Poornima College of Engineering Dr.

Gaurav Jain, EE Dept

Chapter 1
Energy Scenarios
Energy Conservation:-
Importance of Energy Conservation
December 14th is celebrated as World Energy Conservation day, so let us discuss some ways
by which we can conserve energy and find out why energy conservation is so important.

Everyone seems to be talking about energy conservation. But what do we mean by energy
conservation? Energy conservation means making an effort to reduce the consumption of
natural energy sources like electricity, water and so on.

Coal and other fossil fuels, which have taken three million years to form are likely to deplete
soon. In the last two hundred years, we have consumed 60% of all resources. For sustainable
development, we need to adopt energy efficiency measures. Today, 85% of primary energy
comes from non-renewable, and fossil sources (coal, oil, etc.). These reserves are continually
diminishing with increasing consumption and will not exist for future generations.

Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency are separate, but related concepts. Energy
conservation is achieved when growth of energy consumption is reduced, measured in
physical terms. Energy Conservation can, therefore, be the result of several processes or
developments, such as productivity increase or technological progress. On the other hand
Energy efficiency is achieved when energy intensity in a specific product, process or area of
production or consumption is reduced without affecting output, consumption or comfort
levels.

Energy Conservation in India

India has made rapid strides towards economic self-reliance over the last few years.
Impressive progress has been made in the fields of industry, agriculture, communication,
transport and other sectors necessitating growing consumption of energy for developmental
and economic activities. If India is to achieve the targeted growth in GDP, it would need
commensurate input of energy, mainly commercial energy in the form of coal, oil, gas and
electricity.
Poornima College of Engineering Dr. Gaurav Jain, EE Dept

However, India’s fossil fuel reserves are limited. The known reserves of oil and natural gas
may last hardly for 18 and 26 years respectively at the current reserves to production ratio.
India has huge proven coal reserves (84 billion tonnes), which may last for about 200 years
but the increasing ash content in Indian Coal as well as associated greenhouse gas emissions
are the major concern.
Energy being an important element of the infrastructure sector has to be ensured its
availability on sustainable basis. On the other hand, the demand for energy is growing
manifold and the energy sources are becoming scarce and costlier. Among the various
strategies to be evolved for meeting energy demand, efficient use of energy and its
conservation emerges out to be the least cost option in any given strategies, apart from being
environmentally benign.
The steps to create sustainable energy system begin with the wise use of resources, energy
efficiency is the mantra that leads to sustainable energy management.

Energy Demand and Supply

On the energy demand and supply side, India is facing severe shortages. 70% of the total
petroleum product demand is being met by imports, imposing a heavy burden on foreign
exchange. Country is also facing Peak power and average energy shortages of 12% and 7%
respectively.
To provide power for all, additional capacity of 100,000 MW would be needed by 2012,
requiring approximately Rs.8000 billion investments. Further, the per capita energy
consumption in India is too low as compared to developed countries, which is just 4% of
USA and 20% of the world average. The per capita consumption is targeted to grow to about
1000 kWh per year by 2012, thus imposing extra demand on power system.

Energy Conservation Building Codes (ECBC)

The main provisions of the EC Act on Energy Conservation Building Codes are:
1) The BEE would prepare guidelines for Energy Conservation Building Codes (ECBC)
2) These would be notified to suit local climate conditions or other compelling factors by
the respective states for commercial buildings erected after the rules relating to energy
conservation building codes have been notified. In addition, these buildings should
have a connected load of 500 kW or contract demand of 600 kVA and above and are
intended to be used for commercial purposes;
3) Energy audit of specific designated commercial building consumers would also be
prescribed.

Promotional Provisions to support EC Act

Various promotional provisions in support of the EC Act have, been initiated by the Bureau
of Energy Efficiency (BEE), which are briefly explained below:

Indian Industry Program for Energy Conservation (IIPEC)

This voluntary program of sharing of best practices, undertaking and specific energy
consumption targets has full acceptance in the 8 sectors of industry including aluminium,
cement, chlor-alkali, fertilizer, pulp & paper, petrochemicals, refinery and textile sector. Best
Poornima College of Engineering Dr. Gaurav Jain, EE Dept

practices have been recorded and published through CDs and also incorporated in BEE’s
website which is being updated periodically for use of designated consumers.

