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    Hydrodynamics: Static

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    lisa
    This document discusses fluid dynamics and introduces key concepts: - It defines steady and laminar flow, as well as turbulent flow, and states that the analysis will focus on steady flow situations. - The continuity equation is presented, stating that the mass flow rate into a flow tube must equal the mass flow out, based on conservation of mass. - Bernoulli's equation is derived from the conservation of energy, relating pressure, elevation, and velocity along a streamline in a fluid. It states that the sum of pressure, potential energy, and kinetic energy must remain constant.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Hydrodynamics: Static

    Uploaded by

    lisa
    20 views4 pages
    This document discusses fluid dynamics and introduces key concepts: - It defines steady and laminar flow, as well as turbulent flow, and states that the analysis will focus on steady flow situations. - The continuity equation is presented, stating that the mass flow rate into a flow tube must equal the mass flow out, based on conservation of mass. - Bernoulli's equation is derived from the conservation of energy, relating pressure, elevation, and velocity along a streamline in a fluid. It states that the sum of pressure, potential energy, and kinetic energy must remain constant.

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    Fluids04

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    This document discusses fluid dynamics and introduces key concepts: - It defines steady and laminar flow, as well as turbulent flow, and states that the analysis will focus on steady flow situations. - The continuity equation is presented, stating that the mass flow rate into a flow tube must equal the mass flow out, based on conservation of mass. - Bernoulli's equation is derived from the conservation of energy, relating pressure, elevation, and velocity along a streamline in a fluid. It states that the sum of pressure, potential energy, and kinetic energy must remain constant.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views4 pages

    Hydrodynamics: Static

    Uploaded by

    lisa
    This document discusses fluid dynamics and introduces key concepts: - It defines steady and laminar flow, as well as turbulent flow, and states that the analysis will focus on steady flow situations. - The continuity equation is presented, stating that the mass flow rate into a flow tube must equal the mass flow out, based on conservation of mass. - Bernoulli's equation is derived from the conservation of energy, relating pressure, elevation, and velocity along a streamline in a fluid. It states that the sum of pressure, potential energy, and kinetic energy must remain constant.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    15/09/14

    We have discussed static fluids:


    Lecture 4 •  how pressure changes with depth
    •  what happens when an object is immersed in a
    fluid (buoyancy)
    Hydrodynamics   •  what happens when a fluid is in contact with a
    something else (surface tension)
     
    – fluids in motion
    Now let’s look at fluids in motion.

    Consider an ideal fluid: If the pattern of flow lines does not change with
    •  incompressible: ρ constant time, the flow is called steady flow.
    •  no internal friction (non-viscous)
    We specify the average motion of the fluid at a
    particular point in space (and time).
    The path an individual fluid element follows is
    called a flow line.

    Steady flow is also called laminar flow. A streamline is parallel to the velocity of fluid
    elements at every point.
    When the rate of flow increases, or at abrupt
    boundary changes, the flow can become irregular Streamlines cannot cross.
    and chaotic: turbulent flow. A bundle of streamlines which crosses an area A
    behaves like a pipe: a flow tube.

    1  
    15/09/14  

    Con5nuity  equa5on  
    The mass of fluid in a flow tube is constant
    In steady flow, flowlines and streamlines are (“what goes in must come out”).
    identical.
    Fluid enters the tube through area A1
    When the flow pattern changes with time, with average speed v1 and exits
    streamlines do not coincide with flow lines. through A2 with average speed v2.
    We will consider only steady-flow situations.

    Mass flowing in is A1 v1 = A2 v2
    dm1 = ρ1 A1 v1 dt, This is just the law of conservation of mass for
    mass flowing out is fluids.
    dm2 = ρ2 A2 v2 dt. The speed is highest where the streamlines
    Constant mass ⇒ dm1 = dm2; crowd together.
    incompressible ⇒ ρ1 = ρ2. vlow vhigh vlow
    Hence
    A1 v1 = A2 v2

    Example: Y-junction with pipes of the same


    diameter
    Low
    Aside:
    speed
    High
    speed
    The product Q = Av is the volume flow rate dV/
    dt, the volume which passes by each second.
    The mass flow rate dm/dt = ρAv. Af = 2 Ai
    so the flow speed must fall to half:
    vf = ½ vi

    2  
    15/09/14  

    To keep the flow speed the same, the pipes after Example: Water flowing from a tap.
    the branch must have half the cross-sectional
    area of those before.
    Same
    speed
    High
    speed

    Rate of flow Av = constant


    ⇒ as v increases, A must decrease
    ⇒ the stream of water narrows

    Motivation: Look at constricted region.


    vlow vhigh vlow

    F F
    Bernoulli’s  Equa/on   There must be forces accelerating and decelerating the
    fluid.
    ⇒ pressure must be highest where the speed is lowest.

    Conservation of energy leads to the fundamental


    relation in fluid mechanics: Bernoulli’s equation.
    volume of fluid
    Consider a fluid element of a fluid of (uniform) passing c
    density ρ. volume of fluid in time dt:
    passing a dV = A2ds2
    Let’s work out the change in energy of this in time dt:
    element. dV = A1ds1

    Continuity ⇒ dV = A1ds1 = A2ds2

    3  
    15/09/14  

    The work-energy theorem says Alternately,


    ΔW = ΔKE + ΔPE
    p1 + ρ g y1 + ½ ρ v12 = p1 + ρ g y1 + ½ ρ v12

    (p1–p2) dV = ½ ρ dV (v22 – v12) + ρ dV g(y2 – y1) or, since this is true for any two points along the
    flow tube:
    or
    Bernoulli’s equation:
    (p1–p2) = ½ ρ (v22 – v12) + ρ g(y2 – y1)
    p + ρgy + ½ρv2 = constant

    Aside:
    Solving Bernoulli’s equation:
    p + ρgy + ½ρv2 = constant
    •  Identify points 1 and 2 along a streamline
    All three terms have dimensions of pressure (or •  Define your coordinate system: where y=0
    energy density, energy per unit volume).
    •  List your known and unknown variables
    The pressure p + ρgy is called the static pressure •  Solve for your unknowns, possibly using the
    the pressure ½ρv2 is called the dynamic pressure. continuity equation.

    Example: A large tank of water has a hole in the Next  lecture  


    side, at a depth h. Where does the stream of
    water hit the ground?

    Applying
    Bernoulli’s equation

    4  

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