaves at 0.8 MPa and 50°C. The refrigerant is cooled in the condenser to 26°C and
0.72 MPa and is throttled to 0.15 MPa. Disregarding any heat transfer and pressure drops in the connecting
lines between the components, determine:
(i) isentropic efficiency of the compressor
(ii) COP of the refrigerator.

6.(a) An ideal gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of expansion has an overall
pressure ratio of 8. Air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1300
K. Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of this gas turbine cycle, assuming (i) no
regenerators and (ii) an ideal regenerator with 100 percent effectiveness.

(b) An ideal diesel cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 18 and a cut off ratio of 2.
At the beginning of the compression process, the working fluid is at 100 kPa, 27°C, and 1917
cm3.Utilizing the cold-air-standard assumptions,
Determine:
(i) Thermal efficiency of the cycle.
(ii) Net work output of the cycle.
(iii) The mean effective pressure.

7. Consider a steam power plant operating on the .ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feed
water heater. Steam enters the turbine at 15 MPa and 600°C and is condensed in the condenser at a pressure
of 10 kPa. Some steam leaves the turbine at a pressure of 1.2 MPa and enters the open feed water heater.
Isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 90%. Determine the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine and
thermal efficiency of the cycle.
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8. (a) Make a brief comparison between 1 kJ of heat at 500°C and 1 kJ of heat at 2000°C.

(c)A mixture consists of 10% O2, 70% N2 and 10% CO2 by mass. Determine:
(i)the molar analysis.
(ii)the apparent gas constant.
(d)Write short notes on:
(i)Joule- Thomson coefficient.
(ii)Dew-point temperature.

Session- 2014-15
3. (b) Using Carnot's principle, present thermodynamic temperature scale.
(c) Present a brief second law analysis for CV system.
(d) Water vapour at 5 bar, 325°C enters a steam turbine at a steady state with a volume flow rate of 1.0m3
Is and expand adiabatically to an exit state of 1bar and 165°C.
Determine for the turbine
(i)the power developed in kW
(ii)the rate of entropy production in kW/k
(iii)the isentropic efficiency.
Discuss the result.

4.(a) Explain the physical meaning of heating value(s) of fuels.

(b) Show that
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(c) Write short notes:

(i)Clausius-clapeyron equation
(ii)Joule- Thomson coefficient
(iii)First Tds relation
(iv)Principle of increase of entropy
(v)Entropy
5.(a) What is the physical significance of the compressibility factor ...? Under what conditions is the ideal-
gas assumption suitable for steam?

(b)A mixture of oxygen (02),carbon dioxide (C02), and helium (He) gases with mass fractions of 0.0625,
0.625 and 0.3125, respectively, enter an adiabatic turbine at 1000 kPa and 600 K steadily and expands to
100 kPa pressure. he isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 90%. For gas components assuming constant
specific heats at room temperature, determine the work output per unit mass of the mixture.
The specific heats at room temperature (25°C) are:
Cv (kJ/kg.k) Cp (kJ/kg.k)
0.658 0.918
0.657 0.846
3.1156 5.1926
(c) Can the water vapor in air be treated as an ideal gas? Explain.

6. (a) Two airstreams are mixed steadily and adiabatically. The first stream enters at 32°C and 40% R.H.
at a rate of 20 m3/min, while the second stream enters at 12°C and 90% R.H. at a rate of 25 m3/min.
Assuming that the mixing process occurs at a pressure of 1 atm, determine the specific humidity, R.H., T db,
and Tdp of the mixture.
(b) Refrigerant-134a enters the compressor of a refrigerator as a superheated vapor at 0.14 MPa and –l0oC
at a rate of 0.05 kg/s and leaves at 0.8 MPa and 50°C. The refrigerant is cooled in the condenser to 26°C
and 0.72 MPa and is throttled to 0.15 MPa. Disregarding any heat transfer and pressure drops in the
connecting lines between the components, determine-
(i) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and the power input in the compressor.
(ii) isentropic efficiency of the compressor.
(iii)COP of the refrigerator.

7.(a) Derive the equation for thermal efficiency of an ideal diesel cycle.
(b) An ideal gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of expansion has an
overall pressure ratio 8. Air enters each stage of the compressor at 300K and each stage of the turbine at
1300 K. Determine the back work ratio and thermal efficiency of the gas turbine.

