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S
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PRINCIPLES OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
(VTU – 18EC53)

Presented by :
Mr . VINAY H. S
Asst . professor , ECE department
Canara Engineering College, Mangalore.
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SYLLABUS

Module-1
AMPLITUDE MODULATION:
Module-2
ANGLE MODULATION
Module-3
NOISE IN ANALOG MODULATION
Module-4 & 5
SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION
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COURSE OUTCOMES:
After studying this course, students will be able to:
• Analyze and compute performance of AM and FM modulation in the presence of noise at the receiver.

• Analyze and compute performance of digital formatting processes with quantization noise.

• Multiplex digitally formatted signals at transmitter and demultiplex the signals and reconstruct

digitally formatted signals at the receiver.

• Design/demonstrate the use of digital formatting in multiplexers, vocoders and video transmission.
TEXT BOOK:

“COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS”, SIMON HAYKINS & MOHER,

5TH EDITION, JOHN WILLEY, INDIA PVT. LTD, 2010, ISBN 978 – 81 – 265 – 2151 – 7.
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COMMUNICATION ??
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Communication may be defined as A process of passing

information from one person to another (source to destination or
sender to receiver )

.
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MODULATION
Modulation is defined as the process by which some characteristics (i.e,
Amplitude, frequency, and phase) of a carrier are varied in accordance with
a modulating wave.
NEED FOR MODULATION MODULATION
➢Reduction in the height of antenna
➢Avoids mixing of signals
➢Increases the range of communication
➢Multiplexing is possible
➢ Improves quality of reception
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Reduces antenna height

The minimum antenna height required to transmit a baseband
signal of f = 10 kHz is calculated as follows :

Now, let us consider a modulated signal at f = 1 MHz . The

minimum antenna height is given by,

This antenna can be easily installed practically . Thus, modulation

reduces the height of the antenna .
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AVOIDS MIXING OF SIGNALS

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MULTIPLEXING IS POSSIBLE
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INCREASE THE RANGE OF COMMUNICATION

The frequency of baseband signal is low, and

the low frequency signals can not travel long

distance when they are transmitted . They get

heavily attenuated . The attenuation reduces

with increase in frequency of the transmitted

signal, and they travel longer distance . The

modulation proce
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IMPROVES QUALITY OF RECEPTION

With frequency modulation (FM) and the

digital communication techniques such as PCM,
the effect of noise is reduced to a great extent .
This improves quality of reception .
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AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Amplitude modulation is a process where the amplitude of a carrier signal is altered
according to information in a message signal
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AM: Time domain description

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Conti…..
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Conti….
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Bandwidth of AM wave
Bandwidth (BW) is the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies of the signal.

We know that

Hence, the amplitude modulated wave has three frequencies. Those are carrier frequency fc, upper
sideband frequency fc+fm and lower sideband frequency fc−fm
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Power calculations of AM wave

Let consider amplitude modulated wave.

Power of AM wave is equal to the sum of powers of carrier, upper sideband, and lower sideband
frequency components.

We know that the standard formula for power of cos signal is

Where :Vrms is the rms value of cos signal.
Vm is the peak value of cos signal.
First, let us find the powers of the carrier
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Cont….
Upper sideband power

Similarly, we will get the lower sideband power same as that of the upper side band

Now, let us add these three powers in order to get the power of AM wave.

We can use the above formula to calculate the power of AM wave, when the carrier power and
the modulation index are known.
Note : If the modulation index μ=1 then the power of AM wave is equal to 1.5 times the carrier
power. So, the power required for transmitting an AM wave is 1.5 times the carrier power for a
perfect modulation.
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PROBLEMS :
A modulating signal 𝑚 𝑡 = 10cos(2𝜋 × 103 𝑡) amplitude modulated with a carrier signal
c 𝑡 = 50cos(2𝜋 × 105 𝑡) find the upper side band, lower side band modulation index, the carrier
power, and the power required for transmitting AM wave.
Solution : Given, the equation of modulating signal as

