dec 23 poc
dec 23 poc
dec 23 poc
a) Explain the need for modulation. Justify it with an example. refer dec 22
Answer: Modulation is essential in communication systems for the following reasons:
2. Antenna Size Reduction: For direct transmission of low-frequency signals, the required
antenna size would be impractically large. Modulation enables the use of manageable
antenna sizes by increasing the frequency of the signal.
3. Multiplexing Capability: Modulation allows multiple signals to share the same transmission
medium, reducing interference and increasing channel utilization.
4. Improved Signal Quality: Modulation improves signal strength and reduces the impact of
noise during transmission.
Example: In AM radio, audio signals are modulated onto a carrier wave to broadcast over large areas.
i) Noise figure:
Noise figure (NF) is a measure of how much a device degrades the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). It is
defined as:
v) Modulation:
Modulation is the process of varying a carrier wave’s amplitude, frequency, or phase in accordance
with a message signal for transmission.
Signal Quality Poor for high-noise environments Better quality due to noise immunity
Answer:
• Example:
Consider a music signal being transmitted via FM. Without pre-emphasis, the high-pitched
notes (high frequencies) could be overshadowed by noise. Pre-emphasis boosts these
frequencies, ensuring that all elements of the music are preserved during transmission.
• De-emphasis: At the receiver, the high frequencies are restored to their original levels,
reducing noise that might have been introduced during transmission.
• Example:
When listening to FM radio, the de-emphasis circuit at the receiver ensures that the sound
quality remains natural, with reduced noise interference.
e) What is PSK signal? Draw the PSK signal for 111010011.
Answer:
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is a digital modulation technique where the phase of the carrier wave is
varied according to the binary data being transmitted. In Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), the phase
of the carrier shifts between two values (0° and 180°) corresponding to binary 0 and 1.
For the binary sequence 111010011, the PSK waveform alternates its phase based on the bits.
Answer:
• When a wave (e.g., light or electromagnetic wave) strikes a boundary between two media
and bounces back into the same medium, this phenomenon is called reflection.
• Key Principle: The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection (θi = θr).
• Example: Radio waves reflecting off the ionosphere enable long-distance communication.
• Refraction: It is the bending of a wave when it passes from one medium to another with a
different density, changing its speed.
• Key Principle: The relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction is given by
Snell's Law
Q.2(a) Define Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Explain the effect of cascade connection on SNR. Derive
Friss formula for a two-stage cascade amplifier.
The Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is a measure of the strength of the desired signal compared to the
background noise in a system. It is used to evaluate the quality of a signal transmission.
• If the signal power is high compared to the noise, the SNR is high, indicating good signal
quality.
• A low SNR means the noise level is high, making it difficult to distinguish the signal from the
noise.
1. Noise Adds Up: The noise from each amplifier stage is added to the system, and this
cumulative noise reduces the overall SNR.
2. First Stage Noise Dominates: The noise introduced by the first amplifier is amplified
by all subsequent stages. This makes the first amplifier's noise figure and gain critical
in determining the overall SNR.
3. Degradation: As the signal passes through more stages, the noise power increases,
leading to a lower overall SNR.
The Friss formula is used to calculate the overall noise figure (Ftotal) for a cascade of amplifiers.
Formula:
Answer:
In Amplitude Modulation (AM), the total transmitted power consists of the carrier power and the
sideband powers. The formula derivation for total power is as follows:
1. AM Signal Expression:
The AM signal can be written as:
5. Final Expression:
or Pt = pc(1+m^2/2)
This shows that the total power depends on the carrier power and the modulation index.
Q.3(b) Explain quantization process in PCM with a suitable diagram.
Answer:
1. Sampling:
The analog signal is sampled at regular intervals to create a series of discrete-time values.
2. Quantization:
Each sampled value is approximated to the nearest quantization level. This step introduces
an error called quantization noise, which depends on the number of levels used.
3. Encoding:
The quantized values are encoded into binary form for digital transmission or storage.
Quantization is the process of rounding of the sample value to the nearest quantization level.
