In-Course Assessment (Ica) Specification

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IN-COURSE ASSESSMENT (ICA) SPECIFICATION

Module Titles: Module Leader: Dr Emeka Amalu


Mechanics of Materials and
Applied Mechanics of Materials
Module Code: MMD3019-N & MMD3023-N

Assignment Title: Deadline Date:


Submission: 23/04/2021
Determination of material of a
circular shaft by Torsional Deadline Time: 16.00 hrs
deformation and SEM analysis
Submission Method:

Online (Blackboard)

Online Submission Notes:


• Please follow carefully the instructions given on the Assignment Specification
• When Extenuating Circumstances (e.g. extension) has been granted, a fully completed and signed
Extenuating Circumstances form must be submitted to the School Reception or emailed to scedt-
assessments@tees.ac.uk.

Central Assignments Office (Middlesbrough Tower M2.08) Notes:


• All work (including DVDs etc) needs to be secured in a plastic envelope or a folder and clearly marked
with the student name, number and module title.
• An Assignment Front Sheet should be fully completed before the work is submitted.
• When Extenuating Circumstances (e.g. extension) has been granted, a fully completed and signed
Extenuating Circumstances form must be submitted to the School Reception or emailed to scedt-
assessments@tees.ac.uk.
• c.uk.

FULL DETAILS OF THE ASSIGNMENT ARE ATTACHED


INCLUDING MARKING & GRADING CRITERIA

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General Statement

The ICA brief is two. These are the standard and the COVID-19 Proof ICAs.

The standard ICA is to be undertaken when there is no restriction and students are
able to access the laboratory and carry out the tasks. The COVID-19 ICA is to be
undertaken in the event there are restrictions to laboratory access and students are
unable to carry out the laboratory works.

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[A] The Assignment brief - Standard

1. Introduction
A key part of the Mechanics of Materials 2 and Applied Mechanics Materials modules
is to present the opportunity for students to gain hands-on experience of engineering
material response to externally applied loads. These loads could be axial, torsional,
bending or a combination of these. The material response has a direct relationship to
the material properties which are the module of elasticity (E), modules of rigidity (G)
and the failure mode as well as the nature of the failed surface of the solid material.

In this assignment, a circular bar is loaded in torsion to fracture. Its response to loading
and the fractured surface will be studied to characterise the bar. Thus, two
experiments 1 and 2 will be carried out to achieve the aim of the research investigation.

You are required to submit a laboratory report. The report should be limited to 2000
words. This assignment constitutes 30% of the overall module mark.

2. Report presentation
• Title [5%]
• Abstract (200 words maximum) [15%]
• Introduction [5%]
• Method [5%]
• Results and discussion (based on the questions posed) [50%]
(a) Plot the values of “Torque, Ti, against angle of twist, 𝜃𝑖 ,” on a graph sheet.
(b) Determine the value of the modulus of rigidity G, for the materials.
(c) What is the mode of failure of the material and give reasons?
(d) Give a name for the material of the test vehicle and state your reasons.
(e) How close is your generated G value to the published literature value and
list and explain sources of error to the experiment.
Conclusions [10%]
• References [10%]

For more information on how to write a report you can contact the library for support
from a dedicated team. They will provide advice on report writing. Alternatively, you
may want to refer to the following websites:
http://www.learnhigher.ac.uk/Students/Report-writing.html

http://www.transitwestyorkshire.ac.uk/transit-science/students/#unit5

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3. Assessment Scheme
The module handbook presents the learning outcomes for the module. The
assignment is designed to give you opportunity to show that you have achieved
learning outcomes 2, 3 and 4. These are centred on your practical and professional
skills development. Hence you will be assessed on your ability to:

(a) Apply confidence and flexibility in identifying and defining complex problem and
the application of appropriate knowledge and methods to their solution.
(b) Act autonomously with limited supervision or direction within agreed guidelines.
(c) Communicate clearly, fluently and effectively in styles appropriate to context.
The university criteria for marking at level 6 are as follows:
Band Level 6
90%- Exceptional work. Presentation is logical, error-free and, where appropriate, creative. There is
100% an in-depth understanding of issues/problems and excellent critical/deep engagement with the
material and concepts involved. Very skilful interpretation of data. Arguments, ideas and, where
appropriate, solutions are presented coherently and fully underpinned by thorough research and
reading.
80%- Outstanding work with presentation of a very high standard. There is comprehensive
89% understanding of key concepts and knowledge and clear evidence of critical analysis and insight.
Accurate interpretation of data with arguments, ideas and solutions presented effectively and
based on strong research and reading.
70%- Extremely good work with presentation of a high standard. Demonstrates an excellent knowledge
79% base with a clear understanding of the issues and application to practice where appropriate. There
is some effective critical and analytical application of relevant research and reading.
60%- The work is very good, logically structured and presented to a high standard. Demonstrates a
69% strong knowledge base with a clear understanding of the issues and application to practice where
appropriate. There is some critical and analytical application of relevant research.
50%- The work is clearly presented and logically structured. It shows evidence of a sound understanding
59% of the topic and addresses major issues. The work contains some discussion and interpretation of
relevant perspectives although further development of the arguments presented would be beneficial.
There are examples of critical reflection and evidence of application of theory to practice.
40%- Adequate presentation. The work displays basic knowledge and understanding of the topic but is
49% largely descriptive. There is an attempt to bring together different ideas and concepts although this
would have been strengthened by the inclusion of further key issues. The structure of the work requires
attention to its coherence and logical development of content. The link between theory and practice,
where appropriate, is somewhat tenuous and its development would enhance the work considerably.
30%- The work is poorly presented and contains numerous errors, inconsistencies and omissions with limited
39% use of source material. The work displays a weak knowledge base and a lack of sufficient understanding
– Fail of the topic. There is limited evidence of the application of theory to practice where appropriate. It
contains many unsupported statements with limited attempts to bring issues together and lacks critical
analysis and reflection.
29% The work is very poorly presented and contains numerous serious errors, inconsistencies and omissions
and with little use of source material. The work displays a very weak knowledge base and a lack of
below sufficient understanding of the topic. There is very little evidence of the application of theory to practice
where appropriate. It contains many unsupported statements with very little attempt to bring issues
–Fail
together and there is a complete lack of critical analysis and reflection. To obtain a mark of 20% the
work must show evidence of a genuine attempt to engage with the assessment requirements and with
the subject matter.
Please note: e-mail submissions will not be accepted.

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[B] The Laboratory Manual

Determination of material of a circular shaft by torsional deformation, and SEM


analysis

1. Overview
Two experiments will be conducted. Experiment 1 is torsional loading of a test vehicle
while experiments two is the microscopic examination of the failed surfaces using
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

2. Aim
The aim of the experiment is to characterise to identify the material of a circular shaft
test vehicle.

3. Objectives
The objectives of the experiments include to:

(i) Apply a series of increasing torques, 𝑇𝑖 on the test vehicle and measure the
corresponding angle of twists, 𝜃𝑖 induced in it.
(ii) Increase the torsional load to failure of the test vehicle and study the facture
mechanics of the failed surface to identify the mode of failure.
(iii) Examine the failed section of the test vehicle in a SEM and obtain a micrograph
of the failed section.
(iv) Determine the material of the unknown circular shaft test vehicle based on your
findings.

4. Introduction
Many machine members are under torsional loading during operation. Two common
examples are shaft and steering column of an automobile.

Torsion may be defined as the twisting action on a member which may occur during
system’s operation. The twisting may be caused by two equal and opposing moments
acting about the longitudinal axis of the member. Fig. 1.0 presents a circular shaft
which is fixed at one end and under twisting by the torsional load, T. Application of the
torque induces stresses in the material. The nature of these stresses is complicated
and the stresses have many components.

For axially loaded bar, the expression for shear stress is given by:
𝑃𝑇 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑃 𝑃
𝜏= =𝐴 = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 (1.0)
𝐴0 ⁄𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

The condition for 𝜏 to be maximum is that:

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sin2𝜃 = 1 (2.0)

This condition occurs when 𝜃 = 45°.

The implication is that maximum shear stress occurs at an angle of 45° to shaft
centroidal axis. This is the site of failure by fracture mode for a brittle material under
torsion. The failure of a ductile material under torsion is quite different. The angle of
failure of a ductile material is much higher than 45 degrees in practice.

To carry out a simple demonstration of the phenomenon, a piece of ordinary circular


section board chalk can be used. Grip the ends of the chalk with your hands and twist
it gently until it ruptures. What do you observe? The test vehicle (the chuck) is likely to
break at roughly 45 degrees to its longitudinal axis. It has failed at the maximum shear
plane which is at 45 degrees to the axis.

Determination of the modulus of rigidity G and shear yield stress as well as the
mechanics of failure of a structural member could be used to characterise the member
and determine the material of the member.