8. (a) What four processes make up the simple ideal Rankine cycle? Explain how can we increase the
efficiency of the Rankine cycle?
(b) Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feed
water heater. Steam enters the turbine at 15 MPa and 600°C and is condensed in the condenser at a pressure
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of 10 kPa. Some steam leaves the turbine at a pressure of 1.2 MPa and enters the open feed water heater.
Determine the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine and the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

Session - 2013-14
1.(a) Define point function and path function. Show that work is a path dependent function.
(b)Differentiate between reversible and irreversible process, What arc the main causes that render
irreversibility in a system?
(e) Define Zeroth law of thermodynamics. Explain its importance.
(d)A spherical balloon contains air at P1 = 150 kPa is placed in vaeutun. It has an initial diameter of D1 =
0.3 m. The balloon is heated until its diameler is D2= 0.4 m. Consider pressure in the balloon is proportional
to its diameter, calculate the work of expansion.

2.(a) Slate the 'First Law of 'Thermodynamics', Prove that energy is a thermodynamic property.
(b)Explain clearly the difference between a non-flow and a steady flow process, Write down the general
energy equation for steady flow system and simplify it when applied for the following systems:
(i)Centrifugal water pump
(ii)Steam nozzle
(iii)Gas Turbine
(e) What do you mean by "perpetual motion machine of first kind ?
(d) Given a steam turbine with m = 1.5kg/s, Qcv = -8.5 kW with the following inlet and exit conditions:

Pi = 2 MPa; Ti = 350°c Vi = 50 m/s; z1 = 6 m.

Pe= O.1 MPa; xe=1; Ve=200m/s; ze=3m
Find the output power.

3.(a) Give the following statements of second law of thermodynamics:

(i) Clausius statement
(ii) Kelvin-Planck statement
(b)Derive an expression for the efficiency of the reversible heat engine.
(C) What is entropy? Given an expression for entropy changes for an open system.
(d)A 0.3 kg metal bar initially at 1200 K is removed from an oven and quenched by immersing It in a
closed tank containing 9 kg of water initially at 300 K. Each substance can be modeled as
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incompressible. An appropriate constant heat value for the water is Cw = 4.2 kJ/kg.k and an appropriate
value for the metal is Cm = 0.42 kJ/kg.k.Heat transfer from the tank Contents can be neglected. Determine:
(1)the equilibrium temperature of the metal bar and the water and
(ii) the amount of entropy produced.

4.(a) Explain the concept of'Exergy'. When does the system become dead?
(b) Derive the Max'Wel1re1atioll5 and explain their importance in thermodynamics.
(e) Superheated water vapor enters a valve at 3.0 MPa and exits at a pressure of 0.5 MPa. The expansion is
a throttling process. Determine the specific flow exergy at the inlet and exit and the exergy destruction per
unit of mass flowing. Let To = 250C and PO= 1 atm.

5.(a) What do you understand by a "Stoichiometric" mixture? Briefly explain why "Non- Stoichiometric"
mixtures are often burnt in real engines and burners.
(b) A sample of dry coal has the following composition by mass: C = 84%, H = 6%, 0= 5.5%, N = 1%, S
= 0.5% and Ash = 3%. Calculate the required air-fuel ratio by mass when it is bumt with 20% excess
air.
(c) Briefly describe a "Stirling Cycle" using schematic, P.V and T.S diagrams. Which is the most
important advantage of a Stirling cycle in your opinion? Justify your choice.

6) (a) Define absolute humidity. Deduce an expression of absolute humidity in terms of atmospheric
pressure, saturation pressure and relative humidity, Using data from the steam table calculate the absolute
humidity for a room condition of 30°C and 70% RH.

(b) Define "Ton of Refrigeration". A vapour compression refrigeration cycle using R-134a operates with
an evaporator temperature of -100C as dry saturated vapour and at a condensing temperature of 40"C with
100C of subcooling. For a cooling capacity of 20 Tons,determine
(i)COP and EER.
(ii)Mass flow rate of refrigerant in kg/s.'
(iiI) Required compressor power in kW,
[Draw the cycle on the p-h chart supplied]

7) (a) Using P-V and T-S diagram~ explain why thc combustion in a SI engine approaches constant volume
combustion, while combustion in a cr engine approaches a constant pressure case,
(b)Define MEP. State its typical values for SI and CI engine.
(c)An ideal diesel cycle has a compression ratio or 18 and a cutoff ratio of 2.The displacement volume of
the engine is 1800 cc. Considering air-standard analysis with initial condition of 270C and 100 kPa.
Calculate-
(i)Temperature at the end of each process
(ii)Net work output
(iii)MEP.