Voluntary EC Policy Declaration by Indian Industry

Industries have been approached to declare their top management commitments on energy
conservation. 44 industrial units under the National Campaign on Energy Conservation 2005
declared their energy management policies and have committed to reduce their specific
energy consumption levels.

Small Group Activities on Energy Conservation

BEE supports designated consumers in improving their energy efficiency through launch of
voluntary programs .BEE launched Small Group Activity focused on energy conservation in
4 industrial units in textile and cement sector. Feedback received from the units indicates that
about 5 % savings through housekeeping and no cost measures is possible through this
concept.

National Energy Conservation Awards

Industrial units have been motivated through National Energy Conservation Award scheme.
In EC Award 2005, 311 participating industrial units saved Rs. 9891 million per year against
an investment of Rs. 13161 million, on account of implementation of various energy
conservation projects. Electricity savings achieved by the participating industrial units
resulted in saving in avoided capacity equivalent to 250 MW. Response from the first time
introduced schemes for Government Buildings and Commercial Buildings (Private Sector)
was also encouraging. In total, 32 buildings establishment participated (16 each in both types
of establishments) and collectively saved Rs.36 million.

National Campaign on Energy Conservation 2005

On 14th December, 2004, the Hon’ble Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh
launched the National Campaign on Energy Conservation, under which various measures,
activities are being undertaken during 2005 by Bureau of Energy Efficiency, industries,
Schools, State Governments and Designated Agencies, Public Sector units of Ministry of
Power, etc. .The Hon’ble Prime Minister as a part of the national of Ministry of Power, etc.
campaign also released a postal stamp on energy conservation.

Energy Conservation Standards & Labelling

Standards and Labelling (S & L) has been identified as a key activity for energy efficiency
improvement. The S & L program, when in place would ensure that only energy efficient
equipment and appliance would be made available to the consumers.
The main provision of EC act on Standards and Labelling are:
1) Evolve minimum energy consumption and performance standards for notified
equipment and appliances.
2) Prohibit manufacture, sale and import of such equipment, which does not conform to
the standards.
3) Introduce a mandatory labelling scheme for notified equipment appliances to enable
consumers to make informed choices.
Poornima College of Engineering Dr. Gaurav Jain, EE Dept

4) Disseminate information on the benefits to consumers. This programme will initially

focus on energy policy issues of energy efficiency improvement in unorganized
sectors such as domestic and agriculture sectors through improvement of designed
energy efficiencies of energy consuming appliances and providing this information on
comparative basis in the form of energy labels.
The Standards & Labelling program for equipment and appliances was launched on 18th May
2006, with the objective of providing consumers with information on the energy performance
of commonly used equipment and appliances. To widen the scope for energy savings,
Labelling program for several appliances have been introduced including air conditioners,
refrigerators, tubular fluorescent lamps, ceiling fans, colour TV, electric geysers, LPG stoves,
distribution transformers and induction motors. Effective 7th January 2010, four equipment’s
i.e. Frost Free Refrigerator, Distribution Transformers, TFLs and Room Air-conditioners
have been made mandatory for labelling.
In order to estimate the savings of electricity from this program, the energy savings were
calculated on the basis of the sales and production data of BEE labelled products in 2009-10
(FY) submitted by the manufacturers registered with BEE.

Example:
Air Conditioners
In order to estimate the savings of electricity from star labeled Air- conditioners, following
methodology has been used:
Poornima College of Engineering Dr. Gaurav Jain, EE Dept

Methodology:
1) The actual number of products manufactured and sold in each Star category was taken
from manufacturers
2) The Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) has been considered individually for all the
products.
3) The Star 0 has been used as baseline for the calculation of Energy Savings due to the
star rated products.
4) Total Power Savings is the product of Savings by single product (With Average EER)
in each star category and the total number of products sold
5) An average of 150 working days in a year was considered.
6) An average of 8 working hours in a day was considered.
7) The coincidence factor considered is 1 for estimating avoided capacity.

Energy Audit:-
An energy audit is an assessment of how much energy a home consumes and the
development of a plan to make the home more energy efficient. An energy audit cannot only
reveal ways to help conserve precious energy; it can also save you significant amounts of
money by maximizing energy efficiency in your household. During an audit, an expert
examines the building for energy leakages (such as air leaks) as well as ways to maximize
energy usage (such as with more efficient lighting and heating/cooling systems).

Definition
An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows for energy conservation
in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without
negatively affecting the output(s).

