A Project Report

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF QUALITY OF DRINKING

WATER

OF

Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Plant III – Injectables

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
BIOTECHNOLOGY
OF
IFTM UNIVERSITY, MORADABAD

SUBMITTED BY
(SHIVANI GUPTA)

Under the supervision of

(Vidyat Vimal)

DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
IFTM UNIVERSITY : MORADABAD LOTHIPUR RAJPUR
UTTAR PRADESH (UP) 244001
2020-2021
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I Would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my project guide “Hemant Shukla”,

who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the “TOPIC

“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER”. Which also helped

me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about to many new Things. His

contributions are beyond the preview of acknowledgement and working under the his

guidance has always been faithful and urforgets able experience which is very much voluable

gift for an student to flourish in his upcoming life.

Secondly I would also like to give a warm expression of thanks to “Dr. Tanzeel

Ahmed” and Dr. Nabeel Ahmed” HOD of school of Biotechnology. IFTM UNIVERSITY,

MORADABAD (U.P.) for providing the good academic Environment.

 OBJECTING OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

 The purpose of Industrial Training is to expose students to real work of Environment

experience and at the same t i,e to gair the knowledge through hands on observation

and job execution from the industrial training the students will also develop skills in

words ethics, communication, management and others. Moreover vocational training

program always students to relate theoretical knowledge with its application in

manufacturing industry.

 The objective of Industrial training are :

 To provide the opportunity to test my interest in a particular career before permanent

commitments are made.

 To develop skills and techniques directly applicable in future careers.

 Internships will increase a sense of responsibility and good work habits.

 To build the strength teamwork spirit and self confidence in life.

 To build a good communication skill with group of workers and to learn proper

behaviour of corporate life in industrial sector.

 Company Profile

Hkums Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Ltd : Haridwar, (India) is an internationally recognised

WHO GMP certified and one of the leading contract manufacturing company, ranked 19 th in

the list of Next fortune 500 companies in India Pharma sector 2020. Its business forcases on

the manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical product and services across the globe.

Akums journey of grouth and expansion is testimony to the company’s dedicated efforst is

bringing novelty and eminence across its varied service range since its inception on 19 April

2004 first plant set up for oral solid dosage (Plant 1). Akums has how grown up to have I

plant in total with different dedicated units for solid oral, oral liquids, Injectables,

Horomonals, oiatment and cosmetics maxcure nutrauedics, Pure and cure, Malik

peniciallings, Malik caphalosporins.

Akums plant-III INjectablues has been designed and consteructs in year 2007 convering area

of 16000 square meters, plant-3 is dedicated to manufacture injectables (penicillin and

Cephalosporin) Large valume parenteral (LUP), and small volume parenteral (SUP) Pre filed

Byringes and ophthalmic preparations. The state of the art of plant-III conforms adherance of

quality system, Manufacturing process and analysis as per international standards and ensures

compliance of product quality as per laid standrads effecitve, safe and unique.

Facilities :

Beta Loctum :

 Cephalosporins : Dry pouder injections in Uids.

 Penicillin : Dry pocuder injections in Uids.

General Section :

 Liquid Injection in vials/ Ampoules

  Eye/Ear/Nosal Drops

 Pre filled syuinges

 Large volume parenterals in 100 ml ffs pack.

Mission :

To be globally admired pharaceutical company, providing excellent quality products

to customers and people of the world and to dedicate ourselves for human’s quest for longer,

healthier, happier lives through innovation in medicines.

Vision :

To become amongst top vice pharmaceutical companies of India, to have its own

medical College and pharmacy college and to have its own clinical research, Bio

Equivadence and clinical trial centre.

Business Partners :

In proquissing, hand in hand, with all the business parthers few of them includes all

company
 Scope of Study

Water is first place in the priority list of the life on our planet earth. Out of the total

aount of global water only 2.4% in distributed on the main land of which only a small portion

canbe utilized water for about 70% of Indian population in ground water and its considered

less polluted, that could produce adverse physialogical effects.

Drinking water should be aesthetically acceptable in shoutable free from appoint

turbility colour andodour and tuxbiduty and from any objectionable taste.

Drinking water also should have a reasonable temperature water meeting these

conditions is termed “potable” meaning that it maybe consumed in any desired amount

without any adverse effect on health.

 CONTENTS

1. Introduction
 Objective of the work
2. Materials and Method
 Study area
 Sampling Sites
Analysis of the Sample
 Physical Parameters

 Chemical parameters
3. Technique used Atomic absorption
Spectero & Copy.
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION

Water is the most previous gift of Mother Nature. The need of proper planning in

development, management and optimal utiligation of this vital resource is paramauntys for

economic development of a country.