We know the standard equation of modulating signal is

By comparing the above two equations, we will get Amplitude of modulating signal as
Am=10volts and Frequency of modulating signal as

Given, the equation of carrier signal is

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Conti….
The standard equation of carrier signal is

By comparing these two equations, we will get Amplitude of carrier signal as Ac=50volts and
Frequency of carrier signal as 𝑓𝑐 = 105 𝐻𝑧 = 100𝐾𝐻𝑧

Upper side band fUSB = fc + fm = 101kHz

Lower side band fLSB = fc - fm = 99kHz

We know the formula for modulation index as

Therefore, the value of modulation index is 0.2 and percentage of modulation is 20%.
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Conti….
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We know the formula for power required for transmitting AM wave is

Therefore, the power required for transmitting AM wave is 1275 watts.

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AM Generator (Switching Modulator)
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AM: De-modulator (Envelope detector)
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Envelope detector is used to detect (demodulate) high level AM

wave.
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DSBSC (double side band suppressed carrier )

DSBSC is type of AM in which carrier is suppressed / removed before transmission

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DSBSC: (Time domain equation )
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DSBSC Cont.…(Frequency domain equation)
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Bandwidth of DSBSC wave
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DSBSC: Power calculation
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Conti….
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Ring modulator
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A ring modulator can be used to generate a double-sideband suppressed-carrier

(DSB-SC) wave.
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Conti….
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It may be noted that there is no output from

the modulator at carrier frequency . Therefore,
the carrier is entirely eliminated .
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Conti….
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DSBSC De-Modulator :Coherent detector
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Conti….
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COSTAS LOOP
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Conti….
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Quadrature carrier multiplexing(QAM)
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A Quadrature Carrier Multiplexing (QCM) or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

method enables two DSBSC modulated waves, resulting from two different message signals
to occupy the same transmission band width and two message signals can be separated at the
receiver.
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QAM (Receiver)
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Single side band modulation
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The DSBSC modulated signal has two sidebands. Since, the two sidebands carry the same
information, there is no need to transmit both sidebands. We can eliminate one sideband.
The process of suppressing one of the sidebands along with the carrier and transmitting a
single sideband is called as Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier system or simply SSBSC
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Power calculation of SSBSC wave
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Quadrature carrier multiplexing(QAM)
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A Quadrature Carrier Multiplexing (QCM) or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

method enables two DSBSC modulated waves, resulting from two different message signals
to occupy the same transmission band width and two message signals can be separated at the
receiver.
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QAM (Receiver)
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Single side band modulation
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The DSBSC modulated signal has two sidebands. Since, the two sidebands carry the same
information, there is no need to transmit both sidebands. We can eliminate one sideband.
The process of suppressing one of the sidebands along with the carrier and transmitting a
single sideband is called as Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier system or simply SSBSC
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Conti….
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Power calculation of SSBSC wave
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Advantages
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▪ Bandwidth or spectrum space occupied is lesser than AM and DSBSC waves.

▪ Transmission of more number of signals is allowed.
▪ Power is saved.
▪ High power signal can be transmitted.

Applications
▪ For power saving requirements and low bandwidth requirements.
▪ In point-to-point communications.
▪ In radio communications.
▪ In television, telemetry, and radar communications.
▪ In military communications.
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Vestigial Side Band Suppressed Carrier (VSBSC)

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VSBSC modulation is the process, where a part of the signal called as vestige is
modulated along with one sideband.

Along with the upper sideband, a part of the lower sideband is also being
transmitted in this technique. Similarly, we can transmit the lower sideband along
with a part of the upper sideband.
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Bandwidth of VSBSC Modulation
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We know that the bandwidth of SSBSC modulated wave is fm. Since the VSBSC
modulated wave contains the frequency components of one side band along with
the vestige of other sideband, the bandwidth of it will be the sum of the bandwidth
of SSBSC modulated wave and vestige frequency fv.

