TIMBER DESIGN

(TO MS 544)

Dr. Arizu Sulaiman and

Prof Ir
Prof. Ir. Dr Mahmood
Md Tahir
Faculty
y of Civil Engineering
g g
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
1
2
3
 TIMBER

■ Natural material
■ Its properties cannot be controlled, and vary
■ So does its strength which is also vary

4
 MOISTURE
OS U CO
CONTENT

■ Properties of timber depend on and are influenced by the

moisture content inside the timber

Strength

SFL = Saturated Fibre Limit

19% SFL
Moisture Content
(25%)

5
 MOISTURE
OS U CO
CONTENT

■ SFL - Saturated Fibre Limit

- When only moisture is present in the wall cell of
th titimber
the b
- 25% moisture content
■ 19% iis recommended d db by researchers
h iin M
Malaysia
l i
■ The drier the timber, the higher the strength
■ Th moisture
The i content off timber
i b should
h ld b be at lleast 19% to
attain the high strength

6
 MOISTURE
OS U CO
CONTENT

■ Moisture Content >19% - wet timber

≤19% - dry timber
■ Timber axes – longitudinal, radial and tangential
■ The strength is vary / different in all the three axes
■ Typical strength:
- flexural (bending)
- tensile parallel to the grain
- shearing parallel to the grain
- compressive perpendicular to the grain

7
Examples Of Log Breakdown
A dC
And Cutting
tti Pattern
P tt

8
 TIMBER G
GRADE

■ Timber
Ti b h has tto b
be graded
d d since
i d
defects
f t cannott b
be
hindered (always present)
■ Grade is based on the amount and degree of defects on
the timber such as:
-ggradient of the g
grain
- curve (not straight)
- base mark of a branch
■ Basic Grade – Perfect timber, no defect

9
Defects in Timber

10
 TIMBER G
GRADE

■ Subsequently,
S b tl ththere are th
three grades:
d
- Select
- Standard
- Common

Select < Standard < Common

Less Defects

11
 TIMBER GROUP
G OU

■ There are four groups based on the strength:

A,B,C and D

A > B > C > D

Strength Decreasing

12
 Table 1: Timber Group
Group A Group B Group C Group D
Natural Need to be Natural Need to be Need to be Need to be
Durability Cured Durability Cured Cured Cured
Balau Kandis Balau merah Bekak Bayur Ara
Damar
Bitis Kempas Merbau Berangau Bintangor
minyak
Chengal Kulim Resak Dedali Durian Geronggang
Giam Mata ulat Tembusu Derun Gerutu Jelutong
Kekatong Meransi Kapur Kasai Petai
Keranji Mertas Kelat Kayu getah Pulai
Pauh kijang Keledang Kedondong Sesendok
Penaga Kembang
Keruing Terap
semangkok
Punah Kungkur Ketapang Terantang
Tualang Mempening Macang
Mengkulang Melantai
Merbatu Melunak
Merawan Mempisang
Meranti
Merpauh
bakau
Meranti
Nyalin
kuning
Meranti
P h
Perah
merah muda
Meranti
Petaling
merah tua
Rengas Meranti putih
Sengkuang Mersawa
Simpoh Nyatoh
Penarahan
Perupok
Ramin
Sentang
Sepetir

13
Table 2: Stress and Wet Modulus of Elasticity*
y for g
group
p strength
g
(N/mm2) (MS 544 – Table 3.4)
MODULUS OF
STRESS COMPRESSION COMPRESSION SHEAR ELASTICITY
GROUP GRADE BENDING PARALLEL PARALLEL TO PERPENDICULAR PARALLEL TO
TO GRAIN GRAIN TO GRAIN GRAIN AVERAGE MINIMUM

BASIC 20.70 17.20 1.72 2.75

SELECT 16.50 9.90 13.80 1.45 1.93
A 13 790 8 620
S A A
STANDARD 12
12.75 7.65
6 10 0
10.70 1 38
1.38 1 2
1.52
COMMON 10.30 6.18 8.60 1.24 1.24
BASIC 17.20 13.80 1.03 2.07
SELECT 13.80 8.20 11.00 0.87 1.45
B 11 030 6 205
STANDARD 10.34 6.20 8.60 0.83 1.10
COMMON 8.60 5.16 6.90 0.76 0.90
BASIC 12.40 9.65 0.69 1.38
SELECT 9.93 5.96 7.58 0.59 0.96
C 8 960 5 170
STANDARD 7.58 4.55 5.86 0.55 0.76
COMMON 6.20 3.72 4.83 0.52 0.62
BASIC 7.58 6.55 0.41 1.38
SELECT 5.86 3.52 5.17 0.34 0.97
D 8 960 5 170
STANDARD 4.48 2.69 3.79 0.31 0.76
COMMON 3.79 2.27 3.24 0.28 0.62