History
Energy audits initially became popular in response to the energy crisis of 1973 and later
years. Interest in energy audits has recently increased as a result of growing understanding of
human impact upon global warming and climate change.

Principle
When the object of study is an occupied building then reducing energy consumption while
maintaining or improving human comfort, health and safety are of primary concern. Beyond
simply identifying the sources of energy use, an energy audit seeks to prioritize the energy
uses according to the greatest to least cost effective opportunities for energy savings.

Home energy audit

A home energy audit is a service where the energy efficiency of a house is evaluated by a
person using professional equipment (such as blower doors and infrared cameras), with the
aim to suggest the best ways to improve energy efficiency in heating and cooling the house.
An energy audit of a home may involve recording various characteristics of the building
envelope including the walls, ceilings, floors, doors, windows, and skylights. For each of
these components the area and resistance to heat flow (R-value) is measured or estimated.
Poornima College of Engineering Dr. Gaurav Jain, EE Dept

The leakage rate or infiltration of air through the building envelope is of concern, both of
which are strongly affected by window construction and quality of door seals such as weather
stripping. The goal of this exercise is to quantify the building's overall thermal performance.
The audit may also assess the efficiency, physical condition, and programming of mechanical
systems such as the heating, ventilation, air conditioning equipment, and thermostat.
A home energy audit may include a written report estimating energy use given local climate
criteria, thermostat settings, roof overhang, and solar orientation. This could show energy use
for a given time period, say a year, and the impact of any suggested improvements per year.
The accuracy of energy estimates are greatly improved when the homeowner's billing history
is available showing the quantities of electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, or other energy sources
consumed over a one or two-year period. A home energy audit is often used to identify cost
effective ways to improve the comfort and efficiency of buildings. In addition, homes may
qualify for energy efficiency grants from central government.

Industrial energy audits

Increasingly in the last several decades, industrial energy audits have exploded as the demand
to lower increasingly expensive energy costs and move towards a sustainable future have
made energy audits greatly important. Their importance is magnified since energy spending
is a major expense to industrial companies (energy spending accounts for ~ 10% of the
average manufacturer's expenses). This growing trend should only continue as energy costs
continue to rise.
While the overall concept is similar to a home or residential energy audit, industrial energy
audits require a different skill set. Weather proofing and insulating a house are the main focus
of residential energy audits. For industrial applications, weather proofing and insulating often
are minor concerns. In industrial energy audits, it is the HVAC, lighting, and production
equipment that use the most energy.

Energy Scenarios:-
Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. In the case
of the developing countries, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in view of the
ever- increasing energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them.
Energy can be classified into several types based on the following criteria:
1. Primary and Secondary energy
2. Commercial and Non-commercial energy
3. Renewable and Non-Renewable energy

Primary and Secondary Energy

Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature. Common primary
energy sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood). Other primary energy
sources available include nuclear energy from radioactive substances, thermal energy stored
in earth's interior, and potential energy due to earth's gravity. The major primary and
Poornima College of Engineering Dr. Gaurav Jain, EE Dept

secondary energy sources are shown in above. Primary energy sources are mostly converted
in industrial utilities into secondary energy sources; for example coal, oil or gas converted
into steam and electricity. Primary energy can also be used directly. Some energy sources
have non- energy uses, for example coal or natural gas can be used as a feedstock in fertilizer
plants.

Commercial and Non-commercial energy

Commercial Energy
The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price are known as
commercial energy. By far the most important forms of commercial energy are electricity,
coal and refined petroleum products. Commercial energy forms the basis of industrial,
agricultural, transport and commercial development in the modern world. In the
industrialized countries, commercialized fuels are predominant source not only for economic
production, but also for many household tasks of general population.

Examples: Electricity, lignite, coal, oil, natural gas etc.

Non-Commercial Energy
The energy sources that are not available in the commercial market for a price are classified
as non-commercial energy. Non-commercial energy sources include fuels such as firewood,
cattle dung and agricultural wastes, which are traditionally gathered, and not bought at a price
used especially in rural households. These are also called traditional fuels. Non-commercial
energy is often ignored in energy accounting.
Poornima College of Engineering Dr. Gaurav Jain, EE Dept

Example: Firewood, agro waste in rural areas; solar energy for water heating, electricity
generation, for drying grain, fish and fruits; animal power for transport, threshing, lifting
water for irrigation, crushing sugarcane; wind energy for lifting water and electricity
generation.

Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy

Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible.
Examples of renewable resources include wind power, solar power, geothermal energy, tidal
power and hydroelectric power (See below Figure). The most important feature of renewable
energy is that it can be harnessed without the release of harmful pollutants.

Non-renewable energy is the conventional fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas, which are
likely to deplete with time.

Global Primary Energy Reserves

1. Coal

The proven global coal reserve was estimated to be 10,35,012 million tonnes by end of 2017.
The USA had the largest share of the global reserve (25.4%) followed by Russia (15.9%),
China (11.6%). India was 4th in the list with 8.6%.
2. Oil

The global proven oil reserve was estimated to be 1696.6 billion barrels by the end of 2017.
Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Iran and Iraq are the top five countries which has proven
reserves of oil. (One barrel of oil is approximately 160 litres).
3. Gas

The global proven gas reserve was estimated to be 193.5 trillion cubic metres by the end of
2017. The Russian Federation had the largest share of the reserve with almost 27%. In the
next places Iran, Qatar, United States, Saudi Arabia has proven natural gas reserves.

Energy Situation in World

With the present situation of increasing energy demand, rising energy prices, and
reinforcement of countermeasures for global warming, renewable energy sources have taken
the spotlight. Bio-fuels are one form of renewable energy that has become more widespread.
Also, bio- fuels have been introduced and expanded as alternative fuel for the transportation
sector and as a form of liquid renewable energy that can be blended with petroleum. The
following will discuss the demand perspective derived from the IEA (International Energy
Agency) world energy forecast, basic energy price trends, and bio-fuel trends

Increase of Energy Demand

According to the IEA(International Energy Agency) World Energy Outlook, the world’s
primary energy supply has increased by 58% in 25 years, from about 7.2 billion TOE (tonne
of oil equivalent) in 1980 to about 11.4 billion TOE in 2005. The OECD (Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development) countries used to be the center of energy demand.
Poornima College of Engineering Dr. Gaurav Jain, EE Dept

However, these OECD countries are lower both in economic and population growth rates
than those of non-OECD countries. Further, the OECD countries’ economic industrial
structure has changed, therefore the increase in demand stays low. In 2005 the non-OECD
countries took the lead in demand.

Global Environmental Problems

Discussions on environmental problems in energy policy, particularly global warming issues,
have been given much attention these days. Scientific temperature observations, begun in the
19th century, have shown that the pace of temperature increase in the latter half of the 20th
century has been faster. Currently, the amount of fossil fuel origin carbon dioxide discharge
has been increasing, with the corresponding increase in energy demand. Due to this increase,
it has been strongly claimed that the artificial greenhouse effect is the main cause.
Energy Situation in INDIA
Reserves and Potential for Generation
India’s energy-mix comprises both non-renewable (coal, lignite, petroleum and natural gas)
and renewable energy sources (wind, solar, small hydro, biomass, cogeneration biogases
etc.). Information on reserves of non-renewable sources of energy like coal, lignite,
petroleum, natural gas and the potential for generation of renewable energy sources is a pre-
requisite for assessing the country’s potential for meeting its future energy needs. They also
facilitate in devising effective conservation and management strategies for optimal utilization
of these resources.
Coal and Lignite
India has a good reserve of coal and lignite. As on 01-04-2017 the estimated reserves of coal
was around 315.149 billion tones. The states of Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, West
Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh account for more than 99% of the
total coal reserves in the country. The estimated reserve of lignite as on 01-04-2017 was
414.698 billion tonnes, of which 80 % was in the southern State of Tamil Nadu with about
35.782 billion tonnes.
Petroleum and Natural gas
The estimated reserves of crude oil and natural gas in India as on 31.03.2011 stood at 757
million tonnes (MT) and 1241 billion cubic meters (BCM), respectively. Geographical
distribution of Crude oil indicates that the maximum reserves are in the Western Offshore
(43%) followed by Assam (22%), whereas the maximum reserves of Natural Gas are in the
Eastern Offshore (35%) followed by Western offshore (33%).
Renewable energy sources
There is high potential for generation of renewable energy from various sources- wind, solar,
biomass, small hydro and cogeneration bagasse. The total potential for renewable power
generation in the country as on 30-06-2018 is estimated at 71.325 GW (excluding Large
Hydro). This includes an estimated wind power potential of 29,151.29 MW (56.8%), Solar
power potential of 9566.66 MW(18.6%), SHP (small-hydro power) potential of 4,346.85MW
(8.5%), Biomass power from biomass combustion, biomass gasification and bagasse
cogeneration potential of 8,182 MW (15.9%) and waste to power potential of 114.08 MW
(0.2%). The geographic distribution of the estimated potential across States reveals that
Gujarat has the highest share of about 14% (12,489 MW ), followed by Karnataka with 12%
Poornima College of Engineering Dr. Gaurav Jain, EE Dept

