A book designed for

cadets
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accepted to the for
A book designed
shipping
cadets expecting tothey
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Proudly Presentthey
INTERVIEW BOOK dream
DEMUSTAR 91
Proudly Present
INTERVIEW BOOK DEMUSTAR 91

RYDHO ARDY NUGRAHA

561911137209 N

NAUTICAL HOTEL
 GENERAL QUESTION

 Please tell me about yourself?

 Motivation / Why do you want to be a seafarer?
 How you will describe yourself / personality?
 Do you have relative(s) in universe of maritime?
 What do you know about our company?
 Why do you want to join with our company?
 What type of vessel you want to join on board?
 Previous experience in shipping if any?
 Mixed crew on board / experience to work in an international team?
 When there are conflict on board vessel, how do you deal with it?
 What do you consider as benefits and what is negative points being a seafarer?
 What do you expect from the training as a cadet within our company?
 Where do you see yourself in 5 years, what carrier development you are expect from
your own and our company?
 Before, did you ever far away from home in a long time, if yes, why did u do that and
how long was it?
 Why should we hire you?

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 DECK AND ENGINE

1. What is enclosed space ?

An enclosed space is a space which is not used for day to day activity and which has any
of the following characteristics:

1. Limited opening for entry and exit

2. Inadequate ventilation
3. Is not designed for continuous worker occupancy

2. What spaces are categorized to enclosed space ?

a) Storage Tank f) fresh water tank

b) boiler g) Sea water tank

c) cargo space h) ballast tank

d) void space
e) double bottom

3. What preparation should be done prior entering enclosed space ?

a. Prepare all PPE which need to be used
b. Make sure that the communication equipent can be used well
c. Preparation of entering an enclosed space permit
d. Following the enclosed space entry procedure based on the risk assesment and Job
hazard analysis
e. Ventilate the space and make sure oxygen level is above 20.9%
f. Make sure at least 1 crew to be stand by in a manhole and keep communicating two
ways, both to the bridge and person inside enclosed space

4. What does it mean by ISPS CODE (Internasional Ship and Port Facility Security Code)?
The International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code is an amendment to the
Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention (1974/1988) on Maritime security
including minimum security arrangements for ships, ports and government
agenciesApa itu SSO

5. What does it mean by MLC ?

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 The Maritime Labour Convention 2006 (MLC) is an international agreement of the
International Labour Organisation ('ILO') which sets out seafarers' rights to decent
conditions of work.

6. What do you know by Standard of Training, Certificatiaon and Watchkeeping (STCW) ?

STCW gives the details of minimum requirement certificates need to hold and
training to carry out before signing on a ship. STCW convention purposes to provide
the international standards necessary for training institutes and trainers to develop
skills and competencies for seafarer

7. Minimum rest time requirement based on MLC 2006 ?

10 hours/ day and 77 hours/week

8. What is MARPOL ?
MARPOL is an marine environmental convention consist of prevention of pollution
which is divides into 6 anexes.
Annex I Prevention of pollution by oil & oily water
Annex II Control of pollution by noxious liquid substances in bulk
Annex III Prevention of pollution by harmful substances carried by sea in
packaged
Annex IV Pollution by sewage from ships
Annex V Pollution by garbage from ships
Annex VI Prevention of air pollution from ships

9. What is inside oil record book ?

All cargo vessels where MARPOL Convention is applicable must have an oil record
book in which the chief engineer will record all oil or sludge transfers and discharges
within the vessel.

10. What equipment should be available on board ship of more than 150 GT to prevent
pollution by oil based on ANNEX 1 ?
 OWS Equipment
 Oily filtering Equipment

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  Oil / water interface detector
 Oil discharge monitoring & control system
 Oil Content Meter

11. What do you know by SOLAS ?

The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) is an
international maritime treaty which sets minimum safety standards in the
construction, equipment and operation of merchant ships.

12. How many chapters stated in SOLAS 1974 ?

There are 12 chapters stated in SOLAS 1974

13. What do you know about ISM Code ?

The International Safety Management (ISM) Code is an international standard for the
safe operation of ships and for pollution prevention. Chapter IX of the International
Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) requires compliance with the ISM
Code.

14. What is LSA ?

List Of Life Saving Appliances (LSA) On Board Ship And General Requirements.
Life Saving Appliances (LSA) Code gives international requirements for the life-
saving appliances that are required by SOLAS chapter III.It include general
lifesaving appliances, personal life-saving appliances and distress signaling
equipment.

15. Mention LSA on board vessel ?

 Life boat  life buoy

 Life raft  life jacket

 rescue boat  immersion suit

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  line throwing appliances  anti exposure suit,

 buoyant smoke signal  marine evacuation system

 hand flare  launching and embarkation

appliances, etc
 thermal protective aid

16. What is PPE and mention the example of PPE ?

PPE is Personal protective equipment that should be worn while working outside
the area of accommodation on board. Example PPE ;

 safety helmet  safety shoes

 safety googles  safety harness

 safety gloves  boiler suit

 ear plug

17. What is the difference between SART and EPIRB ?

An Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon or EPIRB is used to alert search and
rescue services in the event of an emergency. It does this by transmitting a coded
message on the 406 MHz distress frequency via satellite and earth stations to the
nearest rescue co-ordination centre.

A Search and Rescue Transponder (SART) is an electronic device that automatically

reacts to the emission of a radar. This enhances the visibility on a radar screen. SART
transponders are used to ease the search of a ship in distress or a liferaft. All GMDSS
vessels up to 500 ton must carry at least one SART.

18. After how long is the HRU for EPIRB shall be replaced?
In the event that the HRU has crossed its expiry date, the HRU ought to be replaced
on board and HRU must be marked with an expiry date 2 years into the future.

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19. Which equipment is capable to detect activated SART?
It operates on the 9GHz frequency band (9.2 to 9.5 GHz) and generates a series of
clips on the radar it is interrogated by (3 cm/X Band radar).

20. What is the main difference between EEBD and SCBA ?

EEBD is used for escape in emergency situation. Flow of oxygen can not be
controlled.
SCBA- Its breathing device, with flow control valve and used in firefighting
EEBD can last only for 15 minutes
SCBA can last longer up to 1 hour depend on the pressure of air bottle

21. What is drill and mention type of drill ?

Drills are methods of practicing how a team or individuals should behave in case of an
emergency on board ship
 Fire
 Explosion
 Pirates attacks
 ship sinking
 ship grounding
 capsizing etc

22. What will you do when you are discovering fire on board ?

In case of fire, raise the Fire/General alarm as soon as possible. Try to stop fire by
finding its source at first and if it is not possible, muster according to the Fire Muster
List.

23. What is muster list ?

The Muster List consists of duties and responsibilities in case of such mishaps,
designated and assigned to each person on the ship

24. What is muster station ?

Muster station is a designated area on board that crew ought to assembly when they
hear an emergency alarm.

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25. Please mention emergency alarm available on board ?
- General Emergency alarm
- Fire alarm
- Man overboard alarm
- Abandon Ship Alarm

26. What is general emergency alarm on board ?

The general emergency alarm on the ship is recognised by 7 short ringing of the bell
followed by a long ring or using the ship horn signal of 7 short blasts followed by 1
long blast.

