Assignment On

Non-traditional manufacturing processes

Subject

Manufacturing technology

Submitted to

Mam fauzia wahid

Submitted by

Gulfam Hussain

Roll No

MME-12-30
 Institute of Advanced Materials Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan

NON TRADITIONAL MANUFACTURING

PROCESSES

Introduction
Manufacturing processes can be broadly divided into two groups and they are primary manufacturing
processes and secondary manufacturing processes. Secondary manufacturing process provide the final
shape and size with tighter control on dimension, surface characteristics etc. Material removal processes
are mainly the secondary manufacturing processes. Material removal processes once again can be
divided into mainly two groups and they are “Conventional Machining Processes” and “Non-Traditional
Manufacturing Processes”. Non-traditional machining covers a broad range of technologies, including
some that are used on a large scale, and others that are only used in unique or proprietary applications.
These machining methods generally have higher energy requirements and slower throughputs than
traditional machining, but have been developed for applications where traditional machining methods
were impractical, incapable, or uneconomical.

Non-traditional manufacturing processes is defined as a group of processes that remove excess material
by various techniques involving mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical energy or combinations of
these energies but do not use a sharp cutting tools as it needs to be used for traditional manufacturing
processes. In this process there is no direct contact between tool and work piece. Extremely hard and
brittle materials are difficult to machine by traditional machining processes such as turning, drilling,
shaping and milling. Non-traditional machining processes, also called advanced manufacturing
processes, are employed where traditional machining processes are not feasible, satisfactory or
economical due to special reasons as outlined below:

 Material removal may occur with chip formation or even no chip formation may
take place.
 Mostly NTM processes do not necessarily use mechanical energy to provide
material removal.
 In NTM, the tool need not be harder than the work piece material.
 Very hard fragile materials difficult to clamp for traditional machining
 When the work piece is too flexible or slender
 When the shape of the part is too complex
Why Non-traditional manufacturing processes
In several industries, hard and brittle materials like tungsten carbide, high speed steels,
stainless steels, ceramics etc. For example, tungsten carbide is used for making cutting tools
while high speed steel is used for making gear cutters, drills, taps, milling cutters etc.

If such materials are machined with the help of conventional machining processes, either the
tool undergoes extreme wear (while machining hard work piece) or the work piece material is
damaged (while machining brittle work piece).This is because, in conventional machining, there
is a direct contact between the tool and the work piece. Large cutting forces are involved and
material is removed in the form of chips. A huge amount of heat is produced in the work piece.
This induces residual stresses, which degrades the life and quality of the work piece material.
Hence, conventional machining produces poor quality work piece with poor surface finish (if
the work piece is made of hard and brittle material).To overcome all these drawbacks, we use
unconventional machining processes to machine hard and brittle materials. We also use
unconventional machining processes to machine soft materials, in order to get better
dimensional accuracy.
Major Characteristics of Non-conventional
machining
 Material removal may occur with chip formation or even no chip formation may take
place. For example in AJM, chips are of microscopic size and in case of
Electrochemical machining material removal occurs due to electrochemical
dissolution at atomic level.
 In NTM, there may not be a physical tool present. For example in laser jet
machining, machining is carried out by laser beam. However in Electrochemical
Machining there is a physical tool that is very much required for machining.
 Non-traditional processes easily deal with such difficult-to-cut materials like
ceramics and ceramic based tool materials, fire reinforced materials,
 In NTM, the tool need not be harder than the work piece material. For example, in
EDM, copper is used as the tool material to machine hardened steels.
 Machining of small cavities, slits, blind or through holes is difficult with traditional
processes, whereas it is a simple work for some non-traditional processes
 Mostly NTM processes do not necessarily use mechanical energy to provide material
removal. They use different energy domains to provide machining. For example, in
USM, AJM, WJM mechanical energy is used to machine material, whereas in ECM
electrochemical dissolution constitutes material removal.
Classification of NTM processes
Classification of NTM processes is carried out depending on the nature of
energy used for material removal.

1. Mechanical Processes
 Ultrasonic Machining (USM)
 Water Jet Machining (WJM)
 Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM)
 Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM)

2. Electrochemical Processes
 Electro Chemical Grinding (ECG)
 Electro Jet Drilling (EJD)

3. Electro-Thermal Processes
 Laser Jet Machining (LJM)
 Electron Beam Machining (EBM)

4. Chemical Processes
 Chemical Milling (CHM)
 Photochemical Milling (PCM)

Mechanical Processes
Ultrasonic Machining (USM)
Ultrasonic machining is a non-traditional manufacturing process. Ultrasonic machining is
a machining operation in which a vibrating tool oscillating at ultrasonic frequencies is used to
remove material from the work piece, aided by abrasive slurry that flows freely between the
work piece and the tool.