The effect of torsion could be advantageous in some situations while in others, it is


absolutely undesirable. Twist in a member arising from torsion is utilised to produce
torsional springs which have huge application in the manufacture of many systems,
including the automobiles. In other situation, too much twist in the automobile steering
column would make the vehicle uncontrollable.

It is therefore important that the mechanism of torsion in members is studied. The


findings from such study will provide useful information which will be advantageous to
engineers in designing robust members which can operate reliably and successfully
in the field.

5.0 Theory

The theory is discussed in two sections. These are experiments 1, 2 and 3.

5.1 Experiment 1:

Fig 1.0 presents a circular bar AB which is fixed at one end and under torsional load,
T. Application of the load deforms the bar. Thus, a line ac on the surface of the shaft
AB deforms to Ad as the free end of the shaft rotates through an angle, θ. During the
deformation, the length of the shaft remains the same, the cross-sectional radius, r,
remains unchanged and the cross-section remains plane and undistorted. With
reference to the figure, for a length L, shear strain ϕ, can be defined as:
𝑠 𝑟𝜃
∅=𝐿= (3.0)
𝐿

Where: s is linear displacement of point c (ie arc cd), L is the length of the shaft, r is
the radius of the cross-section, θ is the angular displacement of point c (in radians).
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For an elemental body of length dx at a distance r (surface of the shaft) from the
centroidal axis AB as shown in Fig 2.0, the ∅ is expressed thus:
𝑑𝜃
∅ = 𝑟 𝑑𝑥 (4.0)

𝑑𝜃
Where the quantity, 𝑑𝑥 is the angle of twist per unit length.

Applying Hook’s law: 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∝ 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, obtain:

𝜏 = 𝐺∅ (5.0)

Where: 𝜏 is the shear stress, 𝐺 is the Modulus of rigidity, r is the radius of the cross-
section, ∅ is the shear strain. Substituting Eq. 4.0 in Eq. 5.0, obtain:
𝑑𝜃
𝜏 = 𝐺𝑟 𝑑𝑥 (6.0)

y
d

s r x
a A 
*  B
c
r
x dx T
L

Fig 1.0: Deformation of a circular shaft caused by torque, T.

Now, consider Fig 2.0 which shows a cross section, A, containing a differential element
which has an area, dA. The element is at a distance r from the shaft centre, B. The
figure shows that the cross section is acted upon by the induced torque, T and the
elemental body observes a differential force dF which produces a differential torque,
dT.

dA 𝑑𝐹 = 𝜏𝑑𝐴

r
R dT
*
Cross sectional area, A
T
Fig 2.0: Distribution of shear stress along the radius of a circular shaft. 7 | 21
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With reference to Fig 3.0, dT may be expresses thus:

𝑑𝑇 = 𝜏𝑑𝐴 × 𝑟 (7.0)

Substituting Eq. 6.0 in Eq. 7.0, obtain:


𝑑𝜃
𝑇 = 𝐺 𝑑𝑥 ∫𝐴 𝑟 2 𝑑𝐴 (8.0)

If J is defined thus:

𝐽 = ∫𝐴 𝑟 2 𝑑𝐴 (9.0)

where J is the polar moment of inertia, also known as polar second moment of area.
The units of J is 𝑚4 if d is in m, Eq. 8.0 becomes:
𝑑𝜃
𝑇 = 𝐺𝐽 𝑑𝑥 (10.0)

The angle of twist, θ, is obtained from Eq. 10.0, thus:


𝑙 𝑇
𝜃 = ∫0 𝐺𝐽 𝑑𝑥 (11.0)

For integrand independent of x, (eg prismatic bar carrying a constant torque) then Eq.
11.0 becomes:
𝑇𝐿
𝜃 = 𝐺𝐽 (12.0)

For a circular solid bar, the value of J can be computed using Eq. 13.0:
𝜋𝐷 4
J= (13.0)
32

where: T is the applied torque or moment (Nm), J is the polar moment of inertia for a
solid shaft (m4), G is the shear modulus (GPa), θ is the angle of twist (radians), L is
the effective length of shaft (m) and D is the diameter of the shaft (m).

5.2 Experiment 2

The knowledge of the mode of fracture (brittle or ductile) of a material obtained from
analysis of image of the fracture surface acquired from scanning electron microscope
(SEM) will provide more information which will aide in material identification.

6. Materials and Equipment

The materials and equipment use are discussed thus: two experiments.

6.1 Experiment 1
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Materials

The materials and equipment include:

6.1.1 Test vehicle

The materials of the test vehicle may include steel, brass and other materials. Fig 3.0
presents the configuration of the test vehicle.