Advantages
•Highly efficient.
•Reduction in bandwidth when compared to AM and DSBSC waves.
•Filter design is easy, since high accuracy is not needed.
•The transmission of low frequency components is possible, without any difficulty.
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Generation of VSBSC
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Demodulation of VSBSC
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Demodulation of VSBSC wave is similar to the demodulation of SSBSC wave. Here, the same
carrier signal (which is used for generating VSBSC wave) is used to detect the message signal.
Hence, this process of detection is called as coherent or synchronous detection

𝑣𝑜 𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑡ሻ or
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Comparison of amplitude modulation techniques
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Frequency translation
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• It is a procedure where the frequency of the signal is translated to a higher

or lower frequency such that it occupies a new frequency band.

• This frequency translation is accomplished by multiplication of the signal by a

locally generated carrier wave and subsequent filtering.
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Conti….
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Conti….
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Conti….
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Translation of the Spectrum to Higher Frequency:
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MULTIPLEXNG
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It is the process of simultaneously transmitting two or more individual signals over a

single communication channel.
• Due to multiplexing it is possible to increase the number of communication channels
so that more information can be transmitted.
• The typical applications of multiplexing are in telemetry and telephony or in the
satellite communication.

Types of Multiplexing: There are two basic types of multiplexing. They are
1. Frequency division multiplexing (F D M ):
• Used to deal with the analog information.
• Many signals are transmitted simultaneously where each signal occupies a
different frequency slot within a common bandwidth.
2. Time division multiplexing (TDM):
• Used to handle the digital information.
• The signals are not transmitted at a time; instead they are transmitted in different
time slots.
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Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM):
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❑The operation of FDM is based on sharing the available

bandwidth of a communication channel among the signals
to be transmitted.
❑ Many signals are transmitted simultaneously with each
signal occupying a different frequency slot within a
common bandwidth.

❑ Each signal to be transmitted modulates a different carrier. The modulation can be AM,
SSB, FM or PM. The modulated signals are then added together to form a composite
signal which is transmitted over a single channel.
❑ Generally the FDM systems are used for multiplexing the analog signals.
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The block diagram of FDM system
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Transmission bandwidth:
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Consider an FDM system using SSB modulation to transmit 24 independent voice

inputs. Assume a bandwidth of 4 kHz for each voice input thus in order to accommodate
an FDM system using SSB modulation to transmit the 24 voice inputs, the
communication channel must provide the transmission bandwidth.

Here n = number of voice signal.

Thus, 24 voice inputs having a bandwidth of 4 kHz for each voice inputs the
transmission bandwidth is given by,
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Advantages of FDM:

❑ A large number of signals (channels) can be transmitted simultaneously.

❑ FDM does not need synchronization between its transmitter and receiver for

proper operation.

❑ Demodulation of FDM is easy.

❑ Due to slow narrow band fading only a single channel gets affected.
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VSB transmission of analog & digital television

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• For the transmission of television signals, VSB technique is widely used. As during
transmission of TV signals, there is a need of simultaneous transmission of both audio
and video information.
• Since a bandwidth of video signal is 4.2 MHz and we have already discussed in DSB-
SC modulation that it requires bandwidth twice that of the message signal. Hence in
case of DSB system, the required bandwidth will become 8.4 MHz i.e., twice the
bandwidth of the video signal.
• Furthermore, by inserting guard band between audio and video carriers then it leads to
some more increase in channel bandwidth and causes it to reach up to 9MHz.
Such a large bandwidth must be reduced and so VSB technique is adopted.
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Conti….
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Here, we can see the spectrum of transmission of TV signal using VSB technique

• VSB technique allows the transmission of the

upper sideband along with the vestige of
lower sideband. However, suppresses the
remaining part.

• From 1.25 MHz of lower sideband band, 0.75

MHz vestige is transmitted and rest is
suppressed. This basically simplifies the
filtering requirements.