= 2n
Q.4(a) What are the limitations of TRF receivers? Explain how these limitations are avoided using a
superheterodyne receiver.
Refer dec 22
Q.4(b) Compare ground wave, sky wave, and tropospheric scatter propagation.
Here are detailed answers with step-by-step explanations for each question:
Q.5 (a) Explain FDM transmitter and receiver with block diagram.
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM):
FDM is a method of multiplexing multiple signals for transmission over a single communication
channel. Each signal is assigned a distinct frequency band within the channel bandwidth. The signals
do not overlap in the frequency domain to avoid interference.
FDM Transmitter:
1. Input Signals: The FDM transmitter accepts multiple input signals (e.g., voice or data signals).
2. Modulation Process: Each input signal is modulated with a distinct carrier frequency using
modulation techniques such as AM (Amplitude Modulation), FM (Frequency Modulation), or
PM (Phase Modulation).
o Modulation ensures that each signal is translated into a unique frequency band.
3. Frequency Allocator: After modulation, these signals are passed through a frequency
allocator (multiplexer), which combines all the modulated signals into a composite signal in
the frequency domain.
4. Composite Signal Transmission: The composite signal is transmitted over the shared
communication channel.
FDM Receiver:
1. Receiving Composite Signal: The receiver obtains the composite signal from the
communication channel, which contains multiple signals in distinct frequency bands.
2. Band-Pass Filters (Demultiplexing): The receiver uses band-pass filters to separate signals
corresponding to each frequency band.
3. Demodulation Process: Each signal is demodulated using its respective carrier frequency to
retrieve the original message signal.
4. Output Signals: The demodulated signals are outputted as the original signals sent by the
transmitter.
Q.5 (b) Draw the block diagram of PAM generator and detector. Explain the working giving
waveforms at the output of each block.
In PAM, the amplitude of the pulses varies according to the amplitude of the input analog signal.
PAM is often used as a precursor to other pulse modulation techniques like PWM or PPM.
PAM Generator:
2. Sampling Circuit: The input signal is sampled at regular intervals, producing a discrete-time
signal.
3. Pulse Shaping Circuit: The samples are used to modulate the amplitude of short-duration
pulses.
4. Output PAM Signal: A pulse train with amplitudes proportional to the input signal is
produced.
1. Received PAM Signal: The modulated PAM signal received from the transmitter.
2. Pulse Demodulator: A low-pass filter removes the high-frequency components, leaving only
the original analog signal.
Q.6 (a) Explain slope overload error and hunting error in Delta modulation. Derive the condition to
avoid slope overload distortion.
Delta modulation (DM) is a form of analog-to-digital conversion where the difference between
successive samples is quantized. It simplifies encoding and decoding processes but introduces two
types of errors: slope overload error and hunting error.
1. Slope Overload Error:
• Cause: This error occurs when the input signal changes rapidly, and the step size of the delta
modulator is too small to follow the signal's slope. The modulator fails to track the signal
accurately, leading to distortion.
• Effect: This creates large discrepancies between the input signal and the quantized output,
resulting in significant distortion.
• Cause: Hunting error occurs when the input signal is relatively constant or changes slowly,
but the step size of the modulator is too large. The quantized signal "hunts" or oscillates
around the input signal.
For slope overload to be avoided, the step size Δ\Delta must be large enough to follow the steepest
slope of the input signal. Mathematically:
By ensuring the above condition, the modulator can accurately follow rapid changes in the input
signal.
Q.6 (b) Explain the generation of SSB with phase shift method.
SSB is a refined form of Amplitude Modulation (AM) where only one of the sidebands (upper or
lower) is transmitted, reducing bandwidth and power usage.
This method uses two balanced modulators and precise phase shifts to suppress one sideband.
o The carrier is split into two paths: one with a 0∘ phase shift and another with a 90∘
phase shift.
2. Balanced Modulators:
o The input signal is also split into two paths: the original signal and a 90∘90^\circ
phase-shifted version.
o These signals are fed into two balanced modulators along with the phase-shifted
carriers.
3. Summation:
o The phase-shifted components cancel out one sideband, leaving only the desired
sideband.