27. What action should be taken once general emergency alarm is sounded ?
- Proceed to the designated muster stations
- Listen to the Public Addressing (PA) system for the type of emergency (usually
announced by OOW, Chief officer or Captain) which is leading to the general
alarm on a ship
- Once the nature of the emergency is known, the crew member must re-group as per
the Squad and take corrective action to tackle the situation as per the muster plan.

28. What action should be taken once you find a man overboard ?

Shout as loud as you can, throw the closest lifebuoy, report to the bridge

29. What action should be taken while you get an emergency message from other ship ?
- Call Master
- Monitor the situation continuosly
- Record the position and time in the journal book
- Master will take decision whether the vessel can give a help or not.

30. Could you please mention fire fighting equipments that should be available on board ?
Some of the most commonly used fire-fighting appliances that need to be on board a
ship are

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  fire dampers  fire hydrants
 fire blanket  fire redundant bulkheads
 fire doors  fire hose and nozzles
 fire pumps  portable fire extinguishers

31. Can you describe classes of fire ?

- Class A Fires – Fires in ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, cloth, rubber,
and many plastic
- Class B Fires – Fires in flammable liquids and flammable gasses
- Class C Fires – Fires involving electrical equipment
- Class D Fires – Fires in combustible metals
- Class K fires – Fires involving cooking oils and greases

32. Could you please mention the types of portable fire extinguisher ?

Water(CLASS A), foam(class B), dr y chemical(class A,B,C), carbon dioxide(class

C), and wet chemical(class K)

33. What is the main difference between life boat and rescue boat ?
Life boat is used for all crews on board to abandon ship, while rescue boat is used to
rescue others in emergency situation

34. Mention equipments inside life boat !

Sea anchor, foods, drinking water, bucket, illuminated compass, buoyant baller, boat
hook, hatchets, etc

35. Mention 2 types of life boat !

Free fall launching lifeboats, davits launch life boats

36. How can you release life raft on board ?

There are 3 ways of realising liferaft ;
- Auto release with Hydrostatic Release Unit
- Manually launching

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 - Launching by davits

37. What is Hydrostatic Release Unit (HRU) ?

What is a Hydrostatic Release Unit? A hydrostatic release unit or HRU is a pressure
activated mechanism designed, to automatically deploy a life raft, when certain
conditions are met. In case a vessel sinks, the HRU will activate and release the life
raft on a depth between 1,5 and 4 meter

NAUTICAL TERMS

Nautical Measurement

1,852 km   360ofull circle 32 points

1 Nm 1852 m   1 point 11,25o

10 cables      

1 shackle 27,2 metres

1 ft 0.3 metres

1 ft 12 inch

1 inch 0.025 metres

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 1 KNOT = 1 MILE / HOUR

1. How many metres in 1 nautical 5. How many metres in 1 shackle ?

mile ? 27,5 metres

1852 metres 6. How many metres in 1 ft ?

2. How many cables in 1 nautical 0.3 metres

mile ? 7. What’s the opposite of north ?

10 cables South

3. How many points in a 360 degree 8. How many degrees formed by

? west ?

32 points 270 degrees

4. How many degree in one point ? 9. How many miles/hour in 1 knot ?

11,25 degree 1 mile / hour

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 10. MV MSC ORION underway from Horshburg Lt. House to Brothers at 11.00 a.m.

Vsl speed is 10 knots. Distance between both places is 40 miles. What time will the

MV MSC ORION arrive ?

time = distance / speed

= 40 miles / 10 knots

= 4 hours

11.00 a.m + 4 hours = 15.00.

Continents, Ocean, and Sea

There are 5 continents in this world, namely Asia, Australia, America, Africa and

Europe

There are 5 oceans in this world, namely Pasific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Atlantic

Ocean, Arctic Ocean and Antarctic Ocean

There are plenty seas in Indonesia, ex : Jawa Sea, Banda Sea, Aru Sea, Ceram Sea,

Molucca sea, etc

1. Mention the name of the ocean as much as you know ?

Pasific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean and Antarctic Ocean.

SHIP’S DIMENSION

Draft = Distance between keel and waterline

Freeboard = Distance between waterline and maindeck

Depth = draft + freeboard

LOA = maximum length of a vessel's hull measured parallel to the waterline.

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 LBP = length of a ship along the main bow perpendicular member, to main stern

perpendicular member

Air draft = Distance between waterline to the top of the ship

UKC = Distance between sea bed and keel. Known as Under keel Clearence

Gross tonnage is volume of all enclosed spaces of the ship

Net tonnage is volume of all cargo carrying space of ship

The light ship weight is the actual weight of a vessel when complete and ready for

service but empty.

DWT is the ability of ship to measure of how much weight a ship can carry.

TRIM

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TRIM BY STERN

aft draft > fwd draft

TRIM BY HEAD

fwd draft > aft draft

EVEN KEEL

fwd draft = aft draft

Heel or list

X Heel is an inclination of the ship caused by

outside forces, such as wind, waves, or during ship’s turn

X List is an inclination of the ship caused by

internal factor such as negative GM, off center weight, etc

a.

Starboard heel (list)

b.

Port heel (list)

c. Up right

MOORING ARRANGEMENT

 Head line

 Breast line

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  Spring line

 Stern line

1. What do you know about draft ?

Draft is a distance between keel and waterline of the vessel.

2. What do you know about LOA ?

LOA is a maximum length of a vessel's hull measured parallel to the waterline

3. What is UKC stand for, and explain its meaning ?

UKC stand for under keel clearence, which means a distance between keel of the

ship and sea bed.

4. How to call right side and left side in a ship ?

Right side is called starboard side, left side is called port side

5. How to call front and back side in a ship ?

front side is called forward, back side is called aft

6. What is DWT ?

DWT is the ability of ship to measure of how much weight a ship can carry.

7. What is trim ?

Trim is a difference between forward draft and aft draft

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 8. What condition concerning trim by stern ?

Trim by stern happened when aft draf tis greater than forward draft

9. What is the difference between heel and list ?

Both are inclination / movement of the ship, heel is caused by external factor, while

list caused by internal factor.

10. Mention mooring lines as much as you know ?

There are headlines, sternlines, spring lines and breast lines

DECK EQUIPMENT

WINDLASS

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Windlass is a machinery used to operate ship’s anchor

MOORING WINCH

Mooring winch is a machinery used to

operate ship’s mooring lines. .

- What machinery used to operate

ship’s anchor, and how many

metres in 1 shackle?

Windlass, 27.5 metres.

NAVIGATION and GMDSS EQUIPMENT

1. RADAR

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 RADAR stands for Radio Detection and Ranging

Radar determines distance to an object by measuring the time required for a radio signal

to travel from a transmitter to the object and return.

There are 2 types of RADAR

1. X-Band Radar ( 3 cm wave length, 9 GHz frequency)

2. S-Band Radar ( 9 cm wave length, 3 Ghz frequency)

1. ARPA stands for Automatic Radar Plotting Aid, use electromagnetic waves to

determine CPA, TCPA, Heading, Speed, BCR, BCT of other vessel.