Fig. 3.0: Tensile test vehicle

6.1.2 Rule, Micrometer screw gauge and Vernier Calliper

These are used for the measurement of the diameter and length of the test vehicles.

6.1.3 Permanent marker


This is used to draw a line on the surface of the test vehicle. The line is parallel to the
centroidal axis of the test vehicle. It shows the progress of the twisting profile of the
surface of the test vehicle during twisting.

6.1.4: The Equipment:

The equipment is show in Fig 4.0. It is The SM1001 30 Nm Torsion Testing Machine.

Fig. 4.0: The SM1001 30 Nm Torsion Testing Machine


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6.2 Experiment 2

The material is the fractured surface of the test vehicle. The equipment is a SEM
shown in Fig 7(a) and the micrograph is presented in Fig 7 (b). The procedure for
preparing the materials will be presented by the lab technician who will assist you in
carrying out the experiment.

7. Experiment Setup

7.1: Experiment 1:

Fig. 5.0: Fitting the sockets to the Torque Head and the Gearbox Output

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Fig. 6.0: Fitting the test vehicle to the sockets

Experiment 2

The SEM system is shown in Fig 7 (a) and the micrograph of the failed surface is
presented in Fig 7(b).

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Fig. 7 (a): Scanning Electron Fig. 7 (b): Microstructure of the failed surface
Microscope (SEM) system obtained from Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM). Magnification X2000.

8. Data Collection

Record the data values of Experiment 1 and complete Table 1.0.

Table 1.0: Data for Experiment


Polar
Angle of moment Effective
Number of turns Torque, Diameter,
Twist, of Length,
(𝑵𝒊 ) 𝑻𝒊 (Nm) D (m)
𝜽𝒊 (rads) Inertia, J L (m)
(m4)

9. Analysis of Results

The analysis of results should be done scientifically and presented as outline in Report
presentation section.

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[B] The Assignment brief - COVID-19 Proof

1. Introduction
A key aim of the Mechanics of Materials and Applied Mechanics of Materials modules
is to provide students the opportunity to gain hands-on practical experience on
designing an experiment to characterise an unknown material. This involves the
determination of material coefficient and properties. Obtained data and results are
used to identify the unknown materials.

However, due to COVID-19 impact and restrictions, an alternative to laboratory


experiment is provided as described thus:

In a laboratory experiment, an unknown material of a circular shaft of 76.2 mm gauge


length and 6.0 mm diameter is to be characterised. A series of torque is applied to the
shaft until rupture. A section of the material in the form of a disc is cut off, polished and
examined in a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Table 2 presents the recorded values of the applied torque (in Nm) and the
corresponding values of the angles of twist of the shaft. Figure 8 presents the
microstructure of the failed section of the test vehicle.

You are required to submit a laboratory report. The report should be limited to 2000
words. This assignment constitutes 30% of the overall module mark.

2. Report presentation
A systematic approach should be taken to write the report of the results of the
experiment conducted. The distribution of marks in percentages are as shown. The
report should contain the following sections:

• Title [5%]
• Abstract (200 words maximum) [15%]
• Introduction [5%]
• Method [5%]
• Results and discussion (based on the questions posed) [50%]
(b) Plot the values of “Torque, Ti, against angle of twist, 𝜃𝑖 ,” on a graph sheet.
(b) Determine the value of the modulus of rigidity G, for the materials.
(c) What is the mode of failure of the material and give reasons?
(d) Give a name for the material of the test vehicle and state your reasons.
(e) How close is your generated G value to the published literature value and
list and explain sources of error to the experiment.
Conclusions [10%]
• References [10%]