Hence, by this, we can reduce the bandwidth

requirement to 6 MHz from 9MHz.
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Problems : 1
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200∗ 0.82
PSB = = 64 w
2
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Problem 2
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Problem 3
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Problem 4 :The figure below shows a block diagram of a two-stage SSB modulator. The input
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information signal m(t) consists of a voice signal occupying the frequency band 0.3 to 3.4 kHz. The
oscillator frequencies are 100 kHz and 10 MHz. Determine

I. Sidebands of DSBSC modulated waves appearing at the outputs of the product modulators
II. Sidebands of SSB modulated wave appearing at two BPFs output
III.Pass band & Guard band of two BPFs
IV.Sketch the spectrum at each stage

m(t)
PM1 BPF1 PM2 BPF2

A1cos2πfc1t A2cos2πfc2t

Solution :
Given : frequency of m(t) : fm = 0.3KHZ to 3.4KHz
frequency of carrier 1: fc1 = 100KHz used for PM1
frequency of carrier 2: f = 10MHz used for PM2
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The PM1 output V1(t) consists of two side bands as
follows
M(f)
1) LSB = fc1 – fm = 100 KHz – (0.3KHz to 3.4 KHz)
LSB = 99.7KHz to 96.6KHz f
0.3 3.4KHz
And USB = fc1 + fm
= 100 KHz + (0.3 KHz to 3.4 KHz ) V1(f)

USB = 100.3KHz to 103.4 KHz f

96.6 99.7 100.3 103.4
2 ) Out put of BPF1 : Guard band Pass band

Assume that BPF1 is designed to pass only USB

S1(f)
S1(t) is f
100.3 103.4
S1(t) = 100.3KHz to 103.4 KHz Guard band Pass band

3)Pass band of BPF1 = 100.3KHz to 103.4KHz

Guard band of BPF1 = 99.7KHz to 100.3KHz
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Conti….
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Similarly the product modulator PM2 output consists
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of two bands
fm = fUSB =100.3KHz to 103.4KHz
S1(f)
Carrier Fc2 = 10MHz
i. LSB =fc2 - fm f
= 10MHz – ( 100.3KHz to 103.4 KHz) 103.3 MHz 103.4 MHz

LSB = 9.8997 MHz to 9.8966 MHz &

V2(f)
USB = fc2 + fm
= 10MHz + ( 100.3KHz to 103.4 KHz)
= 10.1003MHz to 10.1034MHz f
9.8966MHz 9.8977 MHz 10.1003 MHz 10.1034 MHz
Guard band Pass band
ii. Out put of BPF 2: Assume that BPF2 is designed to
pass only USB , out put frequency is S2(f)

S2(t) = 10.1003MHz to 10.1034MHz f

iii. Pass band of BPF2 = 10.1003MHz to 10.1003 MHz 10.1034 MHz

10.1034MHz
Guard band of BPF2 = 9.8997MHz to
10.1003MHz
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Problem 5 :
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A 250W carrier of 1000KHz is simultaneously modulated by sinusoidal signal of
2KHz , 6KHz, & 8KHz with modulation indices of 35% , 55% & 75% respectively .
what are the frequencies present in the modulated wave and what is the radiated
power.
i. Frequency present in the modulated wave
Given data : Pc = 250 W ; fc = 1000KHz
Carrier fc = 1000KHz

fm1 = 2KHz ; fm2 = 6KHz ; fm3 = 8kHz LSB1 = fc -fm1 = 1000k - 2k = 998KHz

µ1 = 0.35 ; µ2 = 0.55 ;µ3 = 0.75 USB1 = fc +fm1 = 1000k + 2k = 1002KHz

LSB2 = fc -fm2 = 1000k - 6k = 994KHz

USB2 = fc +fm2 = 1000k + 6k = 1006KHz

LSB3 = fc -fm3 = 1000k - 8k = 992KHz

USB3 = fc +fm3 = 1000k + 8k = 1008KHz

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Radiated power

w. k t Pt = Pc ( 1 + µt 2/2 )

Pc = 250 W

µt = µ12 + µ22 + µ32 = 0.352 + 0.552 + 0.752 = 0.9973

Pt = 250 ( 1 + (0.99)2 / 2 ) = 373.4 watts

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UNSOLVED PROBLEM :
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References
1. Communication systems, simon haykins & moher, 5th edition, john
Willey, india pvt. Ltd, 2010,

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