share (11,071 MW) and Maharashtra with 11% share (9596 MW), mainly on account of wind
power potential.
Energy Consumption:-
Electric energy consumption is the form of energy consumption that uses electric energy.
Calculation
Consumption of electric energy is measured by Wh (Watt x Hour) 1 Wh = 3600 joule = 859.8
calorie
One 100 watt light bulb consumes 876,000 Wh (876 KWhr) of energy in one year.
Electric/Electronics devices consume electric energy to generate desired output (i.e. light,
heat, kinetic etc.), while its operation some part of energy is consumed in unintended output.
In 2008, world total of electricity production and consumption was 20261TWh. This number
corresponds to a "consumed" power of around 2.3 TW on average. The total energy needed
for producing this power is roughly a factor 2 to 3 higher because the efficiency of power
plants is roughly 30-50%, see Electricity generation. The generated power is thus in the order
of 5 TW. This is approximately a third of the total energy consumption of 15 TW, see World
energy consumption. 16816TWh (83%) of electric energy was consumed by final users. The
difference of 3464TWh (17%) was consumed in the process of generating power and
consumed as transmission loss.

Energy Security:-
The basic aim of energy security for a nation is to reduce its dependency on the imported
energy sources for its economic growth.
India will continue to experience an energy supply shortfall throughout the forecast period.
This gap has widened since 1985, when the country became a net importer of coal. India has
been unable to raise its oil production substantially in the 1990s. Rising oil demand of close
to 10 percent per year has led to sizable oil import bills. In addition, the government sub-sides
refined oil product prices, thus compounding the overall monetary loss to the government.
Imports of oil and coal have been increasing at rates of 7% and 16% per annum respective- ly
during the period 1991-99. The dependence on energy imports is projected to increase in the
future. Estimates indicate that oil imports will meet 75% of total oil consumption
requirements and coal imports will meet 22% of total coal consumption requirements in
2006. The imports of gas and LNG (liquefied natural gas) are likely to increase in the coming
years. This energy import dependence implies vulnerability to external price shocks and
supply fluctuations, which threaten the energy security of the country.
Increasing dependence on oil imports means reliance on imports from the Middle East, a
region susceptible to disturbances and consequent disruptions of oil supplies. This calls for
diversification of sources of oil imports. The need to deal with oil price fluctuations also
necessitates measures to be taken to reduce the oil dependence of the economy, possibly
through fiscal measures to reduce demand, and by developing alternatives to oil, such as
natural gas and renewable energy.
Some of the strategies that can be used to meet future challenges to their energy security are
1) Building stockpiles
2) Diversification of energy supply sources
3) Increased capacity of fuel switching
Poornima College of Engineering Dr. Gaurav Jain, EE Dept

4) Demand restraint,
5) Development of renewable energy sources.
6) Energy efficiency
7) Sustainable development
Although all these options are feasible, their implementation will take time. Also, for coun-
tries like India, reliance on stockpiles would tend to be slow because of resource constraints.
Besides, the market is not sophisticated enough or the monitoring agencies experienced
enough to predict the supply situation in time to take necessary action. Insufficient storage
capacity is another cause for worry and needs to be augmented, if India has to increase its
energy stock- pile. However, out of all these options, the simplest and the most easily
attainable is reducing demand through persistent energy conservation efforts.
Energy Strategy:-
The energy strategy for the future could be classified into immediate, medium-term and long-
term strategy. The various components of these strategies are listed below:

Immediate-term strategy:
1) Rationalizing the tariff structure of various energy products.
2) Optimum utilization of existing assets
3) Efficiency in production systems and reduction in distribution losses, including those
in traditional energy sources.
4) Promoting R&D, transfer and use of technologies and practices for environmentally
sound energy systems, including new and renewable energy sources.