NOTE : *TIMBER THAT HAVE MOISTER CONTENT GREATER THAN 19%

TENSION PARALLEL TO GRAIN = 0.6 X VALUE OF BENDING STRESS. THIS IS THE AMENDMENT FROM MS 544 THAT
MADE BY THE WRITER (NOT BY SIRIM) BASED ON BS 5268 : PART 2 : 1984

14
 Table :Stress and Dry
y Modulus of Elasticity*
y for g
group
p strength
g
(N/mm2) (MS 544 – Table 3.5)
STRESS COMPRESSION COMPRESSION SHEAR MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
GROUP GRADE BENDING PARALLEL PARALLEL TO PERPENDICULAR PARALLEL TO
TO GRAIN GRAIN TO GRAIN GRAIN AVERAGE MINIMUM

BASIC 25.20 22.27 1.93 3.24

SELECT 20.00 12.00 17.58 1.59 2.28
A 14 750 9 650
STANDARD 15.86 9.52 13.79 1.52 1.79
COMMON 12 60
12.60 7 56
7.56 11 14
11.14 1 45
1.45 1 45
1.45
BASIC 19.86 16.06 1.24 2.14
SELECT 15.86 9.52 12.75 1.03 1.52
B 11 720 6 550
STANDARD 12.41 7.45 10.00 0.96 1.17
COMMON 9.65 5.79 7.93 0.90 0.90
BASIC 14.48 11.03 0.76 1.45
SELECT 11.38 6.83 8.62 0.62 1.03
C 9 310 5 510
STANDARD 8.96 5.38 6.89 0.59 0.76
COMMON 7.24 4.34 5.51 0.55 0.62
BASIC 9.65 8.27 0.62 1.38
SELECT 7.58 4.55 6.55 0.52 0.97
D 6 550 3 100
STANDARD 5.51 3.31 5.17 0.48 0.76
COMMON 4.83 2.90 4.14 0.45 0.62

NOTE : *TIMBER
TIMBER THAT HAVE MOISTER CONTENT GREATER THAN 19%
TENSION PARALLEL TO GRAIN = 0.6 X VALUE OF BENDING STRESS. THIS IS THE AMENDMENT FROM MS 544 THAT
MADE BY THE WRITER (NOT BY SIRIM) BASED ON BS 5268 : PART 2 : 1984

15
 TIMBER DESIGN
BASIC STRESS
■ Is a stress that can be sustained permanently and
safely by a timber without any characteristics that can
decrease its strength

x  ks where x = average
 basic 
Fs k = 2.33
2 33
s = standard deviation
Fs = factor
f t off safety
f t

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GRADE STRESS
G S SS
■  grade =  basic x strength ratio

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ALLOWABLE STRESS
■ Is the stress that can be sustained safely by any
structural component under the serviceability condition
with a certain loading

■  allowable =  grade x modification factors

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 DESIGN OF FLEXURAL
MEMBER
■ Amongg others: beam,, joist,
j , rafter and purlin
p
■ Actual value ≤ allowable value
■ Design load
load,

W = 1.0Gk + 1.0Qk

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 Joist

Column

Floor panel Beam

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 DESIGN
S G CHECKS
C C S

1)) DEFLECTION
C O
W (kN/m) P (kN)

L L

5WL 4 PL3
( = actual)
(a t l) a  a 
384 EI 48EI

(p = permissible)  p  0.003L

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 DESIGN
S G CHECKS
C C S

■ Load Sharing System:

- The
Th number b off members
b are more th
than or
equal to 4
- Distance
Di t b
between
t member
b ≤ 610 mm
- If the above conditions are met, the system is
L d Sh
Load Sharing,
i and
d E average should
h ld bbe used.
d
If not, E min should be used instead.