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Table 2: Experiment 1 Data

DL1 Digital Torque Specimen


Time DA1 Digital Angle Meter Meter Properties
Material
Time Angle,  Angle Torque, T Description
(s) (°) (Radians) (Nm)
1 0.00 0.00000 0.00 TR1010 - MT15
2 2.11 0.03678 5.01 TR1010 - MT15
3 3.79 0.06611 9.00 TR1010 - MT15
4 5.05 0.08815 12.00 TR1010 - MT15
5 6.75 0.11777 15.91 TR1010 - MT15
6 12.07 0.21062 18.68 TR1010 - MT15
7 15.78 0.27541 19.43 TR1010 - MT15
8 20.27 0.35374 19.94 TR1010 - MT15
9 24.31 0.42425 20.24 TR1010 - MT15
10 28.92 0.50482 20.43 TR1010 - MT15
11 33.32 0.58146 20.60 TR1010 - MT15
12 38.31 0.66859 20.75 TR1010 - MT15
13 42.68 0.74483 20.83 TR1010 - MT15
14 46.99 0.82009 20.99 TR1010 - MT15
15 51.44 0.89772 21.02 TR1010 - MT15
16 55.68 0.97172 21.14 TR1010 - MT15
17 60.25 1.05159 21.22 TR1010 - MT15
18 64.80 1.13090 21.30 TR1010 - MT15
19 69.40 1.21118 21.36 TR1010 - MT15
20 74.12 1.29356 21.42 TR1010 - MT15
21 78.99 1.37859 21.48 TR1010 - MT15
22 83.72 1.46111 21.52 TR1010 - MT15
23 88.25 1.54028 21.53 TR1010 - MT15
24 92.84 1.62029 21.55 TR1010 - MT15
25 97.80 1.70699 21.59 TR1010 - MT15
26 102.76 1.79342 21.61 TR1010 - MT15
27 107.36 1.87371 21.63 TR1010 - MT15
28 112.32 1.96042 21.63 TR1010 - MT15
29 117.27 2.04670 21.62 TR1010 - MT15
30 122.34 2.13523 21.63 TR1010 - MT15
31 127.44 2.22417 21.65 TR1010 - MT15

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32 132.24 2.30809 21.60 TR1010 - MT15


33 137.02 2.39144 21.62 TR1010 - MT15
34 142.50 2.48709 21.64 TR1010 - MT15
35 147.52 2.57463 21.61 TR1010 - MT15
36 153.04 2.67098 21.63 TR1010 - MT15
37 157.96 2.75685 21.57 TR1010 - MT15
38 163.12 2.84704 21.61 TR1010 - MT15
39 168.31 2.93752 21.59 TR1010 - MT15
40 173.20 3.02283 21.53 TR1010 - MT15
41 178.01 3.10689 21.57 TR1010 - MT15
42 183.00 3.19387 21.54 TR1010 - MT15
43 188.19 3.28450 21.55 TR1010 - MT15
44 193.43 3.37595 21.52 TR1010 - MT15
45 198.76 3.46908 21.50 TR1010 - MT15
46 204.20 3.56389 21.48 TR1010 - MT15
47 209.00 3.64766 21.48 TR1010 - MT15
48 214.00 3.73506 21.47 TR1010 - MT15
49 219.13 3.82457 21.45 TR1010 - MT15
50 224.32 3.91505 21.45 TR1010 - MT15
51 229.47 4.00497 21.43 TR1010 - MT15
52 234.70 4.09628 21.43 TR1010 - MT15
53 240.10 4.19053 21.44 TR1010 - MT15
54 245.32 4.28157 21.41 TR1010 - MT15
55 250.48 4.37176 21.41 TR1010 - MT15
56 255.48 4.45889 21.39 TR1010 - MT15
57 260.53 4.54714 21.38 TR1010 - MT15
58 265.45 4.63301 21.37 TR1010 - MT15
59 270.40 4.71930 21.37 TR1010 - MT15
60 275.93 4.81591 21.33 TR1010 - MT15
61 281.31 4.90974 21.36 TR1010 - MT15
62 286.44 4.99925 21.35 TR1010 - MT15
63 291.63 5.08986 21.34 TR1010 - MT15
64 296.68 5.17810 21.34 TR1010 - MT15
65 301.55 5.26300 21.33 TR1010 - MT15
66 306.32 5.34622 21.34 TR1010 - MT15
67 311.09 5.42958 21.31 TR1010 - MT15
68 316.05 5.51614 21.33 TR1010 - MT15
69 321.10 5.60425 21.31 TR1010 - MT15

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70 326.32 5.69528 21.32 TR1010 - MT15