2. GPS

GPS utilizes 24 satellites orbiting the earth that enable a GPS

receiver to determine its location, speed and direction.

GPS gives the latitude and longitude of the ship.

3. Anemometer

To measure the direction and speed of the wind.

Wind measured can be true or relative wind.

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 4. Steering Wheel

Steering wheel is a hand-wheel that is used for steering.

There are several mode in steering operation :

a. Follow up mode

b. Non Follow up Mode

c. Automatic mode

5. AIS

an Automatic Identification System, is a system used by ships and vessel traffic services

(VTS) principally for identification, and locating vessels.

6. Barometer

A barometer is an instrument used to measure atmospheric

pressure to predict weather as high air pressure in a region

indicates fair weather, while very low pressure indicates that a

storm is approaching.

7. Engine Telegraph

Engine Telegraph is an instrument that communicates

electronically with the engine room for speed

requirements.

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 8. Aldis Lamp

It is a visual signaling device for optical

communication. (typically using Morse

Code).

9. NAVTEX

Part of GMDSS equipment, international automated MF direct-printing service for delivery

of navigational and meteorological warnings and

forecasts, as well as urgent marine safety

information to ships(518 KHz)

10. Rudder Angle Indikator

It is usually used for manual steering, so

that the helmsman know how many

points the vessel has turned.

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 11. Gyro Compass Repeater

Equipment used to determine ship’s heading in a true

or geographic meridian.

12. Magnetic Compass

Located in monkey island, but the indikator can be seen on the top of steering wheel,

determine ship’s heading in a magnetic

meridian.

The gyrocompass has several advantages over

the magnetic compass:

a. It seeks true or geographic meridian instead of magnetic meridian.

b. It can be used near the earth’s magnetic poles, where the magnetic compass is

useless.

c. It is not affected by surrounding material.

C – Compass North

D – Deviation Variation is an angle between magnetic north and true north

Deviation is an angle between compass north and magnetic north

M – Magnetic North

V – Variation

T – True North

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13. Speed Log

Equipment used to measure ship’s speed.

14. Echo Sounder

Equipment used to determine the depth of

the sea.

15. Course Recorder

Equipment used to record course that ship has

experienced during the voyage

16. BNWAS

Bridge Navigational Watch Alarm System is an monitoring and Alarm system which notifies

other navigational officers or master of the ship if the officer on

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 watch (OOW) does not respond or he/she is incapable of performing the watch duties

efficiently, which can lead to maritime accidents

17. VHF

GMDSS Equipment which is used to communicate to other

party both radiotelephony or DSC in the event of emergency.

Works under 156 – 174 MHz frequency

18. Inmarsat – C

GMDSS equipment. is a digital satellite communication system whereby data can be encoded

into digital format, whether text, numeric data from

instruments or other information in digital format can be

sent and received over the system. 

1. What is RADAR stands for ?

RADAR stands for Radio Detection

and Ranging.

2. What is the difference between X-band and S-band Radar ?

X-band Radar work under 3 cm wave length and 9 GHz frequency,

otherwise S-band Radar works under 9 cm wave length and 3 GHz

frequency

3. What information given by GPS ?

The main information given is position of the ship (latitude and

longitude), others are ship’s speed, heading, time, etc

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 4. What is the difference between variation and deviation ?

Variation is an angle between magnetic north and true north

Deviation is an angle between magnetic north and compass north

5. What equipment used to determine atmospheric pressure and what

happen if the atmopheric pressure fall down ?

Barometer, storm will be approaching.

6. What is the function of Echo Sounder ?

Echo Sounder used for determine the depth of the sea.

7. What is AIS stand for ?

AIS stands for Automatic Identification System

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 8. What is the function of course recorder ?

Course recorder is used to record the course that ship has experienced

during the voyage

COLREGS

RULE 5 – Look Out

Rule 5 requires that "every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper

look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means

appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to

make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.

RULE 6 – Safe Speed

Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can

take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped

within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and

conditions.

Rule 10 - Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS)

- Proceed at appropriate lane

- Keep clear of separation line and zone

- Join or leave at the termination lane

- Join at small angle from the side to the general direction of the flow

- Cross on heading at the right angle of the traffic flow

24 | P a g e
 Section II - Conduct of vessels in sight of one another (Rules 11-18)

Rule 11 says the section applies to vessels in sight of one another.

Rule 12 states action to be taken when two sailing vessels are

approaching one another.

Rule 13 covers overtaking - the overtaking vessel should keep out of

the way of the vessel being overtaken.

Rule 14 deals with head-on situations. Crossing situations are covered

by Rule 15 and action to be taken by the give-way vessel is laid down

in Rule 16.

Rule 17 deals with the action of the stand-on vessel, including the

provision that the stand-on vessel may "take action to avoid collision

by her manoeuvre alone as soon as it becomes apparent to her that the

vessel required to keep out of the way is not taking appropriate action.

Rule 18 deals with responsibilities between vessels and includes

requirements for vessels which shall keep out of the way of others.

Rule 13 – Overtaking

a) ....any vessel overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being

overtaken.

“It means that all overtaking vessel is a give way vessel.”

b) A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with a another vessel

from a direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position

with reference to the vessel she is overtaking, that at night she would be able to see

only the sternlight of that vessel but neither of her sidelights.

Vessel being
25 |Page
Overtaken
 12 kts
22.5º
Overtaking vessel
Approaching more
Than 22.5º abaft the
.
Beam of overtaken
vessel
Rule 14 – Head On

(a) When two power driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal

courses so as to involve risk of collision each shall alter her course to starboard so

that each shall pass on the port side of the other.

(b) Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees15

thekts
other ahead or nearly

ahead and by night she could see the masthead lights in line or nearly in line and/or

both sidelights and by day she observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.

Illustration of nearly reciprocal course still it is head-on situation

Co= 264

<6
<6

Co= 090

Rule 15 – Crossing Situation

When two power driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel

which has the other on her

own starboard side shall

26 | P a g e
 keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing

ahead of the other vessel.

Part C. Light and Shape

Rule 22 – Visibility of lights

In a vessel of >50 m in lenght should exhibit :

- a masthead light, 6 miles;

- a sidelight, 3 miles;

- a sternlight, 3 miles;

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- a towing light, 3 miles;

- a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 3 miles.

Part D. Sound and Light Signal

Rule 33 says vessels 12 metres or more in length should carry a whistle and a bell and

vessels 100 metres or more in length should carry in addition a gong.

1. What is rule 5 COLREGS talking about?

Rule 5 is talking about look out.

2. What does it mean by “available means appropriate” in rule 5 ?

Available means appropriate means look out can be done by available means such as

28 | P a g e
 visually or by navigational equipment such as RADAR, AIS, etc as it is appropriate to

be executed.

3. What is rule 6 talking about ?

Rule 6 is talking about safe speed.

4. What does it mean by ‘safe speed’

Safe speed means speed which navigator can take a proper and effective action to avoid

collision and to stop within a distance to the prevailing condition.