22
 DESIGN
S G CHECKS
C C S

2)) BENDING ((FLEXURAL)) STRESS

My M Rectangular Cross Section:
fa  
I Z
bd 3
f p  f g . k1 .k kb .k 4 .k5 I
12
d
where fg = grade bending stress y
2
k1 = load duration
I bd 2
kkb = load sharing Z  (Section Modulus)
y 6
k4 = shape of member
k5 = depth of member

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Table 4: Load duration, K1 modification factors for bending and
tension members (MS 544 - Table 3 3.6)
6)

Loading duration Example K1 value

Dead load +
Long term 1.00
Permanent imposed load

Dead load + temporary load

Medium term 1.25

Dead load + Imposed

Short term 1.50
load + Wind load

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 Table 5: Design case example

2 Types Of Design Case;

When the imposed load on the floor consist of permanent 1.Dead load + 30% imposed load :
load element and walking path element as in a classroom, Use K1 = 1.00 and Em.
designer will see that the permanent load is abtually only 2.Dead load + 100% imposed load :
30% from the value given in CP3 : chapter V : part 1 : Use K1 = 1.25.
1967. Use Ep if shared load, Use Em if main
member.

One Type Of Design Case;

When all floors imposed load are dead storage, (such as 1.Dead load + 100% imposed load ;
library, store room and etc), all imposed load are Use K1 = 1.0 and Em
considered permanent

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 Figure 1: Bearing location 150 mm 
150 mm
or less

75 mm or  75 mm 
more or more

75 mm  150 mm 
or more or less

26
 Table 6: Modification factors , K2 for bearing stress
(MS 544 -Table
Table 33.7)
7)

Bearingg length
g
10 15 25 40 50 75 100 ≥150
(mm)

K2 value 1.74 1.67 1.53 1.33 1.20 1.14 1.10 1.00

27
 Figure 2: Notch beam at the bottom

De
D

28
Figure 3: Notch beam at the upper

De

29
Figure 4: Modification factor member, K4

K4 = 1.18 K4 = 1.41

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Table 7: Maximum depth vs width ratio (solid member)
(MS 544 - Table 3.9)
Depth vs Width
Side Support Degree
maximum ratio
No side support 2
Ed
Edges are held
h ld att its
it position
iti 3
Edges are held at its position and members are
4
held in row, such as purlin, stem binder or rod

Edges
d are hheld
ld at its
i position
i i andd compression
i
members are held in row, such as direct 5
connection to the floor, deck or girder
Edges are held at its position and the compression
members are held in row, such as direct
connection to the floor, deck or girder, including 6
with restraint that is enough at the space not more
than six times its depth
Edges are held at its position and both upper and
7
lower member sections are fixed in row

31
 DESIGN
S G CHECKS
C C S

3)) SHEARING STRESS

VAy Rectangular Cross Section:
qa 
Ib V
qa  1.5
q p  q g . k1 .k kb .k3 A

(Maximum shearing stress

where qg = grade shearing stress occurs at Neutral Axis)
parallel to the grain
k3 = chip at end of member

32
 DESIGN
S G CHECKS
C C S

4)) BEARING
G STRESS
S SS

Reaction
Cts 
Bearing Area

Ctp  Ctg . k1 .k kb .k 2

where Ctg = grade compressive stress perpendicular to the

grain
k2 = bearing length

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 DESIGN
S G CHECKS
C C S

5) S
SIDE S
STABILITY

D D
   
 B a  B  p

where D = depth
B = width

34
Example
p 1:
House floor consist of plank ‘kayu tanggam alur dan lidah’ with depth of 20mm
that been arranged and nailed on the girders. Gap distance between the
girders is 500mm. The girders are supported by the main beams that located
2.5m between each others. The main beam is bolted to the column by the span
distance of 4m. Determine the size of the main beam and the girder if the group
A standard grade timbers are used in the construction of the house.

The first step

p in solving
g this p
problem is to determine the load that need to be
supported by the flexural members. Two types of load need to be determined,
that are dead load that consist of the floor selfweight , girder selfweight, main
beam selfweight
g and the floor finishing g load, and consist of impose
p load that
consist of the load of people that in the house, furniture and others tool

35
Example
a p e 1(cont’d)
(co t d)
Taking the timber density is 1000kg/m3 (a value that is very high for the timber
in Malaysia),
y ) the floor selfweight
g is 0.2kN/m2 .Another 0.2kN/m2 is for g girder
load and main beam load that is unknown. From CP3: Chapter V : Part 1 :
1967, the imposed load on the house floor is 1.5kN/m2.