71 331.56 5.78674 21.35 TR1010 - MT15
72 336.88 5.87959 21.34 TR1010 - MT15
73 341.96 5.96839 21.32 TR1010 - MT15
74 346.91 6.05468 21.34 TR1010 - MT15
75 351.91 6.14194 21.32 TR1010 - MT15
76 356.98 6.23047 21.33 TR1010 - MT15
77 362.12 6.32011 21.32 TR1010 - MT15
78 367.54 6.41478 21.34 TR1010 - MT15
79 372.72 6.50526 21.35 TR1010 - MT15
80 378.08 6.59866 21.38 TR1010 - MT15
81 383.56 6.69445 21.35 TR1010 - MT15
82 389.16 6.79218 21.38 TR1010 - MT15
83 394.68 6.88853 21.38 TR1010 - MT15
84 400.76 6.99450 21.39 TR1010 - MT15
85 406.32 7.09154 21.40 TR1010 - MT15
86 411.35 7.17937 21.36 TR1010 - MT15
87 416.84 7.27530 21.39 TR1010 - MT15
88 422.25 7.36968 21.40 TR1010 - MT15
89 427.67 7.46421 21.42 TR1010 - MT15
90 432.96 7.55650 21.39 TR1010 - MT15
91 438.52 7.65354 21.41 TR1010 - MT15
92 444.17 7.75226 21.39 TR1010 - MT15
93 449.62 7.84734 21.40 TR1010 - MT15
94 455.17 7.94424 21.43 TR1010 - MT15
95 460.63 8.03947 21.43 TR1010 - MT15
96 466.08 8.13470 21.41 TR1010 - MT15
97 471.12 8.22252 21.42 TR1010 - MT15
98 476.51 8.31662 21.40 TR1010 - MT15
99 482.32 8.41799 21.39 TR1010 - MT15
100 488.45 8.52509 21.43 TR1010 - MT15
101 494.12 8.62394 21.40 TR1010 - MT15
102 499.72 8.72182 21.38 TR1010 - MT15
103 505.40 8.82096 21.42 TR1010 - MT15
104 510.86 8.91618 21.41 TR1010 - MT15
105 516.88 9.02118 21.42 TR1010 - MT15
106 522.48 9.11892 21.42 TR1010 - MT15
107 528.60 9.22574 21.44 TR1010 - MT15

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108 534.22 9.32389 21.40 TR1010 - MT15


109 540.64 9.43601 21.41 TR1010 - MT15
110 546.15 9.53207 21.40 TR1010 - MT15
111 552.08 9.63554 21.41 TR1010 - MT15
112 557.73 9.73426 21.39 TR1010 - MT15
113 563.51 9.83506 21.43 TR1010 - MT15
114 569.48 9.93922 21.40 TR1010 - MT15
115 575.56 10.04534 21.42 TR1010 - MT15
116 581.65 10.15174 21.41 TR1010 - MT15
117 587.56 10.25478 21.43 TR1010 - MT15
118 593.77 10.36327 21.42 TR1010 - MT15
119 599.72 10.46701 21.43 TR1010 - MT15
120 605.61 10.56992 21.44 TR1010 - MT15
121 611.88 10.67924 21.44 TR1010 - MT15
122 617.72 10.78117 21.44 TR1010 - MT15
123 623.79 10.88714 21.46 TR1010 - MT15
124 630.20 10.99913 21.46 TR1010 - MT15
125 636.96 11.11711 21.46 TR1010 - MT15
126 643.28 11.22728 21.45 TR1010 - MT15
127 649.12 11.32934 21.45 TR1010 - MT15
128 655.44 11.43951 21.45 TR1010 - MT15
129 661.66 11.54814 21.46 TR1010 - MT15
130 667.92 11.65733 21.47 TR1010 - MT15
131 674.07 11.76470 21.45 TR1010 - MT15
132 681.00 11.88562 21.47 TR1010 - MT15
133 687.12 11.99257 21.46 TR1010 - MT15
134 693.36 12.10134 21.46 TR1010 - MT15
135 700.34 12.22323 21.46 TR1010 - MT15
136 706.88 12.33745 21.47 TR1010 - MT15
137 713.11 12.44607 21.44 TR1010 - MT15
138 718.97 12.54842 21.46 TR1010 - MT15
139 725.26 12.65817 21.47 TR1010 - MT15
140 731.37 12.76484 21.44 TR1010 - MT15
141 737.65 12.87445 21.45 TR1010 - MT15
142 743.97 12.98475 21.47 TR1010 - MT15
143 750.01 13.09017 21.47 TR1010 - MT15
144 756.32 13.20034 21.47 TR1010 - MT15
145 762.43 13.30687 21.46 TR1010 - MT15

17 | 21
2020-2021/Page 18 #MMD3019-N and MMD3023-
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146 768.60 13.41466 21.47 TR1010 - MT15


