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Modeling and Simulation of Automatic Street Light Controller using LDR and
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 IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 5, Issue 08, 2017 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613

Modeling and Simulation of Automatic Street Light Controller using

LDR and Micro-Controller
Mridul Nayyar1 Harpreet Kaur2 Megha Rathore3 Chandani Balli4 Harpreet Kaur Channi5
1,2,3,4
Student 5Assistant Professor
1,2,3,4,5
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
1,2,3,4,5
Chandigarh University, India
Abstract— Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple poles which have wires strung between them, or mounted on
yet powerful concept, which uses transistor as a switch. By utility poles. This project exploits the working of a transistor
using this system manual works are 100% removed. It in saturation region and cut-off region to switch ON and
automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight goes switch OFF the lights at appropriate time with the help
below the visible region of our eyes. This is done by a sensor of an electromagnetically operated switch Automatic
called Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) which senses the Streetlight needs no manual operation of switching ON
light actually like our eyes. It automatically switches OFF and OFF. The system itself detects whether there is need for
lights whenever the sunlight comes, visible to our eyes. By light or not. When darkness rises to a certain value.
using this system energy consumption is also reduced
because nowadays the manually operated street lights are not II. LITERATURE REVIEW
switched off even the sunlight comes and also switched on Andras Kovacs, Roland Batai, (2016)[1] investigated the
earlier before sunset. In this project, no need of manual application of solar energy in public lighting for realized a
operation like ON time and OFF time setting. This project street lighting sub grid with positive yearly energy balance.
clearly demonstrates the working of transistor in saturation The focus was given to the central controller, which ensured
region and cut-off region. the adaptive behavior of the overall system and provided
Key words: Powerful Consumption, Demonstrates, smart city services to the end users via its web based user
Saturation, Dependent, Visible interface. A functionality of the controller of special interest
was the optimization of the energy management of the
I. INTRODUCTION system, i.e., determining when to sell and buy electricity
Street light controllers are smarter versions of the mechanical to/from the grid, in order to minimized the cost of electricity
or electronic timers previously used for street light ON-OFF (or to maximize the profit) subjected to a given, time-of-use
operation. They come with energy conservation options like variabled energy tariff. This required precise forecasts of the
twilight saving, staggering or dimming. Also many street energy produced and consumed, as well as appropriated
light controllers come with an astronomical clock for a robust optimization techniques that guaranted that the system
particular location or a Global Positioning System (GPS) bridges potential power outages of moderate duration in
connection to give the best ON-OFF time and energy saving. island mode. The algorithms implemented in the controller
Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple are presented in detail, together with the evaluation of the
and powerful concept, which uses transistor as a switch to operation of a deployed physical prototype with 191
switch ON and OFF the street light automatically. By using luminaries over a horizon of six months, based on the
this system manual works are removed. It automatically monitoring data collected by the proposed controller.
switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible Y M Jagadeesh, S Akilesh, S Karthik, (2016)[2]
region of our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights under explained that in today’s world, more amount of electricity is
illumination by sunlight. This is done by a sensor called Light consumed due to street lights. This is due to continuous
Dependent Resistor (LDR) which senses the light actually operation of lighting during the night time. In order to reduce
like our eyes. By using this system energy consumption is the electricity consumption and wastage of energy, the system
also reduced because now-a-days the manually operated that has to combine the existing network with intelligence to
street lights are not switched off properly even the sunlight think itself. This newly developed concept will enable the
comes and also not switched on earlier before sunset. In street lights to adjust automatically based on the real time
sunny and rainy days, ON time and OFF time differ traffic conditions and change according to naturalistic
significantly which is one of the major disadvantage of using condition (Full moon). This paper is concerned with the
timer circuits or manual. development and implementation of Low cost Sensor based
This project exploits the working of a transistor in Street Lights with dynamic which in turn reduces the energy
saturation region and cut-off region to switch ON and switch consumption and CO2 emission. It consists of IR sensor, PIR
OFF the lights at appropriate time with the help of an sensors, low cost embedded controller and storage device.
electromagnetically operated switch. A street light, lamppost, AnifJa maluddina, Anafi Nur, (2016) [3] described
street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source the aim to evaluate the performance of Lithium Iron
of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries as a storage for stand-alone
or lit at a certain time every night. Modern lamps may also photovoltaic system during charging and discharging.
have light-sensitive photocells to turn them on at dusk, off at Monitoring has been conducted based on LabVIEW Interface
dawn, or activate automatically in dark weather. In older for Arduino (LIFA). The results show that on the discharge
lighting this function would have been performed with the aid condition during 12 hours, the average current was -1.2A -
of a solar dial. It is not uncommon for street lights to be on 1.0 A. In charge condition during 8 hours, the current range