Simply, the load for the house floor is:

Dead load (selfweight of floor, girder and main beam) =0.4kN/m2
Imposed load =1
=1.5kN/m
5kN/m2

Based on the BRE suggestion (see section 2.2.1), the uniformly distributed
imposed load for the house floor is taken as 100% permanent.
permanent Referring Table
5, only a design case that should be observed that is the summation of dead
load and 100% imposed load.

36
Example
a p e 1(cont’d)
(co t d)
To prevent creep deflection, timber in dry condition will be used. From Table 3,
we get:
g
fs=15.86N/mm2 Eminimum=9650N/mm2
qs=1.79N/mm2 Ctg=1.52N/mm2
Eaverage=14 750N/mm2

Main Beam
The load acting on the main beam is the reaction of the girder, which is the
nodal load on the distance of 0.5m. The distance can be assumed small and to
simplify the calculation of the design, the effect of the nodal load can be made
similar to the value of the uniform distributed load.

37
Example
a p e 1(cont’d)
(co t d)
w=2.5(0.4+1.5) =4.75 kN/m
L 4.0m
L=4.0m
The beam is simply supported on the column.

Trying
T i the
th size
i 100mm
100 x 275mm
275 andd assuming
i the
th timber
ti b been
b planned
l d on the
th
each side, thus the minimum size of the design is 90 mm x 265 mm. This size
must be specially booked from the timber manufacture as the size is not
standardized.
standardized
The beam end is restrained on its location by been bolted to the column and
the top side of the beam is held by the girder. From the Table 7, the ratio of the
maximum
i effective
ff ti depth-width
d th idth off the
th cross section
ti that
th t been
b permitted
itt d is
i 5.
5

38
Example
a p e 1(cont’d)
(co t d)

The side stability is achieved.

The maximum bending moment in the mid span of the beam,

Thus,

39
Example
a p e 1(cont’d)
(co t d)
The modified factors for the bending shear are:
K1=1.0(permanent/long
1.0(permanent/long term load)
Kkb=1.0(main member)
K4=1.0(rectangular)
K5=1.0(depth
1 0(d th iis lless th
than 300mm)
300 )
Thus;
Fp= fg= 15.86 N/mm2

Hence the actual bending stress is less that the allowable bending stress.
To check the shear stress, the bolt connection between the beam end and
column should be determine. From the calculation, the connection is as in
Figure 5.

40
Example
a p e 1(cont’d)
(co t d)

Column

Main beam

Front view Side view

Figure 5

41
Example
a p e 1(cont’d)
(co t d)
The effective area of the cross section to prevent the shear is the shading
space on the side view, Figure
g 5.
The maximum shear force is:
V=4.75 x 4/2 = 9.5 kN
Qs=1.5
=1 5 x = 0.69
0 69 N/mm2

The modify factor for the shear stress is:

K1=1.0(permanent/long
=1 0(permanent/long term load)
Kkb=1.0(main member)
K3=1.0(end member does not been nock)
Thus;
Qp=qg=1.79 N/mm2

42
Example
a p e 1(cont’d)
(co t d)
The actual maximum shear stress is less than the allowable shear stress.
The actual deflection of the beam is:

Em been
b used
d on th
the main
i bbeam
= 11.76 mm

The allowable deflection is:

Thus, the deflection is satisfied.

Thus satisfied
Bearing stress do not need to be checked because it is supported as bolt
connection.

43
Example
a p e 1(cont’d)
(co t d)
So, the main beam size is 100mm x 275mm (minimum of 90mm x 265mm)
Girder
This member satisfy the condition of load sharing system, because the gap
distance is 500m which is less than 610mm, the member exceed 4 and the
‘papan
papan tanggam lurah dan lidah
lidah’ cannot distribute load on the side.
side

Assuming the girder is simply supported on the main beam:

W 0 5(0 4 1 5) 0 95 kN/m
W=0.5(0.4+1.5)=0.95 kN/
L=2.5m

Trying the size 50mm x 125mm and with assuming that the timber been planed
only on the top surface and bottom surface, so the minimum design size is
50mm x 115mm.