8.(a) What do you understand by "Regeneration" in a GT cycle? Deduce an expres~lon of thermal efficiency
in an ideal OT cycle with regeneration. Briefly state the influence of pressure ratio on such a cycle.
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(b)An ideal regenerative Rankine cycle operates with the steam entering the turbine of 30 bar and 500°C
and is finally exhausted at 0.2 bar. An OFWH 15 used for regeneration which operates at 5 bar. Using the
steam table supplied calculate-
(i) Thermal efficiency (ii) SSC, of the cycle.

Session - 2012-13
1.(a) Classify thermodynamic systems.
(b)Show that,boundary work is given by

Mention some similarities between 'work' and 'heat'.

(c)Explain the physical meaning of 'tripple point' and 'critical point' of a fluid. Prove that, for a Vander
Wall's gas, Vc = 3b.
(d)A gas in a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes ail expansion process for which the relationship between
P & V is given by
PVn = const.
The initial pressure is 1.0 MPa, the initial volume is 0.1 m3, and the final volume is 0.2 m3. Determine the
work for 'the process, in kJ, if (i) n = 1.4, (ii) n = 1.0, and (iii)n = O .

.2.(a) Using 'First Law of thermodynamics, show that internal energy is a thermodynamic property.
(b)Briefly present 'conservation of energy for CV system'. Also, explain the physical meaning of 'flow
work'.
(c)With schematic diagrams and proper assumptions, simplify the 1st law of thermodynamics for the
following devices:
(i)boiler
(ii)turbine with heat loss
(iii)heat exchanger.
(b) Air enters a compressor operating at steady state at 0.1 MPa, 300 K, with a volumetric flow rate
of 12 m3/min. and exits at 1.2 MPa, 400 K. Heat loss to the surroundings is 2.0 kW. Assuming the ideal
gas law, and neglecting the kinetic and potential energy effects determine the power input, in kW.

3.(a) Briefly explain thermal reservoir'.

(b) Briefly present Kelvin-Planck (KP) and Clausius (C) statements of the second-law of thermodynamics.
Show that, any violation of 'KP' statement implies the violation of 'C' statement.

(c) Briefly present 'Clausius inequality', and show that

(d)Write short notes on:
(i)entropy production
(ii)principle of increase of entropy.

4.(a) Using laws of thermodynamics, show that

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simplify the equation for ideal gas.

(b) A volumetric analysis of a gaseous mixture yields the following results:
C02 12.0%
02 4.0%
N2 82.0%
CO 2.0%
Determine the analysis on a mass basis, and the molecular weight and the gas constant of the mixture.
(c)Air at 1500 K, 3.0 MPa enters a turbine operating at steady state and expands adiabatically to the _exit,
where the temperature is 830 K. If the isentropic efficiency is 90%, determine
(i)pressure at exit
(ii)work per kg of air flow.
(d) Air at 0.13 MPa, 425 K and a velocity of 40 mls enters a nozzle operating at steady-state and expands
adiabatically to the exit, where the pressure is 0.085 MPa and velocity is 310 mls. Assuming air as an ideal
gas, determine for the nozzle.
(i) temperature. at exit
(ii) Isentropic nozzle efficiency.

5.(a) Define pressure ratio for a gas turbine.

(b)Deduce an expression for pressure ratio of a Bryton cycle for maximization of net work. Find the typical
value of pressure ratio if the metallurgical lirnit of blade material is 1000°C.
(c)Which type of Jet engine is most commonly used for passenger aircrafts? Briefly explain the working
principle of a 'Ram Jet".