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 Modeling and Simulation of Automatic Street Light Controller using LDR and Micro-Controller
(IJSRD/Vol. 5/Issue 08/2017/076)

was 0.10 A - 1.95 A, and the optimal charging process was IV. METHODOLOGY
from 11 am- 2 pm. However, the findings indicated that the
A. Hardware Components
battery undergo energy deficit approximately 10% every
cycle of operation.  LDR: An LDR is a component that has a (variable)
Nallapaneni Manoj Kumara, Anup Kumar Singhb, resistance that changes with the light intensity that falls
(2016) [4] presented a study on replacing the usage of fossil upon it. This allows them to be used in light sensing
fuel energy with solar energy for lighting the dark and circuits.
depressing streets of Fugar city, Nigeria. Fugar city is quite 1) Transistor
populated area without any street lights, almost every house A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or
use fossil energy to light up the streets which they access. The switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed
main objective is to select best solution among diesel of semiconductor material usually with at least three
generators, grid electricity, onsite solar photovoltaics and off- terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or
site solar photovoltaics. In order to have a sustainable current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals
solution for lighting up 210 LED street lights, the four controls the current through another pair of terminals.
proposed solutions were analyzed based on their technical Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the
feasibility, environmental parameters like CO2 emission controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal.
analysis and cost analysis with simple payback periods. 2) Resistor
Analysis showed that, on-site solar photovoltaics is best A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
among the other three proposed solutions in terms of implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In
technical and financial feasibility with almost negligible electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,
emissions leading to sustainability. adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements,
K. Thatsanavipasa,, N. Ponganunchokea,(2011)[5] and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.
proposed a new system for wireless traffic light controller, it 3) Led
makes a traffic policeman easily and effective control a road A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor
junction with a wireless remote control. The system has two light source. It is a p–n junction diode that emits light when
modes, Manual and Automatic. Manual mode provide the activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads,
control of traffic light to change manually by the traffic electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the
policeman, by just press the button related to the direction of device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is
the street to make a green light signal. The remote will called electroluminescence, and the color of the light
respond by checking the bearing of the pressed button on the (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by
remote using Hall effects sensor regarding to the position and the energy band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are
direction of the remote. Then send the control signal to the typically small (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical
traffic light controller board. In automatic mode, the traffic components may be used to shape the radiation pattern.
light controller board will change the light sequence 4) Battery
according to the preset patterns and time delay, the traffic An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more
policeman be able to change the pattern at any time using the electrochemical cells with external connections provided to
remote. The propose system help the policeman to control the power electrical devices when a battery is supplying electric
junction by himself and be able to change conditions of the power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative
traffic flow dynamically. terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the
source of electrons that when connected to an external circuit
III. PROBLEM FORMULATION will flow and deliver energy to an external device. When a
battery is connected to an external circuit, electrolytes are
1) Difficulty in doing programming of controller and
able to move as ions within, allowing the chemical reactions
simulation of project.
to be completed at the separate terminals and so deliver
2) Problem occur in doing circuit assembling.
energy to the external circuit.
A. Objectives 5) Power Supply
1) The main objective of this project is that to make a device A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric
which controls the ON and OFF process of street light. energy to an electrical load. The primary function of a power
2) The another objective of this project is that to reduce the supply is to convert one form of electrical energy to another.
wastage of electricity on a large scale. As a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as
3) It will reduce the work of human being and help us to electric power converters. Some power supplies are discrete,
manage the work. stand-alone devices, whereas others are built into larger
devices along with their loads.
B. Outcomes 6) Diode
1) This project helps us to reduce the wastage of electricity. In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component
2) It also helps us to control the ON and OFF process of that conducts primarily in one direction (asymmetric
street lights. conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance to the
current in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance
in the other. A semiconductor diode, the most common type
today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a
p–n junction connected to two electrical terminals.

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 Modeling and Simulation of Automatic Street Light Controller using LDR and Micro-Controller
(IJSRD/Vol. 5/Issue 08/2017/076)