Medium-term strategy:
1) Demand management through greater conservation of energy, optimum fuel mix,
structural changes in the economy, an appropriate model mix in the transport sector,
i.e. greater dependence on rail than on road for the movement of goods and
passengers and a shift away from private modes to public modes for passenger
transport; changes in design of different products to reduce the material intensity of
those products, recycling, etc.
2) There is need to shift to less energy-intensive modes of transport. This would include
measures to improve the transport infrastructure viz. roads, better design of vehicles,
use of compressed natural gas (CNG) and synthetic fuel, etc. Similarly, better urban
planning would also reduce the demand for energy use in the transport sector.
3) There is need to move away from non-renewable to renewable energy sources viz.
solar, wind, biomass energy, etc.

Long-term strategy:
a. Efficient generation of energy resources
i. Efficient production of coal, oil and natural gas
ii. Reduction of natural gas flaring
b. Improving energy infrastructure
i. Building new refineries
ii. Creation of urban gas transmission and distribution network
iii. Maximizing efficiency of rail transport of coal production.
iv. Building new coal and gas fired power stations.
c. Enhancing energy efficiency
i. Improving energy efficiency in accordance with national, socio-
Poornima College of Engineering Dr. Gaurav Jain, EE Dept

economic, and environ- mental priorities

ii. Promoting of energy efficiency and emission standards
iii. Labelling programmes for products and adoption of energy efficient
technologies in large industries
d. Deregulation and privatization of energy sector
i. Reducing cross subsidies on oil products and electricity tariffs
ii. Decontrolling coal prices and making natural gas prices competitive
iii. Privatization of oil, coal and power sectors for improved efficiency.
e. Investment legislation to attract foreign investments.
i. Streamlining approval process for attracting private sector participation
in power generation, transmission and distribution .

Clean Development Mechanism:-

Clean Development Mechanism
A CDM project must provide emission reductions that are additional to what would otherwise
have occurred. The projects must qualify through a rigorous and public registration and
issuance process. Approval is given by the Designated National Authorities. Public funding
for CDM project activities must not result in the diversion of official development assistance.
The mechanism is overseen by the CDM Executive Board, answerable ultimately to the
countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Operational since the beginning of 2006, the mechanism has already registered more than
1,650 projects and is anticipated to produce CERs amounting to more than 2.9 billion tonnes
of CO2 equivalent in the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, 2008–2012
Clean Development Mechanism in India
The Information and Communication (ICT) sector is one of the contributors in global Green
House Gases (GHG) emission. On the basis of current projections, GHG emissions from the
Telecom sector is expected to double by 2020 inspite of innovations to accelerate energy
efficiency.
Within the ICT sector, the Telecommunication sector is responsible for half of these
emissions largely due to the massive telecom infrastructure expansion, in developing and fast
emerging economies like India. The primary reason for this is the proliferation of a large
number of Mobile Network towers that consumes 1-5 KW of power, mostly dependent on
diesel generator sets due to non-availability electrical power supply in rural areas.
As availability of quality power in the Indian rural areas, is not assured, battery is used as
power back-up which keeps un-interrupted power supply for the desired period. Two of the
most common alternate power solutions are diesel generator and inverter-battery systems.
The noise and environment pollution pose major hurdles in operating diesel generator sets.
The diesel generators leave large carbon footprints which may cause enormous degradation
of the Environment apart from getting the power at high cost. Distributed generating
renewable energy based power system such as solar photovoltaic, small wind-turbine
generator, hybrid power systems other climate friendly energy sources and combining
renewable energy and conventional power are normally ideal alternate solutions for powering
un-electrified areas or the areas where grid power is available only for a part of the day.
Poornima College of Engineering Dr. Gaurav Jain, EE Dept

Clean Development mechanism (CDM) is a way to reduce Green House Gases emissions (i.e.
GHGs emissions) through efficient and sound technologies. It is an opportunity not just for
CDM but for long term sustainable development of the nation. TRAI recommendations on
the subject are available in their website.
Ministry of Environment & Forests (MOEF) has also given a strong view to implement the
Clean Development mechanism for Indian Telecom Sector. Since the Telecom infrastructure
is spread all over the country at scattered locations and moreover there are several Telecom
operators in wireless domain across the country, DoT intends to facilitate the operators for
undertaking/initiating a programmatic or bundled CDM project installing renewable energy
sources in mobile BTS scattered across the country. Department of Telecom also intends to
extend the necessary help in finalizing the modalities for developing CDM project in
consultation with MOEF. The projects shall be strictly in accordance with the guidelines for
CDM under Kyoto Protocol