6.(a) Deduce an expression for air standard thermal efficiency of a Diesel cycle. Why is the combustion
considered as constant pressU!eheat addition?
(b)The pressure and temperature of air ,at the beginning of compression in an Otto cycle is 100 kPa and
27°C respectively. During combustion heat added per kg of air is 1900 kJ. If the engine has a compression
ratio -of 8, determine the following for an air standard cycle-
(i)Maximum temperature,
(ii)Thermal efficiency, .
(iii)MEP.

7.(a) Define "Equivalence Ratio". Why do we need excess air during combustion?
(b)A fuel having a chemical formula of C12H26 is burnt with 50% excess air. Determine-
(i)the AF ratio by mass,
(ii)analysis of products of combustion in dry volume basis.
(c)A simple vapor compression refrigeration cycle using R-134a operates at a condensing temperature
of 40°C and an evaporator temperature of -lOoe. For a cooling capacity of 15 Tons, determine-
(i) COP
(ii) Mass flow rate of refrigerant (kg/S)
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(iii) Required compressor power (kW).

8. (a) Two air stream one at a rate of 30Kg/s with 300C and 70% RH is mixed with another at a rate of 10
kg/s with 50C and 40% RH. Considering adiabatic mixing at atmospheric pressure find the DBT and RH of
the resultant air stream using the psychometric chart
(b) What do you understand by Superheated Steam?
A modified Rankine Cycle operates with superheated steam and single stage reheating.' With a boiler
pressure of 30bar, conderser pressure of 5KPa and maximum steam temperature of 4500C,
calcu1ate
(i) Thermal Efficiency of the cycle
(ii) Specific Steam Consumption rate.
Block diagram and corresponding T-s diagram of the cycle needs to be shown.

Session-11-12
1.(a) Briefly explain 'thermodynamic equilibrium' and 'quasi-static process'.
(b) With a suitable diagram, show that work is a path function. Mention some similarities between 'work'
and 'heat'.
(c) Draw a typical P-T diagram ofa pure substance and label it. Briefly explain the physical meanings of (i)
critical point (ii) triple point.
(d) One kg of air is compressed reversibly and isothermally from 0.1 MPa and 27°C to 1.0 MPa. Assuming
ideal gas, estimate work done and heat transfer during this process.

2.(a) Using 'First Law of thermodynamics', show that internal energy is a thermodynamic property. Briefly
explain the physical meaning of 'internal energy and how it differs from 'entropy'.

(b)With schematic diagrams and proper. assumptions, simplify the 1st Law of thermodynamics for
the following devices:
(i)Nozzle
(ii)Heat exchanger
(iii)Throttling device
(c)Briefly explain Joule's free expansion experiment and show that, u = f(T) for ideal gases.
(d)Air initially at 1 bar and 27°C is compressed in steady state to 5 bars and 177°C. The power input to
the compressor is 5 kW and heat loss is 0.5 kW. If the changes in potential and kinetic energies are
'neglected. Estimate mass flow rate of air.

3.(a) Briefly present Kelvin-Planck (KP) and Clausius (C) statements of the second law of thermodynamics.
Show that, any violation of Clausius statement implies the violation of KP statement.
(b)Show that,

(c)Distinguish between perpetual motion machine of Istkind and 2nd kind.

(d) Dry saturated steam at 10 MPa expands isotherinally and reversibly to 1.0 MPa. Calculate the heat
supply and work done per kg of steam during the process.
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(e)Suppose that, 1 kg of saturated vapor at 100°C is converted to saturated liquid at 100°C in an isobaric
process. If the surrounding air is at 300 K, estimate net change in entropy of the system plus surroundings.

4. (a) Show that,

where kT = isothermal compressibility ,and beta = volume expansivity

(b) Using the expression of 4(a), show that for ideal gas,Cp - Cv = R.
(c) What is the difference between saturated liquid and compressed iiquid?
(d) A system undergoes a process between two states: first in a reversible manner and then in an
irreversible manner. For which case is the entropy change greater? Why?
(e)The entropy of hot water decreases as it cools. Is' this a violation of increase of entropy principle?
(f)An" insulated rigid tank is divided into two equal parts by a membrane. Air is contained in one half and
the other half is evacuated. The membrane is punctured and air quickly fills the entire volume. Explain the
work done and entropy generation in the process.