7) PCB components. Depending on the design, it may be used to

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.
electrically connects electronic components using conductive 14) IC
tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also
laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Components (e.g. referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of
capacitors, resistors or active devices) are generally soldered electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of
on the PCB. Advanced PCBs may contain components semiconductor material, normally silicon. The integration of
embedded in the substrate. large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip results in
8) Microcontroller circuits that are orders of magnitude smaller, cheaper, and
A microcontroller (or MCU for microcontroller unit) is a faster than those constructed of discrete electronic
small computer on a single integrated circuit. In modern components. The IC's mass production capability, reliability
terminology, it is similar to, but less sophisticated than, a and building-block approach to circuit design has ensured the
system on a chip or SoC; an SoC may include a rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using
microcontroller as one of its components. A microcontroller discrete transistors. The specification of components is
contains one or more CPUs (processor cores) along with shown in table no 1.
memory and programmable input/output peripherals. S. Quantity/ Rating/
9) Crystal No. Equipments Specification
A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose 1. 3/Resistor 10kilohm
constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged 2. 1/Transistor NPN-DC548B
in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal 3. 1/Relay 12V
lattice that extends in all directions. In addition, macroscopic 4. 1/Diode IN-4007
single crystals are usually identifiable by their geometrical 5. 1/LDR -
shape, consisting of flat faces with specific, characteristic 6. 1/Crystal 2MHz
orientations. The scientific study of crystals and crystal 7. 2/Capacitor(type firamic) 33Pico-farad
formation is known as crystallography. The process of crystal 8. 2/Regulator 7805,7812
formation via mechanisms of crystal growth is called 9. 1/Battery 12V
crystallization or solidification.
10. 1/Lamp 12V,2Hz
10) Relay
11. IC -
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an
12. 4/Diodes IN4007
electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch, but other
operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. 13. 1/Step-down Transformer 12-0-12V
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a 14. 1/Capacitor(electrolyte) 100mircofarad,25V
separate low-power signal, or where several circuits must be Table 1: Specification of Components
controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long
distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the V. WORKING
signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on Automatic control of street lights is deigned to turn on and
another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone turn of street lights automatically. This project check the
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. amount of light. If light is 80 percent available, it
11) Capacitor automatically turn off street lights. But if amount of light is
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component less than 80 percent, this project will automatically turn on
that stores electrical energy in an electric field. The effect of street lights. One can also adjust it according to its
a capacitor is known as capacitance. While capacitance exists requirement.
between any two electrical conductors of a circuit in
sufficiently close proximity, a capacitor is specifically
designed to provide and enhance this effect for a variety of
practical applications by consideration of size, shape, and
positioning of closely spaced conductors, and the intervening
dielectric material. A capacitor was therefore historically first
known as an electric condenser.
12) Regulator
A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple
feed-forward design or may include negative feedback. It
may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic
components. Depending on the design, it may be used to
Fig. 1: Simulation circuit diagram of automatic street light
regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.
controller
13) Lamp
Light sensor is used to detect intensity of light.
A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a
PIC161F877A microcontroller is used interfaced with light
constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple
sensor to sense amount of light available. Control signal is
feed-forward design or may include negative feedback. It
generated with the help of pic16f877a microcontroller after
may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic
analyzing amount of light. Control signal generated by pic
microcontroller is used to turn on transistor which in turn

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 Modeling and Simulation of Automatic Street Light Controller using LDR and Micro-Controller
(IJSRD/Vol. 5/Issue 08/2017/076)

energize the relay coil and relay turn on the street light. I have REFERENCES
used only one lamp in this project. Because this is just for [1] Andras Kovacs, Roland Batai, Balazs Csanad Csaji,
demonstration purpose. To use it practically, you can use as Peter Dudas, Borbala Hay, Gianfranco Pedona, Tibor
many street lights as many you want to control through this Revesz, Ozsef Vancza, “Intelligent control for
automatic control of street lights. Figure 1 shows the energy-positive street lighting Energy114
Simulation circuit diagram of automatic street light (2016)40-51. Published on 2016 by Elsevier Ltd.
controller. [2] YM Jagadeesh, S Akilesh “Intelligence street lights”
A. Software (C++ Programming Code) SMART GRID Technologies, August 6-8, 2015
[3] Anif Jamaluddina, Anafi Nur Ainia, Egy Adhitamaa,
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h> Agus Purwantob. “Assessment of LiFePO4 Battery
intlight; Performance in Stand Alone Photovoltaic Street Light
System” Engineering Physics International Conference,
voidread_ldr()
EPIC 2016
{
[4] Nallapaneni Manoj Kumara, Anup Kumar Singhb, and
unsigned int adc_value=0;
K. Vinay Kumar Reddyc, “Fossil Fuel to Solar Power: A
adc_value=ADC_Read(0);
light=100–adc_value/10.24; Sustainable Technical Design for Street Lighting in
if(light>=80) // SWITCH of the light when light is 80 percent Fugar City, Nigeria” 6th International Conference on
Advances in Computing & Communications, ICACC
{
2016, 6-8 September 2016, Cochin, India.
PORTB.F1=0;
[5] K. Thatsanavipasa,,N. Ponganunchokea, S. Mitathab and
}
C. Vongchumyenb, “Wireless Traffic Light
else
{ Controller”2nd International Science, Social-Science,
Engineering and Energy Conference 2010: Engineering
PORTB.F1=1;
Science and Management.2011 Published by Elsevier
}
Ltd.
}
voidmain()
{
TRISB=0X00;
PORTB=0X00;
Adc_Init();
while(1)
{
read_ldr();
}
}

VI. CONCLUSION
By doing this project we are able to see the working of
Automatic Street Light Controller and see that how it help us
to save the electricity. This project involved designing and
development of Automatic Street light control system had
exposed to the better way of software and hardware
architecture that blends together for the interfacing purposes.
The system employs the use of advance sensing technology
to detect.
In coming days, this will prove a great boon to the
world, since it will save a lot of electricity of power plants
that gets wasted in illuminating the street lights. As the
conventional sources are depleting very fast then it’s time to
think of alternatives.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many
people have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart
pledged support this time we would like to thank all the
people who have been concerned with the project.
Ms.Harpreet Kaur Channi, Ms. Reshma Khan, Mr. Arwind
Goswami and Mr.Khem Singh whose valuable guidance
helped us to patch this project and make it a success.

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