147 775.09 13.52790 21.47 TR1010 - MT15
148 781.40 13.63793 21.49 TR1010 - MT15
149 787.76 13.74907 21.49 TR1010 - MT15
150 793.77 13.85393 21.47 TR1010 - MT15
151 799.92 13.96116 21.47 TR1010 - MT15
152 806.27 14.07202 21.49 TR1010 - MT15
153 812.56 14.18191 21.48 TR1010 - MT15
154 818.76 14.28998 21.50 TR1010 - MT15
155 824.76 14.39470 21.51 TR1010 - MT15
156 831.01 14.50389 21.48 TR1010 - MT15
157 837.17 14.61140 21.48 TR1010 - MT15
158 843.76 14.72646 21.51 TR1010 - MT15
159 850.82 14.84960 21.53 TR1010 - MT15
160 858.71 14.98727 21.52 TR1010 - MT15
161 866.82 15.12886 21.56 TR1010 - MT15
162 874.62 15.26499 21.55 TR1010 - MT15
163 882.48 15.40210 21.54 TR1010 - MT15
164 890.25 15.53782 21.54 TR1010 - MT15
165 897.96 15.67228 21.56 TR1010 - MT15
166 906.33 15.81847 21.57 TR1010 - MT15
167 912.74 15.93031 21.56 TR1010 - MT15
168 920.92 16.07301 21.59 TR1010 - MT15
169 928.04 16.19728 21.56 TR1010 - MT15
170 935.12 16.32085 21.57 TR1010 - MT15
171 942.52 16.45000 21.57 TR1010 - MT15
172 950.32 16.58614 21.58 TR1010 - MT15
173 959.00 16.73763 21.59 TR1010 - MT15
174 967.28 16.88228 21.57 TR1010 - MT15
175 975.19 17.02023 21.58 TR1010 - MT15
176 983.14 17.15902 21.59 TR1010 - MT15
177 990.53 17.28804 21.59 TR1010 - MT15
178 997.79 17.41468 21.61 TR1010 - MT15
179 1004.30 17.52834 21.59 TR1010 - MT15
180 1011.40 17.65232 21.58 TR1010 - MT15
181 1018.80 17.78134 21.57 TR1010 - MT15
182 1026.68 17.91887 21.60 TR1010 - MT15
183 1035.26 18.06869 21.58 TR1010 - MT15

18 | 21
2020-2021/Page 19 #MMD3019-N and MMD3023-
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184 1042.69 18.19840 21.59 TR1010 - MT15


185 1050.82 18.34026 21.59 TR1010 - MT15
186 1059.24 18.48715 21.60 TR1010 - MT15
187 1067.24 18.62678 21.62 TR1010 - MT15
188 1075.16 18.76514 21.59 TR1010 - MT15
189 1082.98 18.90156 21.61 TR1010 - MT15
190 1090.95 19.04062 21.62 TR1010 - MT15
191 1098.93 19.17998 21.59 TR1010 - MT15
192 1106.08 19.30466 21.58 TR1010 - MT15
193 1113.60 19.43591 21.60 TR1010 - MT15
194 1121.76 19.57833 21.62 TR1010 - MT15
195 1129.58 19.71488 21.62 TR1010 - MT15
196 1137.96 19.86107 21.64 TR1010 - MT15
197 1145.85 19.99888 21.63 TR1010 - MT15
198 1153.61 20.13432 21.64 TR1010 - MT15
199 1161.37 20.26976 21.65 TR1010 - MT15
200 1167.71 20.38034 21.41 TR1010 - MT15
201 1177.17 20.54552 21.69 TR1010 - MT15
202 1186.58 20.70972 21.63 TR1010 - MT15
203 1196.16 20.87699 21.65 TR1010 - MT15
204 1203.25 21.00070 21.69 TR1010 - MT15
205 1210.95 21.13502 21.55 TR1010 - MT15
206 1220.09 21.29462 21.71 TR1010 - MT15
207 1228.77 21.44611 21.71 TR1010 - MT15
208 1238.71 21.61953 21.73 TR1010 - MT15
209 1247.26 21.76878 21.69 TR1010 - MT15
210 1255.00 21.90381 21.69 TR1010 - MT15
211 1264.68 22.07290 21.72 TR1010 - MT15
212 1272.76 22.21378 21.73 TR1010 - MT15
213 1281.47 22.36583 21.72 TR1010 - MT15
214 1290.06 22.51578 21.71 TR1010 - MT15
215 1298.84 22.66896 21.74 TR1010 - MT15
216 1307.40 22.81836 21.75 TR1010 - MT15
217 1315.59 22.96134 21.73 TR1010 - MT15
218 1323.96 23.10738 21.75 TR1010 - MT15
219 1332.03 23.24826 21.74 TR1010 - MT15
220 1340.11 23.38929 21.76 TR1010 - MT15
221 1349.04 23.54511 21.77 TR1010 - MT15

