Coordinates: 32.14306°N 35.

26062°E

Samaria
Samaria (/səˈmɛəriə/;[1] Hebrew: ‫שֹׁמְרוֹן‬, Standard Šoməron, Tiberian
Šōmərôn; Arabic: ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺮة‬, as-Sāmirah – also known as Jibāl
Nāblus, "Nablus Mountains") is a historical and biblical name used
for the central region of the ancient Land of Israel, bordered by
Galilee to the north and Judaea to the south.[2][3] For the beginning of
the Common Era, Josephus set the Mediterranean Sea as its limit to
the west, and the Jordan River as its limit to the east.[3] Its territory
largely corresponds to the biblical allotments of the tribe of Ephraim
and the western half of Manasseh; after the death of Solomon and the
splitting-up of his empire into the southern Kingdom of Judah and the Map of Samaria by J.G.
northern Kingdom of Israel, this territory constituted the southern part Bartholomew in 1894 book by
of the Kingdom of Israel.[2] The border between Samaria and Judea is George Adam Smith
set at the latitude of Ramallah.[4]

The name "Samaria" is derived from the ancient city of

Samaria, the second capital of the northern Kingdom of
Israel.[5][6][7] The name likely began being used for the
entire kingdom not long after the town of Samaria had
become Israel's capital, but it is first documented after its
conquest by Sargon II of Assyria, who turned the
kingdom into the province of Samerina.[5]

Samaria was revived as an administrative term in 1967,

when the West Bank was defined by Israeli officials as
the Judea and Samaria Area,[8] of which the entire area
north of the Jerusalem District is termed as Samaria.
Hills of Samaria, 2011
Jordan ceded its claim of the area to the Palestine
Liberation Organization (PLO) in August 1988.[9] In
1994, control of Areas 'A' (full civil and security control by the
Palestinian Authority) and 'B' (Palestinian civil control and joint
Israeli–Palestinian security control) were transferred by Israel to
the Palestinian Authority. The Palestinian Authority and the
international community do not recognize the term "Samaria"; in
modern times, the territory is generally known as part of the West
Bank.[10]

Contents
Etymology Site of Dothan where, according to the
Book of Genesis, Joseph was sold by his
Historical boundaries brethren
Northern kingdom to Hellenistic period
Roman-period definition
Geography
History
Israelite tribes and kingdoms
Assyrian period
Babylonian, Persian and Hellenistic periods
Roman period
New Testament references
Byzantine, Early Muslim, Crusader, Mamluk and
Ottoman periods
British Mandate
Jordanian period
Israeli administration
Archaeology
Ancient city of Samaria/Sebaste
Other ancient sites
Samaritans
See also
References
Bibliography
External links

Etymology
According to the Hebrew Bible, the Hebrew name "Shomron" is
derived from the individual [or clan] Shemer, from whom King
Omri (ruled 880s–870s BCE) purchased the hill on which he
built his new capital city (1 Kings 16:24).[11]

The fact that the mountain was called Shomeron when Omri
bought it may indicate that the correct etymology of the name is
to be found more directly, in the Semitic root for "guard", hence
its initial meaning would have been "watch mountain". In the
earlier cuneiform inscriptions, Samaria is designated under the
name of "Bet Ḥumri" ("the house of Omri"); but in those of
Tiglath-Pileser III (ruled 745–727 BCE) and later it is called
Samirin, after its Aramaic name,[12] Shamerayin.[6]
Village in Samaria overlooking historic
pool
Historical boundaries
There are variations in the geographical definition of Samaria during history.