Water is essential to life :

Water is second to oxygen as being essential for life. A water resource like. ground

water, surface is primarily developed for domestic purpose. Rictures people can survive days,

week without food, but only about four days without water its many uses, industrial,

aquiculturs and power generation etc.

Drinking water in never pure. Water naturally contains minerals and microorgarisms

from the rock, soil, and air with which it came in contact. Human activities can add many

more substances to water but drinking water does not need to be pue do be safe.

Infact, some dissolved minerals, National Research council (National Academy of

Sciences) states that drinking water containing dissolved calcium and magnesium generally

contribute a small amount toward fluoride either naturally occuring or added to water supply

can halp protect against tooth decay.

Objective of study of drinking water :

Water pollution problem today exist in every part of our country, it increasing day by

day around industrial and urban center generally tap water and ground water are consumed by

people for drinking pupose. But tap water consumed by people for drinking purpose serveral

disease because of various pollutions.

Pure drinking water is luxury in India today Most

water source are contaminated water born borne diseases

such as diarrhoea dygentery, typhoid, jaundice and Amoebicidis gastroenterietis our degion

even the municipal water supply is not free form.

Contaminants like pesticide and heavy metals. People Either boil water to drink it or

install purifier given human dependence on water, we cannot afford to be careless about the

kind and quality of water.

The present report is attempt to provide relevant information about the quality of

drinking water. There are three basic criteria to evalaute the quality of water i.e. the physical

chemical and bacteriological. In the present study a number of volumetric, gravimeteric and

instrumental methods are used to determine the various constituent of water samples. The

study of water shall be help full to evaluate drinking water quality of Akums, Haridwar.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study Area :

The Area is situated in different area of Akums Haridwar in Uttarakhand. The attitude

of Haridwar is 800 meter from sea level. Haridwar touches the border area of Dehradun,

Garhwal, and paur & Rishikesh. The track is mainly hilly surrounded by a number of sleep

ridges and valleys alternating with each other. The average rainfall is around 200 mm the

maximum rains are due to the south west monsoon from July to September.

Sampling Sites :

The tap water has been taken from following sites.

 Site 1 . Sector 1, shopping center.

 Site 2 : Sector 2, shopping center

 Site 3 : Sector 3, D.P.S.

 Site 4 : Sector 4, shopping center

 Site 5 : Sector 5, shopping center

Samples collection :

Taping water samples was collected by keeping and opening in the mouth of

container against the flow of water in 0.2 litres plastic bottles at 8:30 am. Natural water can

never be completely pure. During their precipitation and their passage over or through

ground, they acquire a wide variety of dissolved and suspended impurities.

The concentrations of these impurities are large in ordinary chemical sense but they

modify the chemical behaviour of water or its usefulness.

For analysis of water samples following parameter are analyzed.

Physical parameters :

i. Turbidity

ii. Total Solid

iii. Total Dissolved solid

iv. Total suspended solid

v. conductivity

Chemical parameters :

i. pH

ii. Alkalinity

iii. Hardness

iv. Calcium

v. Magoesium

vi. Chloride

vii. Sulphate

viii. Flouride

Heavy Parameters :

1. Cadmium

2. Lead

3. Axenic

4. Copper

5. Zinc
 PHYSICAL

PARAMETERS
 SUMMARY OF THE ANALYTICAL METHODS
S.N Parameters Analytical Equipment used

,
Physical parameters
1. Turbidity Turbidimetric Cyberscan WL TB 1000
2. Total Solids Gravimetric Electrical oven
3. TDS Gravimetric Electrical oven
4. TSS Gravimetric Electrical oven
5. Conductivity Conductometric 3173 Conductivity meter
Chemical Parameters
6. pH pH Metric Digital pH meter NIV 333
7. Allcalinity Volumetric -
8. Hardness Volumetric -
9. Ca Hardness Volumetric -
10. Mg Hardness Volumetric -
11. Chloride Volumetric -
12. Sulphate Turbidimetric Cyber scan WL TB 1000
13. Fluoride Spectrophotometer Gererye 10 Spectrophotometer
14. Cadmium AAS SOLAR series
15. Lead AAS SOLAR series
16. Arsenic AAS SOLAR series
17. Copper AAS SOLAR series
18. Zinc AAS SOLAR series
 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
I. TURBIDITY :

1. Turbidity is the important parameter for characterizing the quality of water. Any

substance having more than 10-9 size particles will produce turbidity. In most of the

water, turbidity is due to colloidal particle and extremely fine dispersion particle, such

as clay slid, organic and inorganic matter constitute its turbidity. So determination of

turbidity is an important objective in removal of turbidity coagulation, filtration in

drinking water plants.