It differs from most other machining operations because very little heat is produced. The tool
never contacts the work piece and as a result the grinding pressure is rarely more than 2
pounds which makes this operation perfect for machining extremely hard and brittle materials,
such as glass, quartz, sapphire, ferrite, aluminium oxide, silicon, silicon carbide, silicon
nitride, ruby, diamond, fibre optics and ceramics. The tool that does the cutting is made of a
harder material than the work piece. Commonly used tool materials are nickel and soft steels.
As the tool vibrates, it pushes down on the abrasive slurry, a liquid containing abrasive grains,
until the grains impact the work piece. Because of the brittleness of the work piece, under the
impact of the abrasive particles its surface abrades, while the softer tool material simply
deforms slightly.
Applications
 It can make non round shapes in hard and brittle materials
 Used for machining hard and brittle metallic alloys, semiconductors, glass, ceramics,
carbides etc.
 Used for machining round, square, irregular shaped holes and surface impressions.
 Machining, wire drawing, punching or small blanking dies.

Disadvantages
 USM has higher power consumption and lower material-removal rates than traditional
fabrication processes.
 Tool wears fast in USM.
 Machining area and depth is restraint in USM.
 Low depth of hole.

Water Jet Machining (WJM)

Water Jet Machining (WJM) and Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM) are two non-traditional
or non-conventional machining processes. Water jet cutting can reduce the costs and speed up
the processes by eliminating or reducing expensive secondary machining process. Problems
such as cracked edge defects, crystallization, hardening, reduced wealdability and machinability
are reduced in this process. The cutting ability of water jet machining can be improved
drastically by adding hard and sharp abrasive particles into the water jet.

Water jet technology uses the principle of pressurizing water to extremely high pressures, and
allowing the water to escape through a very small opening called “orifice” or “jewel”. Water jet
cutting uses the beam of water exiting the orifice to cut soft materials. This method is not
suitable for cutting hard materials. The inlet water is typically pressurized between 1300 – 4000
bars. This high pressure is forced through a tiny hole in the jewel, which is typically o.18 to 0.4
mm in diameter.

Applications of WJC
 Water jet cutting is mostly used to cut lower strength materials such as wood, plastics
and aluminum. Paint removal.
 Cleaning cutting soft materials, Cutting frozen meat.
 Textile, Leather industry
 Mass Immunization, Surgery, Peening.
 Pocket Milling, Drilling, Turning, Nuclear Plant Dismantling
Disadvantages
 One of the main disadvantages of water jet cutting is that a limited number of materials
can be cut economically.
 Thick parts cannot be cut by this process economically and accurately

Abrasive Jet Machining

In abrasive jet machining (AJM) a focused stream of abrasive grains of Al2O3 or Sic carried by
high-pressure gas or air at a high velocity is made to impinge on the work surface through a
nozzle of 0.3- to 0.5-mm diameter. The work piece material is removed by the mechanical
abrasion (MA) action of the high-velocity abrasive particles.

Process
In Abrasive jet machining abrasive particles are made to impinge on work material at high
velocity. Jet of abrasive particles is carried by carrier gas or air. The high velocity stream of
abrasives is generated by converting pressure energy of carrier gas or air to its Kinetic energy
and hence high velocity jet. Nozzles direct abrasive jet in a controlled manner onto work
material. The high velocity abrasive particles remove the material by micro-cutting action as
well as brittle fracture of the work material

Applications
 This is used for abrading and frosting glass more economically as compared to etching
or grinding
  Cleaning of metallic smears on ceramics, oxides on metals, resistive coating etc.
 AJM is useful in manufacture of electronic devices, drilling of glass wafers, de burring of
plastics, making of nylon and Teflon parts permanent marking on rubber stencils, cutting
titanium foils.

Advantages
 High surface finish can be obtained depending upon the grain sizes
 Depth of damage is low ( around2.5 microns)
 It provides cool cutting action, so it can machine delicate and heat sensitive
material
 Capital cost is low and it is easy to operate and maintain AJM.
 It has the capability of cutting holes of intricate shape in hard materials.

Disadvantages
 The removal rate is slow.
 Nozzle life is limited (300 hours)
 Stray cutting can’t be avoided (low accuracy of ±0.1 mm).
 The abrasive may get impeded in the work surface.

Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM)

Abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) is a relatively new machining technique. Abrasive
Water Jet Machining is extensively used in many industrial applications. AWJM is a
nonconventional machining process where material is removed by impact erosion of high
pressure high velocity of water and entrained high velocity of grit abrasives on a work piece.
There are so many process parameter affect quality of machined surface cut by AWJM.
Important process parameters which mainly affect the quality of cutting are traverse speed,
hydraulic pressure, stand of distance, abrasive flow rate and types of abrasive. Important
quality parameters in AWJM are Material Removal Rate (MRR), Surface Roughness (SR), kerf
width, tapering of kerf. This paper reviews the research work carried out so far in the area
AWJM.

Advantages
 High surface finish can be obtained depending upon the grain sizes
 Depth of damage is low ( around2.5 microns)
  It provides cool cutting action, so it can machine delicate and heat sensitive
material
 Capital cost is low and it is easy to operate and maintain AJM.
 It has the capability of cutting holes of intricate shape in hard materials.

Disadvantages
 The removal rate is slow.
 Nozzle life is limited (300 hours)
 Stray cutting can’t be avoided (low accuracy of ±0.1 mm).
 The abrasive may get impeded in the work surface.

Chemical Processes
Chemical Machining/Milling (CM)
Purpose:
Non-traditional machining processes are widely used to manufacture geometrically complex
and precision parts for aerospace, electronics and automotive industries. There are different
geometrically designed parts, such as deep internal cavities, miniaturized microelectronics and
fine quality components may only be produced by non-traditional machining processes. This
paper is aiming to give details of chemical machining process, industrial applications, applied
chemical etchants and machined materials. Advantages and disadvantages of the chemical
machining are mentioned.

Chemical machining/milling (CM) is the controlled dissolution of work piece material (etching)
by means of a strong chemical reagent (etchant). The two key materials used in CM proc ess are
etchant and maskant. Etchants are acid or alkaline solutions maintained within controlled
ranges of chemical composition and temperature. Maskants are specially designed elastomeric
products that are hand strippable and chemically resistant to the harsh etchants. In CM
material is removed from selected areas of work piece by immersing it in a chemical reagents or
etchants. Material is removed by microscopic electrochemical cell action, as occurs in corrosion
or chemical dissolution of a metal. This controlled chemical dissolution will simultaneously etch
all exposed surfaces even though the penetration rates of the material removal may be only
0.0025–0.1 mm/min.
Chemical Milling
In chemical milling, shallow cavities are produced on plates, sheets, forgings and extrusions.
The two key materials used in chemical milling process are etchant and maskant. Etchants are
acid or alkaline solutions maintained within controlled ranges of chemical composition and
temperature. Maskants are specially designed elastomeric products that are hand strippable
and chemically resistant to the harsh etchants.

Steps in chemical milling

 Residual stress relieving: If the part to be machined has residual stresses from the
previous processing, these stresses first should be relieved in order to prevent warping
after chemical milling.
 Preparing: The surfaces are degreased and cleaned thoroughly to ensure both good
adhesion of the masking material and the uniform material removal.
 Masking: Masking material is applied (coating or protecting areas not to be etched).
 Etching: The exposed surfaces are machined chemically with etchants.
 Damasking: After machining, the parts should be washed thoroughly to prevent further
reactions with or exposure to any etchant residues. Then the rest of the masking
material is removed and the part is cleaned and inspected.
Applications
Chemical milling is used in the aerospace industry to remove shallow layers of material from
large aircraft components, missile skin panels, and extruded parts for airframes.

Electrochemical Processes
Electrochemical Grinding (ECG)
Electrochemical grinding is a process that removes electrically conductive material by grinding
with a negatively charged abrasive grinding wheel, an electrolyte fluid, and a positively charged
work piece. Materials removed from the work piece stay in the electrolyte fluid.
Electrochemical Grinding (ECG) can produce burr free and stress free parts without heat or
other metallurgical damage caused by mechanical grinding, eliminating the need for secondary
machining operations.

The wheels are metal disks with abrasive particles embedded. Copper, brass , and nickel are the
most commonly used materials; aluminum oxide is typically used as an abrasive when grinding
steel. A thin layer of diamond particles will be used when grinding carbides or steels harder
than 65 Rc.
An electrolytic spindle with carbon brushes, acting as a commutator, holds the wheel. The
spindle receives a negative charge from the DC power supply, which gives the work piece a
positive charge. The electrolytic fluid is applied where the work contacts the tool by a nozzle
similar to that which supplies coolant in conventional grinding. The fluid works with the wheel
to form electrochemical cells that oxidize the surface of the work piece. As the wheel carries
away the oxide, fresh metal is exposed. Removing the oxidized fluid may only requi re a
pressure of 20 psi or less, causing much less distortion than mechanical grinding. The wheel is
subject to little wear, reducing the need for truing and dressing.
Typically 90% of the metal is removed by electrolysis and 10% from the abrasive grinding wheel.
The most common electrolytes are sodium chloride and sodium nitrate at concentrations of 2
lbs.
Applications

 Production of tungsten carbide cutting tools.