44
Example
a p e 1(cont’d)
(co t d)
The end of girder is nailed to the main beam and the compression part been
fixed byy the timber floor.
So;

The side stability, satisfied.

The bending moment on the mid span,

45
Example
a p e 1(cont’d)
(co t d)

The shear stress modified factors are:

K1=1.0(permanent/long term load)

Kkb=1.1(sharing load system)
K4=1.0(rectangular)
=1 0(rectangular)
K5=1.0(depth is less than 300mm)

46
Example
a p e 1(cont’d)
(co t d)
Thus, Fp=fg x Kkb = 15.86 x 1.1 = 17.4 N/mm2
The bending stress, satisfied.

Girders are located on the main beam. So the overall cross section is effective
in preventing the shear stress.
stress
Shear force, V = 0.95 x = 1.19 kN
Qs = 1.5 x = 0.21 N/mm2

The entire modified factor for the shear stress is equal to 1 except Kkb that
q
equal to 1.1. Thus:
Qp = qg x 1.1 = 1.79 x 1.1 = 1.97 N/mm2
The shear stress also satisfied.

47
Example
a p e 1(cont’d)
(co t d)
To calculate the deflection, the value of Ep is used for the load sharing system.
One more condition that needs to be satisfied is:

But, according to BRE,

But BRE the condition can be neglected for residential floor.
floor
Thus, the deflection of the girder is:
= 5.17 mm

The allowable deflection is

Thus, the defection satisfied.

48
Example
a p e 1(cont’d)
(co t d)
The bearing area is the beam width x girder width, and the bearing distance is
the beam width, that is 90mm. Let say,y if the ggirder end extend at least of
75mm from the external surface of beam, the modified factor for the bearing
stress is:
K1=1.0
Kkb=1.1
K3=1.116(for the bearing distance of 90mm)

The actual bearing stress,

49
Example 1(cont’d)
The allowable bearing stress,

= 1.52
1 52 × 1.1
1 1 × 1.116
1 116
= 1.86 N/mm2
Bearing stress is sufficient.
If wane does not exist on the girder, Ctg is equal to the basic compressive
stress perpendicular with grain, which is 1.93 N/mm2. Thus, the girder size is
50mm x 125mm (minimum 50mm x 115mm)
Notes: Let say if timber 100mm x 275mm are used as main beam above been
changed with 2 logs 50mm x 275mm. These 2 logs been bolt on the left side
and right side of column and bear the load together. To strengthen joint action,
several block of skid been attached on the certain space distance along the
span. As these 2 pieces of timber act to bear load together, then the value of
EN can be applied in the deflection calculation.

50
Example
a p e 1(cont’d)
(co t d)

= 11144 N/mm2
So, the deflection of the main beam consists of couple members are:

= 10.18 mm

Compare to 11.76mm if using single members.

51
 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION
MEMBER
■ Among others: column and truss member
■ Load,
L d P actual ≤ P permissible

Ppermissible  Csg . k6 .k kb

where Csg = grade compressive stress parallel to the

grain
k6 = slenderness ratio and load duration

52
 TO DETERMINE k6

 Le 
 Calculate   where Le = effective
 r  actual length

 Calculate  Le  I
  r
 r  lim it A

53
 TO DETERMINE k6
e.g: For a long term load,

 Le   Le 
If   actual    lim it ,
 r   r 
Csgg  Le  2
k6  1.0  0.0437  
E  r 

■ In addition, for a compression member meeting the

requirements as load sharing member, the modification
factor kkb = 1.1 is also applied.

54
Table 8 : Modification factor,K6 for slenderness ratio and load to the
compression member (MS 544 - Table 3 3.8)
8)

Load Value of Le / r limit Equation K6

Long term ≤ 1.00 – 0.0437

≥ 5.73

Medium term ≤ 1.25 – 0.0626

≥ 6 24
6.24

Short term ≤ 1.50 – 0.0870

≥ 6.46

55
Example
p 2:

Determine modification factor, K6 for one compression member of timber group

A and grade dry standard , if the effective length, Le = 2.8 m and radius of
gyration, r = 33.2 mm.