5.(a) Write short note on Binary Vapor Power Cycle. Provide component-wise schematic and
corresponding T-s diagram.
(b) A steam cycle with one reheater and one open feed water heater. Steam enters the HP turbine
at 10 MPa and 600°C and leaves the LP turbine at 8"kPa. Steam is extracted from the turbine at 2.0 MPa
and it is reheated to 550°C at a pressure 0.8 MPa. Water leaves the feed water heater as saturated liquid.
Heat is transferred to the steam in the boiler at a rate of 630 MW. Detemiine (i) the mass flow rate
of steam through the boiler, (ii) the net power output (iii) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

(c)The plant engineer is thinking about discarding the condenser. He instead plans to pump water at
atmospheric pressure to the boiler and expel steam out from the turbine at atmospheric pressure for he
thinks of the condenser as a wastage of energy since it is only condensing steam and may be using a separate
cooling tower for itself. However, you have reasons to believe that condenser is a necessary component for
augmenting work output. Substantiate your reasoning with appropriate T-s diagram. What are the
theoretical and practical limits of condenser pressure?

6. (a) For an air-standard ideal diesel cycle with compression ratio "re", cut-off ratio "beta", and
ratio of specific heats of air "k", show that the thermal efficiency

(b) Calculate net work output per unit mass of air, back work ratio and thermal efficiency . for a Brayton
cycle with one stage reheating and one stage intercooling, where air enters the compressor at 300 K and
100 kPa, and enters the turbine at 1400 K and. 1300 kPa. Turbines and compressors are isentropic. The
regenerator effectiveness is 0.75. Take k = 1.4 and Cp = 1:005 kJ/kg-K.
(c) A simple gas turbine is working on the ideal Brayton cycle with a maximwncycle temperature T3 and
minimum cycle temperature TI. Show that, pressure ratio (rp) for maximum net work should be,
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Will the cycle efficiency be maximum at this pressure ratio as well?

7.(a) List the deviation of vapor compression refrigeration cycle from the ideal one. Identify them on the p-
h diagram.
(b)The initial conditions for an air-standard ideal Otto cycle operating with a compression ratio of 8:1 are
0.95bar and 17°C. At the beginning of the compression stroke, the cylinder volume is 2.20L, and
3.60 kJ of heat is added during the heating process. Calculate the pressure and temperature at the end of
each process of the cycle and determine the thermal efficiency and the MEP.
(c)A commercial refrigerator with refrigerant R134a as the working fluid is used to keep the refrigerated
space at 5°C by rejecting its waste heat to cooling water that enters the condenser at 17°C at a rate of 0.2
kg/s and leaves at 25°C. The refrigerant enters the condenser at 1.4 MPa and leaves at .the same pressure
at 42°C. The inlet state of the isentropic compressor is at 100 KPa and - 20°C. Determine (a) the quality of
the refrigerant at the evaporator inlet, (b) the refrigeration load in tons, and (c) the COP of the refrigerator.
8. (a) Define ton of refrigeration.
(b) For a dry bulb temperature of 25°C and wet bulb temperature of 15°C, determine the absolute
humidity (m), relative humidity (Fi), and mixture enthalpy (h) in kJ/kg of dry air at a pressure of 0.5 bar.

(c) A mixture consists of 19.23 percent carbon dioxide, 8.86 percent water vapor and 71.91 percent nitrogen
by mass. The mixture is being maintained at 298 K and 1 bar where underideal gas assumptions the
enthalpies of the gases are known (hco2 = 9364 kJ/kmol, h H2O = 9904 kJ/kmol, hN2 = 8669 kJ/kmol).
Detennine (a) the specific enthalpy of the mixture. in kJ/kmol, and (b) apparent gas constant of the mixture
in kJ/kg.k.
(d)'Write down the stoichiometric combustion equation of n-Octane with air at 1 attn and 25°C and
calculate the LHV and HHV of n-Octane for a complete combustion using data from the following table:-

Session- 10-11
1.(a) Deduce an expressionof air standard thermal efficiency of a Diesel cycle engine, in terms of
compression ratio and cut-off ratio.
(b) What is the limitation of using higher compression ratio in Otto cycle engines? Briefly explain.
(c)An air standard cycle operates with a compreSSIOn ratio of 16 and maXImum temperature of 1500 °C.
Air at the beginning of compression stroke is at 25°C and 1 bar pressure. Calculate the following
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(i) Cut-off ratio (ii) Cycle efficiency (iii) MEP.