5. What is Rule 10 talking about ?

Rule 10 is talking about traffic separation scheme

6. What is rule 13,14,15 talking about ?

Rule 13 : Overtaking

Rule 14 : Head On situation

Rule 15 : Crossing situation

7. What will you do if you are in a reciprocal course to the vessel ahead of you ?

I will alter course to starboard, as stated in rule 14 – head on situation

8. What will you do when you see a power driven vessel on your starboard bow and CPA

is getting closer based on rule 15 ?

As a give-way vessel, i will alter course to starboard to avoid collision

9. What will you do if you see vessel on your port side and they don’t alter course to

avoid collision ?

I will take a continous bearing, try to communicate with her, telling her to alter course,

if she doesn’t take any action, i will take action to alter course to port side to avoid

collision.

10. How many miles a ‘masthead light’ can be seen in a vessel of more than 100 m ?

Masthead light’s visibility is 6 Nm

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 11. What shape should be exhibit when you are at anchor ?

1 ball located in forward.

12. What light signal should be exhibit for a vessel not under command ?

Two all-round red light in a vertical line.

13. What sound signal sould be rung when you are going to overtake other vessel from her

starboard side ?

2 prolonged blasts and 1 short blast.

14. What sound signal should be rung when you are in doubt of other’s means ?

5 short blasts.

ETA Estimated Time Arrival COLREG

ETD Estimated Time Departure
CPA Closest Point Approach s Collision Regulation
TCPA Time Closest Point Approach NBDP Narrow Band Direct Printing
Global Maritime Distress and COG Course Over Groung
SOG Speed Over Ground
GMDSS SafetySystem

30 | P a g e
 ALPHABETICAL

F - Foxtrot
I am disabled, please communicate.

A - Alpha L - Lima
Divers Down You should stop your vessel
instantly

G - Golf
I require a Pilot

B - Bravo
I am taking in or discharging or M - Mike
carrying dangerous goods My vessel is stopped and making no
way through the water
H - Hotel
I have a pilot on board

C - Charlie
Affirmative/Yes N - November
No (negative)
I - India
I am altering course to port.

D - Delta
Keep Clear, I am maneuvering with O - Oscar
difficulty. Man overboard
J - Juliet
I am on fire and have dangerous
cargo aboard; keep well clear of me

E - Echo P - Papa
Altering course to starboard. All aboard, vessel is about to
proceed to sea
K -Kilo
You should stop you vessel
immediatley.

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 Q - Quebec T - Tango
My vessel is healthy and I request Keep clear of me I am engaged in
free practique pair trawling

X - X-ray
Stop carrying out your intentions and
watch for my signals

R - Romeo U - Uniform
You are running into danger

Y - Yankee
I am carrying mail / dragging anchor
S - Sierra
My engines are going full speed V - Victor
astern Require assitance (not in distress)

Z - Zulu
To be used to address or call shore
stations

W - Whiskey
I require medical assistance

32 | P a g e
1. Main Engine
Main engine or main propolsion engine is a machinery installation that consists of
several systems, which have a function to rotate the ship's propeller so that the ship can
move forward or backward.
There are several types of main engines that are commonly used on board, the
different types of main engines are used based on the type of ship, operational efficiency
and comfort during the voyage. Here are the types of main engines commonly used on
board:
a. Electric Motor
b. Turbin Uap
c. Diesel Engine 2 or 4 troke
A. Electric motor
Electric motors are usually used on ships where operational comfort is important.
Because in addition to having no gas emissions, the electric motor also reduces noise and
vibration compared to diesel engines, so the comfort of this ship will be greater than ships
using diesel engines. In contrast to diesel engines that use fuel in the form of gas, DO or FO
as a source of propulsion, electric motors use propulsion in the form of electrical energy
generated from the ship's main generator engine..
On ships that use electric motors, they usually have 3 or 4 generators with high power
capacity (KW). Where each generator can accommodate loads up to 12,700Kw, and has a
voltage of 6.6Kv (HIGH VOLTAGE). The use of high voltage electrical circuits is used for
the efficient use of cables on board. With a generator that produces a constant voltage of 6.6
Kv and free electricity, it is hoped that the current flowing in the cable can be minimized
and the use of the selected cable is not too large.

33 | P a g e
 Gambar main electric motor
The working method of the electric motor used to rotate the propeller is the same as the
electric motor used to rotate the pump, it's just that the winding cooling system on this
electric motor uses an electric fan which is used to supply air from outside into the motor to
cool the winding, the supplied air. will also pass through a heat exchanger that uses fresh
water as a cooling medium. So the air supplied by the electric fan will pass through the heat
exchanger before being used to cool the winding..

Gambar rangkaian listrik di kapal HV

B. Steam Boiler
The steam turbine is an initial propulsion that converts the potential energy of steam
into kinetic energy and is then converted into mechanical energy in the form of a turbine
shaft rotation. The turbine shaft, directly or with the aid of a reduction gear, is connected to
the mechanism to be driven. Ships that use steam turbines as the main propulsion are usually
steam ships, where the ship has at least 2 main boilers as a means of generating steam as
power for the turbine. The steam pressure required to rotate the main turbine is usually 50 -
60 bar with a temperature of 500-600 degrees (superheated steam). There are 2 types of
steam systems used for steam turbine operations:
a. Main steam
The main steam line in the turbine is used to rotate the blades on the turbine so that the
turbine can rotate and has a pressure of 60 bar.
b. Gland steam line
Gland steam in the turbine system has a function as sealing steam to prevent steam leaks
from the main steam line which is used to rotate the blades. With this gland steam line, it is

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 hoped that it can prevent or reduce steam leakage and the resulting operational efficiency
can be maximized.

Steam Turbine

Steam Line

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 C. Diesel Engine
Diesel engine is one type of machine that has been developed by humans to fulfill its
integrity, namely the need for large amounts of energy for various necessities of life. The
working principle of a diesel motor is by utilizing internal combustion, where fuel
combustion occurs in the combustion chamber by injecting the fuel that has been mixed with
charge air which is then compressed with the pressure of the piston so that combustion will
occur and produce mechanical power in the form of rotation on the crank shaft which is
connected to the shaft and propeller to move the ship.
The Working principle of a diesel engine

Actually, the working principle of a 4-stroke diesel can be said to be exactly the same as the
way 4-stroke of gasoline engine works, the most basic difference lies only in the part of the
combustion process. In a diesel engine, the fuel used will be burned through heat and high
pressure or often called self-combustion. This is clearly different from a gasoline engine
where in the combustion process the fuel will be burned through an electric spark from the
spark plug. As for how the 4 stroke diesel engine works, such as,

Suction Stroke

The working principle of the first 4-stroke diesel engine is the suction stroke, where this
process will open the intake valve, followed by the piston moving down from the Top Dead
Center (TDC) to the Bottom Dead Center (BDC). In this process, pure air will automatically
enter the combustion chamber due to the up and down movement of the piston which makes
the space in the cylinder vacuum and automatically the air will be sucked in and entered.