Principal :

When light is passed through a sample having suspended turbidity some of the light is

scattered by the particles. The scattering of the light is generally proportional to the turbidity.

The turbidity of a sample is thus measured from the amount of light by the sample taking

reference with the standard turbidity suspension.

Reagent Used :

i. Stock turbidity suspension – 1000 NTU

ii. Stock Turbidity suspension – 10 NTU

iii. Stock Turbidity suspension – 0.02 NTU

Apparatus Used : Cyber scan WL turbidity meter TB 1000.

II. TOTAL SOLID :

Portable water contains mineral matter in dissolved condition where in industrial

effluent and sewage contain huge amount of undissolved matter. A well mixed sample is

evaporated in a weighted dish and dried to constant weight in an even at 103 OC to 105 OC.

The increase in weight to that of the emply dish represents the total solid.

Principle :

The total solid are determined by the residue left after evapoation of the unfiltered

sample.

Calculation :

Loss in wt (A-B) × 1000×1000

Total Solid ; mg/I =
V

Where A = Final wt. of the dishing

B = Initial wt. of the dishing

V = Volume of sample taken in ml

2. Total Dissolved Solid (IDS)

Total dissolved solid in water comprise of inorganic salts. The Principation

contributing to total dissolved solid are carbonate, bicarbonate, Chloride, sulphate, nitrites,

sodium, potassium and calcium.

Total dissolved solid influence hardness, erosive properties and tendency to rotation.

Principal :

A well mixed sample is filtered through standard filter paper and filtrate is evaporated

to dryness in a weighted dish and dried to constant weight in an oven at 103 OC to 105OC.

Increase in weight of empty disc represents the TDS.

Apparatus :

1. Drying oven for operation at 103 to 105OC

 2. Desiccation

3. Electrical balance and analytical balance

4. Filter paper

5. Disc

Calculation :

Loss in wt (A-B) × 1000×1000

Total Dissolved solid in mg/I =

V

Where A = Final wt. of the dishing

B = Initial wt. of the dishing

V = Volume of sample taken in ml

3. TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS

Water having suspended solid is sesthetically unsatisfactory. This water is unsuitable

for bathing etc.

Principle :

Total suspended solid can be determined by the difference between the total solid and total

dissolved solids.

Calcualtions :

TSS in mg/I = TS – TDS

Where

TS = Total solid

TDS = Total dissolved solid

4. CONDUCTIVITY :

Electrical conductance is the ability of a sustance in conduct te electric current. In where it is

the property caused by the presence of various ions species.

Principle :

Conductivity usually measured with the help of conductivity meter having conductance cell

containing electrode of platinum coated with platinum coated with platinum and black

carbon. These electrode are mounted rigidly and placed parelled at fixed distance.

Conductance when measured between the elctrodes having surface area of 1cm and placed at

a distance of 1cm is called electrical conductivity and is the property of water sample rather

than the measuring conductivity is an absolute term. The unit of conductivity measurement is

siements (s) Cm-1. The conducvity of most water is generally low. So the unit μs cm-1 shall be

much appropriate.

Reagent – KCI solution of 0.01M standard.

Apparatus used : 3173 conductivity meter.

Calculation :

Conductivity = observed conductance × cell constant × temperature factor at 250C.

CHEMICAL

PARAMETERS
 CHAMICAL PARAMETERS

1. pH
Concept of ionic product of water enables to classify solution as acidic, basic and neutral by

specifying the hydronium ion concentration. For expressing the hydronium ion

concentraqtion a logrithmic scale was devised by P.L. Sorensen (1909). This scale is called

pH scale. THE pH OF A SOLUTION MAY BE DEFINED AS NEGETIVE LOGAITHM

OF HYDRONIUM ION CONCENTRATION IN MOLES PER LITRE.

As a given temperature the intensity of the acidic or basic character of a water sample is

indicated by ph or hydrogen ion. Acitivity of a hydrogen ion is determined by potentionmetic

measurement with a standard hygroden electrode and a reference electrode (combined glass-

calomal electrodes) .