19 | 21
2020-2021/Page 20 #MMD3019-N and MMD3023-
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222 1357.90 23.69982 21.76 TR1010 - MT15


223 1366.70 23.85341 21.78 TR1010 - MT15
224 1375.18 24.00141 21.76 TR1010 - MT15
225 1383.66 24.14942 21.78 TR1010 - MT15
226 1392.54 24.30440 21.79 TR1010 - MT15
227 1400.56 24.44445 21.77 TR1010 - MT15
228 1407.01 24.55698 21.66 TR1010 - MT15
229 1413.82 24.67581 21.79 TR1010 - MT15
230 1419.68 24.77802 21.82 TR1010 - MT15
231 1427.62 24.91666 21.80 TR1010 - MT15
232 1435.38 25.05210 21.81 TR1010 - MT15
233 1442.86 25.18265 21.81 TR1010 - MT15
234 1451.04 25.32549 21.82 TR1010 - MT15
235 1459.24 25.46861 21.83 TR1010 - MT15
236 1467.67 25.61563 21.86 TR1010 - MT15
237 1475.12 25.74576 21.35 TR1010 - MT15
238 1482.65 25.87715 21.80 TR1010 - MT15
239 1491.92 26.03884 21.87 TR1010 - MT15
240 1501.42 26.20471 21.89 TR1010 - MT15
241 1509.08 26.33848 21.86 TR1010 - MT15
242 1517.87 26.49178 21.88 TR1010 - MT15
243 1525.96 26.63295 21.88 TR1010 - MT15
244 1533.53 26.76518 21.87 TR1010 - MT15
245 1542.24 26.91709 21.92 TR1010 - MT15
246 1550.88 27.06789 21.89 TR1010 - MT15
247 1559.09 27.21128 21.89 TR1010 - MT15
248 1566.22 27.33569 21.84 TR1010 - MT15
249 1568.67 27.37842 21.02 TR1010 - MT15
250 1568.67 27.37842 20.80 TR1010 - MT15
251 1572.24 27.44069 21.95 TR1010 - MT15
252 1580.74 27.58911 21.94 TR1010 - MT15
253 1591.47 27.77635 22.01 TR1010 - MT15
254 1605.84 28.02726 22.01 TR1010 - MT15
255 1615.44 28.19481 22.02 TR1010 - MT15
256 1627.80 28.41054 22.02 TR1010 - MT15
257 1639.74 28.61886 22.01 TR1010 - MT15
258 1650.92 28.81391 22.02 TR1010 - MT15
259 1660.40 28.97951 21.84 TR1010 - MT15

20 | 21
2020-2021/Page 21 #MMD3019-N and MMD3023-
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260 1667.00 29.09470 21.97 TR1010 - MT15


261 1676.08 29.25304 21.98 TR1010 - MT15
262 1683.25 29.37828 21.96 TR1010 - MT15
263 1696.68 29.61258 22.06 TR1010 - MT15
264 1709.71 29.84002 22.05 TR1010 - MT15
265 1723.49 30.08060 22.06 TR1010 - MT15
266 1736.05 30.29982 22.04 TR1010 - MT15
267 1745.95 30.47254 22.02 TR1010 - MT15
268 1756.77 30.66145 22.09 TR1010 - MT15
269 1768.08 30.85874 22.06 TR1010 - MT15
270 1779.12 31.05142 22.07 TR1010 - MT15
271 1790.04 31.24202 22.08 TR1010 - MT15
272 1800.08 31.41725 22.07 TR1010 - MT15
273 1810.11 31.59234 22.09 TR1010 - MT15
274 1820.28 31.76994 22.11 TR1010 - MT15
275 1830.64 31.95076 22.11 TR1010 - MT15
276 1840.76 32.12725 22.09 TR1010 - MT15
277 1850.49 32.29717 22.10 TR1010 - MT15
278 1860.56 32.47296 22.12 TR1010 - MT15
279 1870.47 32.64582 22.10 TR1010 - MT15
280 1880.02 32.81254 22.11 TR1010 - MT15
281 1885.16 32.90218 21.84 TR1010 - MT15
282 1894.47 33.06470 22.08 TR1010 - MT15
283 1902.96 33.21284 22.11 TR1010 - MT15

Fig. 8: Microstructure of the failed surface obtained from Scanning


Electron Microscope (SEM). Magnification X2000.

21 | 21

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