2.(a) Briefly explain the working principle of a Turbo-Jet engine. How is the performance of a jet engine
is expressed?
(b) Define pressure ratio. Briefly discuss the effect pressure ratio on the performance of Brayton cycle gas
turbine, in relation to efficiency and net work.
(c) A simpleBraytoncycle operates with a maximum and minimum temperature of 1000°C and 30°C
respectively. The pressure ratio is 6 and the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 85% and that of the
turbine is 90%. Calculate the actual cycle efficiency.

3.(a) Briefly explain the role of the regenerator on the performance of a Stirling cycle.
(b) Write a short note on "Thermo-Electric Refrigeration".
(c) Define “Equivalence Ratio". State the reasons why rich or lean air-fuel mixtures are needed for
combustion in engines.
(d) The dry volume basis analysis of natural gas in a burner shows 10% CO2, 0.5% CO, 2.5% O2 and 87%
N2. Calculate the mass basis AF ratio and Equivalence ratio. Comment on the amount of air used.

4.(a)Briefly explain "Sub-coding" and "Superheting" In a vapour compression refrigeration cycle.

(b) Draw a schematic diagram of an NH3-Water vapour absorption refrigeration system identifying the
compounds.
(c) When an air conditioner is operated in summer, lots of water needs to be drained out from it. Briefly
explain this situation in relation to psychometry.
(d) An ideal vapour compression cycle using R-134a operates with an evaporator temperature of -10°C and
condenser temperature of 40°C. If the cooling capacity of the system is 4 TR, calculate.
(i) Mass flow rate of the refrigerant
(ii) Power required to drive the compressor
(iii) COP and EER of the system.
5.(a) State the Kelvin - Planck and Clausius statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics and show
their equivalence with an example.
(b) What do you understand by 'Perpetual Motion Machine of the First and Second kind'?
(c) It is known that the temperature of air rises as it is compressed. An inventor thought about using this
high-temperature air to heat buildings. He used a compressor driven by an electric motor. The inventor
claims that the compressed hot-air system is 25% more efficient than a resistance heating system that
provides an equivalent amount of heating. Is this claim valid? Or is this an perpetual motion machine?
explain.

6.(a) Explain First Law of Thermodynamics as an energy conservation principle.

(b)Give the energy balance formula for commonly used steady flow devices. Give an example of Iso
enthalpic Steady-flow device.
(c)Air at 600 kPa and 500 K enters an adiabatic nozzle that has an inlet-to-exit area ratio of2:1.The inlet
air velocity is 120 mls and leaves with a velocity of380 mls. Determine the exit air temperature and exit
pressure of the air. The relationship between properties of air can be found from the table below:
T(k) h (KJ/kg) u (KH/kg)
400 400.98 286.16
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450 451.80 322.62
500 503.02 359.49
550 555.74 396.86
7.(a) Draw the pressure -vs Volume diagram for pure substances that - (i) expand on freezing and
(ii) Contract on freezing. Show different phases on the diagrams.
(b) What do you understand by 'Triple Point' and 'Sublimation'? How can these be used to serve practical
purpose?
(c)Derive the expression of work done for a polytrophic process. What happens to the work done
expression when the process is isothermal?
(d) A friction less piston-cylinder device contains 2 Kg of nitrogen at 100 kPa and 300 K.Nitrogen is now
compressed slowly according to the relation pyl.4 = Constant until it reaches a final temperature of 360 K.
Calculate the work input during this process. Assume the process to be Quasi - Equilibrium. Also take
nitrogen as an ideal gas.

8.(a) How does Rankine Cycle eliminate various limitations of Camot cycle? How does it improve the
efficiency?
(b)What do you know about Superheating?
(c)Consider a regenerative cycle using steam as the working fluid steam leaves the boiler and enter the
turbine at 4 MPa, 400°C. After expansion to 400 kPa, some of the steam is extracted from the turbine to
heat the feedwater in an open feedwater heater. The pressure in the feedwater heater is 400 kPa, and the
water leaving it is saturated liquid at 400 kPa.The steam not extracted expands to 10 kPa.determine the
cycle efficiency.
(c) What is 'Binary vapour Power cycle'?