The symbol pH is derived from Potenz, the Danish word for power pH refers to potency of

hydronium ion in solution. The potency of hydroxyl ion of solution may also be expressed in

terms of pOH.

pH = - log 10 aH+

= - log10 i1aH+
2. ALKALINITY :

Alkalinity of water & Waste water is that capacity to neutralize acids and characterized by

capability of aqueous media to react with hydrogen ions.

The alkalinity of natural or treated water is normally due to presence of bicarbonate,

carbonate and hydroxide of calcium magnesium, sodium, potassium etc. Because of ready

availability of carbon dioxide most water contain carbonates and bicabonates only. The

occurrence of hroxide ions in natural water is rare. Borate, phosphate, silicates also contribute

in alkalinity but their concentration is usually negligible.

Principle :

Alkalinity is the measure of the capacity of the water to neutralize a strong acid. The

alkalinity in the water is generally imparted by the salts of carbonates, bicarbonates,

phosphates, nitrates, porates, silicates, etc, together with hydroxyl ions in free State.

However, most of the water are rich in carbonate and bicarbonate with little concentration of

other alkalinity imparting. Alkalinity can be estimated by titrating the sample with strong acid

HCL using phenolphthalein indicator (pH=8.5) or methyl orange indicator (pH=4.5).

Calculation :

Normality (acid) ×50×1000×titrant consumed

Total alkalinity = _____________________________________
(in mg/I as CaCO2) Volume of sample

3. TOTAL HARDNESS :

Hardness is the property of water which prevents the lather formation with soap & increase

the boiling point of water.

Hardness has role in heart disease but it prevent corrosion in pipes by forming a thin layer of

scale & reduce entry of heavy metals from to water. Harness of water is due to the

accumlation of salts from contact of water with soil & geological by industrial effluent.

Hardness of water is caused of the presence of bivalent metallic ions with anions.

Principles :

The hardness which remains after boiling is known as permanent hardness & it is due

to the sulphate chloride & nitrates of Ca & Mg.

Hardness is estimated by compleometric titration. Sample containing Ca & Mg

hardness is titrated against EDTA in the presence of Erichrome black T as an indicator

Ca&Mg from of a complex of wine red colour with EBT at pH 10.0+.0

4. CALCIUM HARDNESS :

Principles :

Many indicators such as ammonical pupurate (murexide) form a complex only with

Mg at higher ph. As EDTA is having & higher affinity towards Ca. the former complex is

combines with both Ca and Mg therefore Mg is largely precipitate as its hydroxide at higher

pH.

Calculation :

Volume of ADTA × 400.8

Calcium Hardness =___________________________
Volume of sample taken
6. MAGNESIUM HARDNESS :

Principle :

Calcium and Magnesium form a complex of wind red colour is formed. The value of

Mg can be obtained by subtracting the value of Ca & Mg.

Calculation :

Magneslum Hardness = Total Hardware as mg/1 CaCO3- Calcium

(in Mg/1 as CaCO3)

CHLORIDE

Chloride ion is common ion occurs in all type of water and waste water the concentration of

chloride inns is due to the leading of chioride containing rocks & solids with which water

comes in contact with water Discharge of agricultural runoff, industrial & domestic waste

water also be the source of chloride ion in the natural water. Water softness also adds the

chloride ions contents.

Principle :

When silver nitrate is added to water sample then it reacts with chloride ions of

water to form silver chloride. The titrant or silver ion to forms brown onlour of silver

chromate.

Calculation :

Normality of AgNO2 ×35.5 ×1000

Chioride (in mg/I) = __________________________________
Volume of sample
6. SULPHATE :

Sulphate occurs naturally in water as a results of leaching from gypsum and other

common minerals. In addition sulphare ion may be added to water system in several

treatment processes.

The sulphate content of municipal water supplies is usually increased during

clarification by alum. Sulphate ion is one of the important anion for forming scales in boilers

and heat exchangers. In waste water under reducing environment sulphate are converted us

that hyrogen shulphide.

Principle :

The sulphate ion is precipitated in the form of barium sulphate by adding barium

chaloride in hydrochionic acid mediums.

The turbidity of barium sulphate suspension is measured by nephalo-turbidimeter &

concentration can be determines comparison with a sd. curve.

Calculation :

μg of sulphate from std. Curve×1000

Salphate ion concentration = _______________________________

(μg /I) Volume of sample

8. FLOURIDE :
A fluride concentration of approximately 1.0 mg/1 in drinking water effectively reduced

dental carrier without harmful effect on health. Flurode occurs in natural water. Fluoride can

be determines by Spadan method.