Compression Stroke

After the suction stroke is complete, the next working principle of the 4-stroke diesel engine
is the compression stroke. Where in this step the piston will move in reverse, namely from
the Bottom Dead Center (BDC) to the Top Dead Center (TDC), and at this time the intake
valve and exhaust valve are still in a closed condition so that the air that has entered the
cylinder will be compressed.

This will indirectly make the pressure increase to 16-20 kg / cm₂ or 16-20 bar and make the
temperature increase drastically to more than 600⁰ Celsius. And before the piston will reach
the Top Dead Center (TDC), the fuel will automatically be injected through the injector into
the combustion chamber, with conditions inside that are hot enough, then the fuel will
immediately burn by itself (self-combustion).

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 Combustion Stroke

The next working principle of the 4-stroke diesel engine is Combustion stroke, in this
process or when the combustion process is and is still in progress, the intake valve and
exhaust valve are still closed. As a result of the combustion that occurs, the pressure is very
high and makes the piston return to the Bottom Dead Center (BDC) from the Top Dead
Center (TDC). And usually the process of this comustion stroke takes place until the
exhaust valve starts to open up to approximately 25 degrees of the crank angle before the
piston begins to enter the Bottom Dead Center (BDC).

Exhaust Stroke

Then what happens in the working principle of the diesel motor is the exhaust stroke. This
stroke will return the piston from the Bottom Dead Center (BDC) to the Top Dead Center
(TDC) where the exhaust valve will automatically start to open and the intake valve will be
closed. While the remaining gas from the distribution will be pushed out through the
mainfold which will lead to the exhaust.

And in this exhaust step we will find two valves open, and usually occurs at the beginning
of the inlet step and the end of the exhaust step, in the automotive world, this is called
overlapping which aims to flush the exhaust gas.

Part of Diesel Engine

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 2. THE DEFINITION OF BOILER
Boiler is a pressure vessel of a shape and size designed to produce hot steam or steam.
Steam at a certain pressure is then used to transfer heat to a process.

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 WORK PRINCIPLE
Prinsip he working principle of the boiler (Saturated steam) can be seen in the image below
 Feed water after going through the pretreatment process in softener or air condensate
is pumped into the economizer.
 In the economizer there is preheating which utilizes exhaust heat in the chimney.
Preheating is intended to increase the efficiency of the boiler.
 Then the feed water goes into the kettle but previously given chemichal according to
the specified dose.
 After that, the feed water which is heated in the boiler changes phase to steam and is
ready to be distributed.
 After the steam changes its phase back to water (air condensate), it can be pumped
back into the boiler again. Make up water is only used to replace the loss of water due to the
blowdown process..

SISTEM BOILER

 Feed Water System

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 Feed water is water supplied to the boiler to be converted into steam. While the feed water
system is an automatic water supply system for the boiler according to steam needs. There
are two sources of feed water, viz :
o     Condensate: steam that has changed its phase to water (condenses)
o     Air make up : treated raw water
To increase the efficiency of the feed water boiler before it is supplied to the boiler it is
heated first using waste heat from the chimney.
 Steam System
The steam system is the process of controlling steam production in a boiler, such as:
capacity, pressure, etc. Then steam is distributed to users via a pipeline.

 Fuel System

The fuel system is all equipment used to provide boiler fuel. The equipment used depends
on the type of fuel the boiler uses.

BOILER CLASSIFICATION
Various forms of boilers have developed following technological advances and evaluations
of previous boiler products which are influenced by boiler exhaust gases which affect the
environment and what kind of steam products will be produced. The following
classifications of boilers have been developed:
a.        Based on the pipe type:
#     Fire Tube:
This type of fire tube boiler has the following characteristics: producing low steam capacity
and pressure.
How it works: the ignition process occurs in the pipe, then the heat produced is conveyed
directly into a boiler filled with water. The size and construction of the boiler affects the
capacity and pressure generated by the boiler.
#     Water Tube:
This type of water pipe boiler has the following characteristics: producing high steam
capacity and pressure.
How it works: the ignition process occurs outside the pipe, then the heat produced heats the
pipe containing water and before that the water is conditioned first through the economizer,
then the steam produced is first collected in a steam-drum. Until the pressure and
temperature are suitable, through the secondary superheater and primary superheater stages,
steam is released into the main distribution pipe. In a water pipe, the flowing water must be
conditioned against minerals or other substances that dissolve in the water. This is the main
factor that must be considered for this type.
b.       Based on the fuel used:

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 #       Solid Fuel
This type of solid fuel boiler has characteristics: the price of combustion raw materials is
relatively cheaper compared to boilers that use liquid fuel and electricity. The efficiency
value of this type is better when compared to an electric type boiler.
How it works: heating that occurs due to combustion between a mixture of solid fuels (coal,
baggase, rejected product, municipal waste, wood) with oxygen and a heat source.
#       Oil Fuel
The liquid fuel boiler type has the following characteristics: the cost of combustion raw
materials is the most expensive compared to all types. The efficiency value of this type is
better when compared to solid fuel and electric boilers.
How it works: heating that occurs due to combustion between mixing liquid fuels (diesel,
IDO, residue, kerosene) with oxygen and a heat source.

#       Gaseous Fuel
This type of gas fuel boiler has the following characteristics: the cost of combustion raw
materials is the cheapest compared to all types of boilers. The efficiency value of this type is
better when compared to all types of boilers based on fuel.
How it works: combustion that occurs due to mixing fuel gas (LNG) with oxygen and a heat
source.
#       Electric
This type of electric boiler has characteristics: the price of heating raw materials is
relatively cheaper compared to boilers that use liquid fuel. The efficiency value of this type
is the lowest when compared with all types of boilers based on the fuel.
How it works: heating that occurs due to a power source that supplies the heat source.
c.       Based on boiler uses :
#       Power Boiler
This type of power boiler has characteristics: its main use is as a steam generator as a power
plant, and the remaining steam is used to run industrial processes.
How it works: the steam produced by this boiler uses a water tube boiler type, the resulting
steam has a large pressure and capacity, so it can rotate the steam turbine and generate
electricity from the generator.

#       Industrial Boiler
This type of industrial boiler has the following characteristics: its main use is to produce
steam or hot water to run industrial processes and as an addition to heating.

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 How it works: the steam produced by this boiler can use the water tube or fire tube boiler
type, the resulting steam has a large capacity and moderate pressure.
#       Commercial Boiler
The commercial boiler type has the following characteristics: its main use is as a steam
generator or hot water as heating and as an addition to running commercial operating
processes.
How it works: the steam produced by this boiler can use the water tube or fire tube boiler
type, the resulting steam has a large capacity and low pressure.
#       Residential Boiler
This type of residential boiler has the following characteristics: its main use is to produce
steam or low pressure hot water used for resident.
How it works: the steam produced by this boiler uses a fire tube boiler type, the resulting
steam has a low pressure and capacity.
#       Heat Recovery Boiler
This type of heat recovery boiler has the following characteristics: its main use is to
generate steam from unused hot steam. The results of this steel are used to run industrial
processes.
How it works: the steam produced by this boiler uses a water tube boiler or fire tube boiler,
the resulting steam has a large pressure and capacity.
d.      Based on boiler construction:
#       Package Boiler
The package boiler type has the following characteristics: boiler assembly is carried out in
the manufacturing plant, direct delivery in the form of a boiler.
#       Site Erected Boiler
The site erected boiler type has characteristics: boiler assembly is carried out where the
boiler will be built, delivery is carried out per component.