Actual slenderness ratio, = = 84.3

From Table 3, Eminimum = 9650 N/mm2

Csg =13.79 N/mm2

Long term load;

limit =

= = 89.6

56
Example
a p e 2(cont’d)
(co t d)
Then, (Le/r)actual < Le/r limit
So, K6 = 1.00 – 0.0437
= 1.00 – 0.0437 x
= 0.556

Medium term load;

limit =

= = 83.6

57
Example
a p e 2(cont’d)
(co t d)
Then, (Le/r)actual > Le/r limit
So, K6 = 6.24
= 6.24 x
= 0.614

Short term load;

limit =

= = 77.7

58
Example
a p e 2(cont’d)
(co t d)
Then, (Le/r)actual > Le/r limit
So, K6 = 6.46
= 6.46 x
= 0.636

Please remember that value of K6 is always less than 1.0 for long term, less
than 1.25 for medium term and less than 1.5 for short term..

59
Example
a pe3
Determine long term axis capability for a column of 150 mm x 150 mm, if
effective length to both axis is same = 3.0 m. Standard grade A of timber is used.
Final cross section size after being reap at each four side is 140mm x
140mm.Hence the thick is more than 100mm, so according to MS 544, clause
2.4.5,, wet stress is being
g used.
From Table 2,
Csg = 10.7 N/mm2
Eminimum = 86
86200 N/mm
/ 2

Le = 3.0 m
r= = 40.4
= = 74.2
limit = = 96.1

60
Example
a p e 3 (co
(cont’d)
t d)
Since (Le/r)actual < Le/r limit, from Table 8;
K6 = 1.00 – 0.0437
= 1.00 – 0.0437 x x 74.22
= 0.70
All
Allowable
bl compression i stress
t parallel
ll l tto th
the grain
i off wood;
d
Csp = 0.7 x 10.7 = 7.5 N/mm2

Long tterm axis

L i capability
bilit ffor thi
this column
l iis;
Allowable stress x cross-sectional area = 7.5 x 140 x 140/103
= 147.0 kN

61
Example
a pe4
One compression member size 50mm x 150mm.Because of different lateral
restrained, effective length to XX axis and YY axis are 1.0L and 0.75L,see
Figure 6 and Figure 7.with L is overall length equal to 1.8m.Determine the
medium term axis capability load for this member. Timber used is from dry
standard of Grade B.

Assume that timber is reap at each four side, the last size will be 45mm x
140mm.
Lex = 1.0 x 1.8 = 1.8 m
rx = = 40.4 mm

= = 44.6

62
 Y

d
X X

Figure 6 Figure 7

63
Example
a p e 4 (co
(cont’d)
t d)
Ley = 0.75 x 1.8 = 1.35 m
ry = = 13.0 mm

= = 103.8

Slenderness ratio at YY axis is bigger than slenderness ratio at XX axis.

Therefore, this member is easier buckle at YY axis.

From Table for = 103.8, K6 = 0.380, which is value for = 102.0 and
104.0.
Csp = 0.38 x 10 = 3.80 N/mm2

64
Example
a p e 4 (co
(cont’d)
t d)
Medium term axis capability load for this member is;
3.8 x 45 x 140/103 = 23.9 kN.

65
Example
a pe5
Wall wood frame design for one bungalow is shown as Figure 8.The height is
3.0m and contains thin strip of wood 50mm x 100mm and center distance of
0.5m. Plywood barrier that is installed on this rule, it may be precluded from
buckling of the YY axis, but it can only buckling to XX axis. If timber used is
from dry standard of Grade C, determine the long term load bearing capacity
per metre long for this wall.

From Table 3;;

Csg = 6.89 N/mm2
Eminimum = 5510 N/mm2
Le = L = 3
3.0
0m

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Rule cover
Rule

Wall cover from plywood that

can be packed in accordance with
various packing ways

Figure 8

67
Example
a p e 5 (co
(cont’d)
t d)
Final size of rule is 45mm x 90mm
= 26.0

= = 115.4

= 0, because precluded from buckling to this axis.

limit = = = 95.7

Since limit,
limit from Table 8,
8

K6 = 5.73 x = 0.344

68
Example
a p e 5 (co
(cont’d)
t d)
Allowable stress = Csg x K6 x Kkb
= 6.84 x 0.344 x 1.1
= 2.59 N/mm2

Allowable
All bl lload
d ffor every rule
l iis;
2.59 x 45 x 90/103 = 10.5 kN

Long term load bearing capacity per metre long of wall is;
10.5 x = 21 kN/m

69