 Grinding of super alloy turbine blades.
 Removal of fatigue cracks from underwater steel structures

Disadvantage
Electrochemical grinding loses accuracy when grinding inside corners, due to the effects of the
electric field.

Electro Jet Drilling (EJD)

It is micro level hole drilling used in cooling holes in jet turbine blades, printed circuit board,
inkjet printer head, surgical implants.

A negatively charged stream of acid electrolyte is impinged on the work piece to form a hole.
The acid electrolyte (10–25% concentration) is passed under pressure (0.3–1.0 MPa) through a
finely drawn glass tube nozzle. The electrolyte jet acts as a cathode when a platinum wire,
inserted into the glass tube well above the fine capillary is connected to the negative terminal
of a DC power supply. The work piece acts as an anode. When a suitable electric potential is
applied across the two electrodes, the material removal takes place through electrolytic
dissolution as the electrolyte stream strikes the work piece. The metal ions thus removed are
carried away with the flow of the electrolyte. A much longer and thinner electrolyte flow path
requires much higher voltage (150–750 V) so as to affect sufficient current flow.
Advantages
 Micro-level holes can be made.
 Applied on hard and brittle material
 Material are removed easily
 Less costly than traditional drilling

Disadvantages
 Set up should not vibrate otherwise hole will get large or deform.
 More maintenance

Electro-Thermal Processes
Laser Beam Machining (LBM)
Laser-beam machining is a thermal material-removal process that utilizes a high-energy,
coherent light beam to melt and vaporize particles on the surface of metallic and non-metallic
work pieces. Lasers can be used to cut, drill, weld and mark. LBM is particularly suitable for
making accurately placed holes.

Different types of lasers are available for manufacturing operations which are as follows:

 CO2 (pulsed or continuous wave): It is a gas laser that emits light in the infrared region.
It can provide up to 25 kW in continuous-wave mode.
 ND: YAG: Neodymium-doped Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Y3Al5O12) laser is a solid-
state laser which can deliver light through a fiber-optic cable. It can provide up to 50
kW power in pulsed mode and 1 kW in continuous-wave mode.
 Laser beam cutting (drilling)
 In drilling, energy transferred (e.g., via Nd:YAG laser) into the work piece melts the
material at the point of contact, which subsequently changes into a plasma and leaves
the region.
 A gas jet (typically, oxygen) can further facilitate this phase transformation and
departure of material removed.
 Laser drilling should be targeted for hard materials and hole geometries that are difficult
to achieve with other methods.

Laser beam cutting (milling)

 A laser spot reflected onto the surface of a work piece travels along a prescribed
trajectory and cuts into the material.
 Continuous-wave mode (CO2) gas lasers are very suitable for laser cutting providing
high-average power, yielding high material-removal rates, and smooth cutting surfaces.
Applications of LBM
LBM can make very accurate holes as small as 0.005 mm in refractory metals ceramics, and
composite material without warping the work pieces. This process is used widely for drilling and
cutting of metallic and non-metallic materials. Laser beam machining is being used extensively
in the electronic and automotive industries.

Limitations of LBM
 High capital cost
 High maintenance cost
 Assist or cover gas required

Electron Beam Machining (EBM)

Electron beam machining (EBM) is one of several industrial processes that use electron
beams. Electron beam machining uses a high-velocity stream of electrons focused on the
work piece surface to remove material by melting and vaporization.
An electron beam gun generates a continuous stream of electrons that are focused through an
electromagnetic lens on the work surface. The electrons are accelerated with voltages of
approx. 150,000 V to create velocities over 200,000 km/s. The lens is capable of reducing the
area of the beam to a diameter as small as 0.025 mm. On impinging the surface, the kinetic
energy of the electrons is converted into thermal energy of extremely high density, which
vaporizes the material in a much localized area. EBM must be carried out in a vacuum chamber
to eliminate collision of the electrons with gas molecules.

Applications of EBM
Electron beam machining is used for a variety of high-precision cutting applications on any
known material. Applications include drilling of extremely small diameter holes, down to 0.05
mm diameter, drilling of holes with very high depth-to-diameter ratios, more than 100:1, and
cutting of slots that are only about 0.025 mm wide. Besides machining, other applications of
the technology include heat treating and welding.

Limitations of EBM
The process is generally limited to thin parts in the range from 0.2 to 6 mm thick. Other
limitations of EBM are the need to perform the process in a vacuum, the high energy required,
and the expensive equipment.