3. Chloropac
Chloropac is a tool that functions to produce sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Sodium
hypochlorite is made in chloropac from seawater by electrolysis.

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 Process Electrolysis Theory
electrolysis is based on Faraday's principle which describes the action resulting from the
part of an electric current through an electrolyte. In principle, sea water is salt + salt water
which affects the production of sodium hypochloride is NaCl salt. With the flow of electric
current (DC), seawater that enters the cell module will break down into: Salt (NaCl) into Na
+ ions & Cl - Water (H2O) ions into 2H + ions & O2 - ions
Electrolysis to trigger a chemical reaction for sodium hypochloride formation in sea water
can be explained as follows:
Reaction on the anode side: 2Cl - Cl 2 + 2e - Cl 2 + H 2 O HOCl + HCl
Reaction on the cathode side: Na + + e - NaO 2NaO + 2H 2 O H 2 + 2NaOH
Combined reaction: HCl + NaOH NaCl + H 2 O HOCl + NaOH NaOCl + H 2 O
Brief reaction: oxidation reaction, reduction reaction of NaCl + H 2 O + Electric Current of
NaOCl + H 2 Gas
The sodium hypochlorite produced by chloropac is then injected into the seachest which
aims to kill marine microorganisms such as plankton and trite. So that there is no fouling on
the inside of the seawater system pipe and the flow of sea water in the piping system can
flow smoothly.

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 Sea Water in Chloropac System

Inner dand Outer sell in chloropac

Inert Gas System 

is an explosion prevention security system on tankers by inserting Inert Gas into the cargo
tank to keep oxygen levels low and reduce hydrocarbon in the cargo tank atmosphere to a
safe level.

Inert Gas is a gas or mixture of various gases that can maintain a low percentage of oxygen
in order to prevent an explosion or fire. Meanwhile, the Inert condition is a condition in

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 which the oxygen level in the cargo tank is maintained at a level of 8% or less compared to
the volume of gas present in the tank's atmosphere.

Sourch: https://www.marineinsight.com

The mixing of hydrocarbon and air will not cause an explosion unless the composition is
still in an area known as the flammable range, this area is limited by the lower flammable
limit and the upper flammable limit. If the hydrocarbon concentration is below the
flammable range it means that there is not enough hydrocarbon gas to cause combustion,
whereas if the hydrocarbon level is above the flammable limit it means there is not enough
air to burn.

In general, there are several provisions regarding the Inert Gas System according to the
Rules of the Indonesian Classification Bureau Vol III Section 15 Special Requirements for
Tankers, including:

 Inert gas can be produced by main or auxiliary boilers, inert gas generators with
independent burner units, nitrogen generators or other equipment.

 Under normal operating conditions the Inert Gas System must prevent air from
entering the tank and keep the oxygen content in the tank atmosphere at least 8% of the
volume.

 Putting inert gas into an empty tank aims to reduce the hydrocarbon content to less
than 2% by volume.

 The oxygen content of the inert gas is not more than 5% by volume.

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 Sourch: https://www.marineinsight.com

There are several components to the Inert Gas System, including:

1. Exhaust gases source: the inert gas source is taken from the exhaust gas absorption of
the boiler or main engine because it contains exhaust gas in it.
2. Inert gas isolating valve: functions to isolate the system when not in use.
3. Scrubbing tower: Exhaust gas enters the scrub tower from below and passes through a
series of water sprays and sealing plates to cool, clean and wet the gas. The SO2 level is
reduced by 90% and the gas is cleared of soot.
4. Demister: Usually made of polypropylene, used to absorb moisture and water from
treated exhaust gases.
5. Gas Blower: Usually two types of fan blower are used, steam driven turbine blower
for inert gas operation and electrically driven blower for refilling.
6. Pressure regulating valve: the pressure in the tank varies due to different
characteristics of the oil charge and atmosphere. To control this pressure difference and
avoid overheating of the blower fan a pressure regulating valve is installed.
7. Deck seal: to stop the gas returning from the blower to the cargo tank.
8. Mechanical non return valve: additional non return mechanical device parallel to the
deck seal.
9. Deck isolating valve: The valve used to isolate the engine room from the system on
the deck.
10. Pressure Vacuum (PV) breaker: helps in controlling excess pressure or pressure
dropping on the cargo tank.
11. Cargo tank isolating valves: A tanker has several cargo tanks, each of which is
equipped with an isolating valve. This valve controls the flow of inert gas and is operated
only by responsible personnel on board.
12. Mast riser: to maintain inert gas pressure during cargo loading and during loading
time to keep open to avoid pressurized loading tank.

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 13. Safety and alarm system: Inert gas plant manufacturers provide various safety
features to protect the tank and the engine itself.

Basic Definition of AC (Air Conditioner)

In general, the definition of AC (Air Conditioner) is a series of machines that have a
function as an air conditioner around the cooling machine.
In particular, the definition of AC (Air Conditioner) is a machine that is used to cool the air
by circulating the refrigerant gas in the pipe that is pressed and sucked by the compressor.
The reason why refrigerant gas was chosen as a circulating material, is because this material
is volatile and can change in shape, in the form of liquids and gases. The heat in the
condenser pipe comes from the refrigerant gas that is pressed by the compressor so that the
material becomes hot and in the Automatic Expantion Valve section of the pipe where the
refrigerant gas circulation is reduced, so that the pressure increases and the evaporator pipe
cools.
The author will explain how AC works, especially in split air conditioners which are most
often used in Malls, Schools, Offices, Companies, etc.

Parts of the AC (Air Conditioner) and their functions.

a) Compressor (compression).  Which serves to pump refrigerant gas.
b) Recervoir. Which serves to store gas from the condenser before it is flowed into the
compressor.
c) Condensor (condensation).Serves for the disposal of hot temperatures
d) Evaporator (evaporation). Serves for the disposal of cold temperatures
e) Filter Dryer. Serves as a filter for the remnants of gas and oil impurities
f) Motor Fan And Blower. The motor functions to rotate fans and blowers so that air
circulation occurs. 
C. Work priciple of AC (Air Conditioner)