Principal :

The fluoride with xirconium solution and the colors of spadan regents gents bleached due to

the formation of ZrF. Since bleaching is function of fluoride it is directly proptional to the

concentration of fluoride.
HEAVY

METALS
 HEAVY METALS

Heavy metals are those having a density more than five times higher than that of water. They

are usually present in trace in trace amount in natural water but many of them are toxic event

at very low concentration. There concentration in water due to addition of industrial waste

and sewage. Some of them get biomagnified in the water and get accumulated in tropic level

e.g. fish crabs and aquatic animals.

Some the heavy metals are extremely essential to human for example cohalt, copper,

molybdenum etc. but large quantities of them may cause physiological disorders many of

them quite serious. Metals such as arsenic, lead, cadmium.

Mercury and selenium are highly toxic even in minor amounts.

Most of the rock having these metals is fortunately sparingly solable, hence limiting the

concentration in natural water. Increasing quantity of heavy metal in our resources is

currently the are of greater concern, especially effluent to fresh water without adequate

treatment. Significant quantities of heavy metals get transported through the agricultural

runoff containing residue of organomettalic pesticide corrosion in the pipe are release of

copper lead and cadmium to drinking water is also significant.

CADMIUM :

Cadmium is present in the waste water from electroplating chemical industries and milling

and mining wastes from lead mines. It accumulated in various part of the body (liver

pancreas, kidney etc) and is known to cause painful bone disease called ‘itai-itai’. The disease

is quite prevalent in Japan. The concentration of cadmium can be determine bu AAS

(Atomic adsorption spectroscopy) with a setting at wave length of 228.8nm using candmium

hollow cathode lamp and directly aspirating the sample in to the air acetylene flame.
LEAD :

Lead is also a toxic element and it increase in water due to the discharge of industrial waste

water, such as from printing dying and oil refineries, etc. It accumulates in the body in the

bones. It also found in the brain, kidney and muscles. Lead is poisoning is due to permanent

cumulative effect and not due to occasional exposure to small doses. However, in extreme

case of lead poisoning death may result. The concentration of lead can be determined by AAS

at λ max 47nm using lead bollow cachode lamp and directly aspirating the sample into the air

acerylene flame.

ARSENIC :

Arsenic is present in waster water of many industries such to ceramics, tanneries, chemical,

metal preparation and pesticide. It has a tendency to get accumulated in body issue to cause

arsenosis. It effect liver and heart and is also reported to be carcinegenic. The concentration

of arsetic can be determine by AAS at λ max 193.7am using as hollow cathode lamp and

directly aspirating the sample into the air scetylene flame.

 ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY

Introduction :

The atomic absorption was given by walsch in 1955. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is an

absorption spectroscopy where radiation is absorbed by non excited atom in the vapour state.

Principle :

This technique invoives the study of the absorption of radiant energy (usually in the ultra

violet region) by natural atom in the gaseous state, thus in atomic absorption spectoscopy the

sample is first converted into an atomic vapour and then measured at selected wavelength

which is characteristic of each individual element. The measured absorbance is proportional

to the concentration and alaysis are made by comparing this absorbance with that given under

the same experimental conditon by reference sample of known composition.

An atom absorbing energy changes a low energy state to higher energy state hence when a

light of particualr wavelength in allowed to pass through a flame having atom of metallic

species absorption will be proportional to the intensity of the atom in the flame. By knowing

the value of absorption concentration of metallic species can be determine by total amount of

radiation absorbed at frequency. (V)

 ATOMIC
ABSORPTION
SPECTROSCOPY
COPPER :

Copper in the natural water also result in higher concentration due to pollution. It is used with

sulphate as an algecide. Although it passes as such through the body but there is evidence of

acuumulation of trace quantity in liver. The limit of it in the standard are not due to it toxic

effect but are due to its taste producing capacity. The concentration of copper can be

determined on AAS as λ max 324.7nm using copper hollow cathode lamp and directly

asplrating the sample into the air acetelene flame.

ZINC :

Zinc is present in the wastes from pharmaceutical, galvanizing, paint, pigments. Several

insectides cosmetics etc and their discharge increase it conentration in appreciable amount in

the water. Zind is very essential micronutrient in human being and only at higher

concentration it may cuase some toxic effects. Zinc salt produced an undesirable taste to the

water. It also cause water appears milky. The concentration of zic can be determines by AAS

at λ max 213.9nm using zinc cathode lamp and directly aspirating the sample into the air

acetylene flame.