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1. Explain the difference between the main engine and the auxiliary engine.
Main engine: A device that can produce mechanical energy in the form of rotation,
which is used to rotate the propeller so that the ship can move from one place to
another. (Diesel engine, electric motor, steam turbine)
Auxiliary engine: A tool or machine that functions to help the smooth operation of the
main engine. (pump, turbocharger etc.)
2. Explain the meaning, function, and workings of a generator
A generator is a device used to produce electrical voltage, for the operational process
of all machinery onboard.
How the generator works: because there is an outside influence usually in the form of
a magnetic field that is rotated so that it moves to intersect with the armature to
produce an electric voltage.
3. What is fuel oil viscosity?
Is the level of viscosity that is in the fuel, the higher the viscosity, the thicker the fuel.
4. Describe the function and workings of the boiler
The boiler functions to produce certain pressurized steam by heating fresh water using
a firing burner. Where the pressurized steam is usually used to heat fuel and rotate
steam turbines.
5. How many types of boilers based on steam pressure and the function of the steam
produced.
There are 2, namely the main boiler and the auxiliary boiler. The main boiler is a
boiler that has a steam pressure of more than 50bar and a steam temperature of more
than 500 degrees which is used to rotate the main turbine. While the auxilary boiler is
a boiler that has a steam pressure of 7-10 bar and a tenperature of about 250 degrees
which is used to heat fuel and other purposes that require less steam capacity.
6. Explain the reasons why the FWG must operate in a vacuum.
To speed up the evaporation process of seawater and speed up the condensation
process of condenate water.
7. Explain what is meant by a condenser.
A condenser is a device used to convert steam into condensate water by cooling the
steam with fresh water or sea water.
8. Describe the function of the inert gas generaator.
Auxiliary device that used to produce inert gas with low oxygen content to clean
cargo tanks from residual gases from previous loads.

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9. Describe the function of the provision compressor and the provision room?
Povision compressor functions to provide air with a low temperature to cool the
provision room by circulating refrigerant.
Provision room is a place used to store food items such as canned food, vegetables
and meat.
10. Describe the function of the turbocharger
To provide air pressure in the scaving box to have a pressure of more than 1 bar to
facilitate the process of entering air into the diesel engine combustion chamber.
11. Explain the function of the compressor
To produce compressed air for smooth ship operations.
12. State the type of compressor seen from the function of the compressed air produced
Starting air compressor: used to produce starting air with a pressure of 30 bar for the
purposes of starting the main engine or the smooth operation of the main engine
during maneuvers
Control air compressor: used to produce compressed air which is usually used to open
the control valve to regulate the amount of fluid that will flow in a piping system.
Service air compressor: used to produce service water for work in the engine room.
13. Mention the type of fuel used on board?
MDO, HFO. MGO
14. Describe the function of MGPS
Marine growth prevention system is a system used for maintenance of sea chests or
sea water systems on ships, which has a role to prevent corrosion of pipes and kill
marine microorganisms that may still be alive and will stick to the pipe walls so that it
will inhibit the flow of sea water.
15. How many types of generators are there from the type of voltage generated?
There are 2 namely AC and DC. But for use on ships, usually use the type of AC
generator because it can produce a higher voltage and the power capacity that can be
accommodated is also greater than a DC generator.
16. Describe the function of the economiser on board
As a preheater of boiler water before heating in the boiler

17. Explain the function of the steam superheater?

For additional heating or final heating of steam generated from the boiler so that it
converts saturated steam to superheated steam or dry steam with temperatures
reaching 600 degrees and usually has a pressure of 60 bar

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18. Explain the function of the emergency generator?
As a backup power producer, the emergency generator must be in standby auto start
during normal operation, and will auto start whenever the ship blackout.
19. Describe the function of the AVR
Automatic Voltage Regulator functions to regulate and maintain the voltage generated
from the generator to remain stable, in accordance with the generator specifications
20. Why is it necessary to install OCR in the electrical system for electric motors
To prevent damage such as overheating or burning of the electric motor when the
motor is working with an excess load and working on an electric current above
normal for a period of time.

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 FRESH WATER GENERATOR
Fresh water generator, is one of the important auxiliary device on board, this is because by
using FWG (Fresh water generator) it can produce fresh water which can be used for
drinking, cooking, washing and even running other important machines that use fresh water.
as a cooling medium.

In FWG, fresh water is generally produced using the evaporation method. So, fresh water is
produced by evaporation of sea water using heat from a heat source.

Generally, the available heat source is taken from the water jacket of the main engine,
which is used to cool the main engine components such as cylinder heads, liners, etc. The
temperature produced from the jacket water is around 70 degrees Celsius. But at this
temperature water evaporation is not optimal, as we know that water evaporation occurs at
100 degrees Celsius under atmospheric pressure.

So in order to produce fresh water at 70 degrees we need to reduce atmospheric pressure,

which is done by creating a vacuum inside the chamber where evaporation takes place.
Also, as a result of the cooling vacuum of sea water evaporating at a lower temperature, the
water will be cooled and collected then transferred to the tank.
What is the function of the auxiliary machinery of the fresh water generator What is the
function of the auxiliary machinery of the fresh water generator What is the function of the
auxiliary machinery of the fresh water generator What is the function of the auxiliary
machinery of the fresh water generator What is the function of the auxiliary machinery of

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 the fresh water generator What is the function of the auxiliary machinery of the fresh water
generator What is the function of the auxiliary machinery of the fresh water generator What
is the function of the auxiliary machinery of the fresh water generator What is the function
of the auxiliary machinery of the fresh water generator What is the function of the auxiliary
machinery of the fresh water generator What is the function of the auxiliary machinery of
the fresh water generator What is the function of the auxiliary machinery of the fresh water
generator
What is the function of the auxiliary machinery of the fresh water generator?
1. How does the fresh water generator work?
2. When does the fresh water generator usually operate?

AIR COMPRESSOR

The air compressor is an auxiliary machinary that functions to produce compressed air.
The compressor sucks air from the atmosphere and then presses it into the tube to
accommodate the compressed air. In general, in the engine room there are 2 compressors
that can work alone or simultaneously. The capacity is calculated according to the needs
of the ship and is able to supply pressures up to 30 bar.
The air that is sucked in and compressed inside the compressor will contain a large
amount of moisture. If this vapor is cooled by the air coming out of the compressor, the
steam will swell into water. This water will be carried to the machine or equipment

use it and cause problems such as lubrication, corrosion and water hammer events in the
piping system. The following shows the data on the types of compressors and the
resulting pressure.

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 Ship air compressors have various types, the table above describes several types of air
compressors that can be used based on their type.

1. What is the function of the air compressor on board?

2. How does the air compressor work?

INCENERATOR
Legal Foundation
According to Annex V of MARPOL 1973/78 of the IMO convention, guidelines regarding
the storage of waste materials and disposal of waste at sea must be strictly followed.
Burning various materials such as kitchen waste, food scraps, accommodation waste, linens,
card boards, lubricating oil sludge, fuel oil, boat hulls and cleaning tools, and waste sludge,
incinerators are one of the most effective ways of selling and saving storage capacity of
tanks and waste storage containments on ships.
In addition, the residue left from incineration can be easily disposed of as it consists of ash.

Construction and How it Works

The image below shows a diagram of a vertical cyclone-type incinerator with a rotating arm
device to improve the combustion system and remove ash and non-surface firewood.

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 A sludge burner is placed in an incinerator to burn and remove dirt, sludge and waste oil.
An additional oil burner is also installed to ignite the resist. Automatic control is provided
for a system that safely ignites when it refuses to start without the need for the igniter.
Combustion air is provided with the help of a forced draft fan.

A loading door, pneumatically operated, is provided for load resisting. A lock is also
equipped with a burner and forced draft fan, which travel when the load door is open as part
of safety.

After the completion of the incineration process, the incinerator which allows it to cool as
well as residues such as ash and non-combustible materials are removed by pulling the ash
grade slide door. The friction rotates the arm of the solid residue overall in the ash box
which can be easily removed.

During incineration it is very important to control the temperature of the flue gas, which
does not have to be very high or too low. High temperatures can cause the metal to melt and
can cause damage to the engine, whereas too low temperatures will not burn the residue and
sterilize and deodorize the residue.

This temperature control can be achieved by introducing cold-diluted air in the flue gas
stream at a point close to the incinerator discharge.
1. Apa fungsi dari pesawat bantu incenerator ?
2. How does the incinerator work?

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 Type of Pump On Board

The choice of pump types on board for the system depends on the viscosity of the liquid and
the characteristics of the liquid to be pumped or circulated.

Which is meant by the characteristics of a liquid such as viscosity, density, surface tension
and compressibility, as for the characteristics of the liquid in the system, such as different
levels of liquid, the liquid to be pumped, the temperature of the liquid in the system, and the
pressure of the fluid in the system.

Because the characteristics of the liquid on the ship are different, there are five different
types of pumps that are often encountered onboard, including:

1. Centrifugal Pump

Centrifugal pump is the type of pump that is most widely used to move or suck fluids such
as seawater and fresh water, it has advantages including easy operation, less expensive
maintenance, no noise, and so on.

2. Gear Pump

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 This type of pump is used to move or suck fluids / fluids such as lubricating oil, fuel, and
hydraulic oil. This pump uses two gears to drive the working fluid in the pump casing.

One gear becomes actuator and the other becomes actuated. The drive gear is in the driven
gear. For more details, please look at the following picture.

3. Rotary Pump

This type of pump is often used to

pump air and oil. Rotary pumps
include positive displacement pumps
whose pumping components rotate
(rotary), such as lobes, gears,
threads, vanes, rollers.

The way it works is to suck the liquid on the suction side, the liquid enters the gap or
pressure room between the pumping components, then is pressed so that the gap gets
smaller then the liquid is released through the exhaust side.

Rotary pumps do not have suction and exhaust valves, they are widely used with liquids that
have high viscosity. The resulting working pressure is moderate or lower than the piston or
plunger pump. The flow rate is stable not pulsating with low capacity.

4. Screw Pump

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 This type of pump is often used to pump oil. Screw pumps are used to handle liquids that
have high viscosity, are heterogeneous, sensitive to shear, and fluids that are easy to foam.

The working principle of the screw pump was founded by a French engineer named Rene
Moineau, so it is often called the Moineau Pump, in the 30s and continues to be developed
until now.

5. Piston Pump

Piston pump is often used to pump fluids and air.

This pump is one type of

reciprocating pressure water
pump (Reciprocating - Positive
Displacement Pump) which
uses a piston as a component
that works back and forth to
suck in and push out the water.

This type has a mechanism of

one or several sets of valves
(valve) in the inlet and outlet parts to keep the water flowing in accordance with the
direction of water entering and discharge.

1. Mention type of pumps on Board!

2. Mention each function of the pump type!

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 PURIFIER

A. Definition and How the Purifier Works

For every engine that uses fuel oil as a source of energy income, burner and lubricants to
prevent damage due to friction. The use of fuel, lubricating oil and its maintenance need to
be considered and maintained for its success.

The purpose of the maintenance is so that fuel and lubricating oil in use do not affect the
working power of the engine, the combustion process and lubrication.

To avoid a problem with the engine, boiler and incinerator, a fuel cleaning system is held
starting from the time the fuel is in the double bottom tank, deposition in the settling and
service tank, while lubricating oil is in the settling and service tank. .

In the purifier, cleaning is carried out with a rotary motion system (centrifugal), if the
centrifugal force is rotated several thousand times in a certain time, the energy will be more
than the gravitational and static forces.

The way of purifier works is very identical to the gravity in the process which is supported
by centrifugal force so that the separation process is very fast. Centrifugal force acceleration
is between 6000-7000 times greater than static gravity deposition.

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 1. What is a purifier in board?
2. How to purifier work

SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

1. Sistem Sanitary
Sanitary system or can be called domestic water system is a distribution system of clean
water (fresh water) on board which is used by crew members to fulfill the need for drinking
and cooking water, for bathing, washing and others.
As for the needs of the WC (water closed), with the same system planning, a sea water
system is used, which is supplied to each deck that has a bathroom. The two service systems
above have the same working basis using an automatic pump to supply fluid to a tank that
already has pressure (hydropore) supplied from the compressed air system. This compressed
air is planned to have sufficient head and pressure to be able to supply water to places where
it is needed, including bathrooms, laundry rooms, galleys, and wash basins. The pump is
operated automatically with a pressure switch that works based on the desired water level
a. Fungsi sistem sanitari.

 To serve the crew in need for sanitary ware.

 Required in the fecal treatment process as a rinse.

b. Parts of the sanitary system.Closet dan urinal.

 Pump and outfitting equipment.

 Hydrophore.
 Filter.
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  Tank.
 Sewage treatment plan.

c. Things to consider in designing a sanitary system..

 Toilets and bathrooms on each deck are maintained in one lane, for the purpose of
simple installation and ease of maintenance.
 The capacity of the faecal and urinal tanks is adjusted to the number of crew and the
length of the voyage..

2. Sewage Treatment
The disposal of untreated waste in territorial waters is generally prohibited by statutory
regulations. International regulations apply to the disposal of waste within a specified
distance from the mainland. As a result all ships must have a sewage system according to
the specified standards.

Waste naturally absorbs oxygen and in large quantities can reduce oxygen.

Waste content that is disposed of directly can cause fish and plants in the sea to die. In
addition, waste also contains bacteria that produce foul smelling hydrogen gas. Bacteria
originating from human feces or also known as E. Coli are counted from a water sample
measurement to indicate how many bacteria are contained in the waste. There are two types
of systems for waste handling, viz:

1. Chemical Method
is a method which basically uses a tank to collect solid waste and it will be disposed of in an
allowable area on the spot

waste shelter on the beach.

2. Biological Method
is such a treatment that waste can be allowed to be disposed of on shore.

1. What is the function of sewage treatment on board?

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 2. When can the sewage treatment plan be used?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 https://www.maritimeworld.web.id/2011/08/soal-jawab-keselamatan-kerja-01.html?
m1
 https://dlscrib.com/queue/s-o-l-a-s_588a04e36454a7e51935f3ab_pdf?
queue_id5a23b55ee2b6f59e568c315f
 http://www.erwinedwar.com/2018/06/hukum-laut-dan-perkapalan-part-1-
hukum.html
 http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Cargoes/CargoesInBulk/Pages/Grain-
Code.aspx
 http://ayobelajarilmumaritim.blogspot.com/2017/12/seputar-imdg-code-
international.html

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  https://jurnalmaritim.com/solas-konvensi-internasional-keselamatan-pelayaran-
yang-terinspirasi-tragedi-titanic/
 https://id.wikipediAnswer:org/wiki/International_Safety_Management_Code

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