V = xc3me×Nf

e = electronic charge

m = mass of electron

c = velocity of light

N = total number of atom than can absorbed frequency v

F = ability of each element to absorption at frequency.

Fig.
 AUTOMATIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY

INSTRUMENTATION
1. Radiation source

2. Flame atomization

3. Nebulizer

4. Oxidizing agent and fael

5. Burner

6. Mouochromator

7. Detector

8. Recorder

1. RADIATION SOURCE :

The hollow cathode lamp is most common source of radiation which has widely been

used in atomic absorption spectroscopy. The light source (bollow) cathode emits a line

radiation which of the exact wavelength of die element being determined because the source

is made of the sample element.

It is a thick walled glass tube which has a transparent window.

At one end tungstern wire seeded into the other end the tube, one of tangten wire is attached

with hollow metal cylinder the diamter of which is 10-20nm.

Fig.
2. FLAME ATOMIZER

In a flame atomizer all or a part of solution of the sample is sprayed into a flame. It enters the

flame through base in the form of minute’s droplet. The droplet loses their water content and

only a few solid particles enter in the inner zone. The solid particle are vaporized to atomic

state undergo excitation and absorption process start.

The important region, from buttom to top, of the flame are :

1. Base

2. Inner Anne

3. Reaction zone

4. Outer zone

Fig.
3. NEBULIZER :

The process is called nehulisation. It is the formation of samplies into the mail droplets. The

most common method is gas moving at higher pressure is called pneumatic nebuliser.

Beekman total consumption is commonly used. The various parts are a solution capillary,

aspiration gas inlet, centrining screw, finel inlet and jacket. The top of the bumer due to

which a liquid draw from the capaillary break down into small.

4. OXIDISING AGENT AND FUELS :

Natural gas like propane, butane, hydrogen, and acetylene are as fuel air enriched with O2 and

N2O are common oxidant. Low temperature flame a advantagenusly used for elements which

are converted to the atomic sate such as cadmium, copper, lead and zinc etc. Alkaline earth

Metals account of their tendency of forming refractory oxides required higher temperature

for decomposition. Rare earth metals alumunium and barium from vary stable oxide and

required higher temperature oxide acetylene flame.

5. BURNER :

There are two type of burner.

(a) Premix barner :

The samples is aspirated into a large chamber by mean of a stream of a oxidant chamber here

the mist of the samples, the oxidant and the fuel supplied and then force to the burner

opening. oxidant and the fuel supplied are mixed and then force to the burner opening.

(b)Total consumption burner

In this burner the sample solution the fuel and the fuel and the oxidising gas are passed

through, separate passage and meet an opening at the base of the flame.
Fig.

6. MONOCHROMATOR :

The function of Monochromator is to select a gives absorbing line from spectral line emitted

from hollow cathode lamp for many elements high dispresion is not required for example

alkali metals which have a few spaced lines. When the hollow cathode lamp is made of

transition metals, the emission spectrum from the hollow cathode lamp is so complicated that

high dispresion is essential. For such case high dipersion and high resolving Monochronuator

are needed to resolved spectres. A desired line can be isolated by a narrow band pass

monochromator.

7.. DETECTOR :

Film and photomultiplier is the common detector. Dark are obtained on film whose intensities

is compared. Photomultiplier tube is used for the conversion of the radians energy signal to

an electrical signal.
8. RECORDER :

In most of the atomic absorption measurement chart recorder are used as read out device. A

chart recorder is a potential meter using a eromotor to move the recording pen =. The

displacement in the pen a proportional to the input voltage.

Standard Solution for metal Ions dettermation

Cadmium :

Dissolved 0.100g cd metal in 4ml concentrated HNO3 add 8.0 ml concentrated HNO2 and

diluted to 1000 ml with water 1.00 ml = 100ug/cd

LEAD

Dissolved 0.1598g lead nitrate in a minimum amount of 1+1 HNO3 add 10 ml concentrated

HNO3 and dilute to 1000 ml with water 1.00ml=100ug/pb.

COPPER :

Dissolved 0.100g copper metal in 2 ml concentrated HNO 3 and diluted to 1000 ml with water

1.00ml = 100ug cu.

ARSENIC

Dissoled 1.320g As2O3 in water contamination Hg NaOH and diluted to 100 ml with water

1.00ml = 100 As.

ZNC

Dissolved 0.001g zinc metal in 20 ml 171 HCL and dilute to 1000 ml with water. 1.00 ml =

100ug Zn.