Northern kingdom to Hellenistic period

In an early 20th century popular encyclopaedia, the Samaria region in the three centuries following the fall of
the northern kingdom of Israel, i.e. during the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian periods, is described as a
"province" that "reached from the [Mediterranean] sea to the Jordan Valley".[13]
Roman-period definition

The classical Roman-Jewish historian Josephus wrote:

(4) Now as to the country of Samaria, it lies between Judea and Galilee; it begins at a village that
is in the great plain called Ginea, and ends at the Acrabbene toparchy, and is entirely of the same
nature with Judea; for both countries are made up of hills and valleys, and are moist enough for
agriculture, and are very fruitful. They have abundance of trees, and are full of autumnal fruit,
both that which grows wild, and that which is the effect of cultivation. They are not naturally
watered by many rivers, but derive their chief moisture from rain-water, of which they have no
want; and for those rivers which they have, all their waters are exceeding sweet: by reason also of
the excellent grass they have, their cattle yield more milk than do those in other places; and, what
is the greatest sign of excellency and of abundance, they each of them are very full of people. (5)
In the limits of Samaria and Judea lies the village Anuath, which is also named Borceos. This is
the northern boundary of Judea.[3]

At the beginning of the Common Era, the boundary between Samaria and Judea passed eastwards of
Antipatris, along the deep valley which had Beth Rima (today's Beit Rima) and Beth Laban (today's Al-
Lubban al-Gharbi) on its southern, Judean bank; then it passed Anuath and Borceos, identified by Charles
William Wilson (1836–1905) as the ruins of ’Aina and Khirbet Berkit; and reached the Jordan Valley north of
Acrabbim and Sartaba.[14] Mount Hazor also stands at that boundary.

Geography
To the north, the area known as the hills of Samaria is bounded by the Jezreel Valley; to the east, by the Jordan
Rift Valley; to the northwest, by the Carmel Ridge; to the west, by the Sharon plain; and to the south, by the
Jerusalem mountains.

The Samarian hills are not very high, seldom reaching the height of over 800 metres. Samaria's climate is more
hospitable than the climate further south.

There is no clear division between the mountains of southern Samaria and northern Judaea.[2]

History
Over time, the region has been controlled by numerous different civilizations, including Israelites,
Babylonians, the classical Persian Empire, Ancient Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Crusaders, and
Ottoman Turks.[15]

Israelite tribes and kingdoms

According to the Hebrew Bible, the Israelites captured the region known as Samaria from the Canaanites and
assigned it to the Tribe of Joseph. After the death of King Solomon (c. 931 BC), the northern tribes, including
those of Samaria, separated from the southern tribes and established the separate Kingdom of Israel. Initially its
capital was Tirzah until the time of King Omri (c.884 BC), who built the city of Shomron and made it his
capital.

In the Bible, the city of Samaria, capital of the kingdom during the 9th and 8th centuries BCE, was
condemned by the Hebrew prophets for its "ivory houses" and luxury palaces displaying pagan riches.[16]
Assyrian period

In 726–722 BC, the new king of Assyria, Shalmaneser V, invaded the

land and besieged the city of Samaria. After an assault of three years, the
city fell and much of its population was taken into captivity and
deported.[17] Little documentation exists for the period between the fall
of Samaria and the end of the Assyrian Empire.[18]

It seems likely that many returned in 715 BC due to slave revolts that
Assyrian king Sargon was enduring.[19] Tremper Longman III suggests
that Ezra 4:2, 9–10 implies that later Assyrian kings also returned more
Israelites to Samaria.[20]

Babylonian, Persian and Hellenistic periods

Map of Israeli settlements
administered by the Shomron
Roman period Regional Council in the West
Bank
In AD 6, the region became part of the Roman province of Iudaea, after
the death of king Herod the Great.

New Testament references

The New Testament mentions Samaria in Luke 17:11–20, in the miraculous healing of the ten lepers, which
took place on the border of Samaria and Galilee. John 4:1–26 records Jesus' encounter at Jacob's Well with the
woman of Sychar, in which he declares himself to be the Messiah. In Acts 8:1 it is recorded that the early
community of disciples of Jesus began to be persecuted in Jerusalem and were 'scattered throughout the
regions of Judea and Samaria'. Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached and healed the sick
there.[21] In the time of Jesus, Iudaea of the Romans was divided into the toparchies of Judea, Samaria,
Galilee and the Paralia. Samaria occupied the centre of Iudaea (John 4:4). (Iudaea was later renamed Syria
Palaestina in 135, following the Bar Kokhba revolt.) In the Talmud, Samaria is called the "land of the
Cuthim".

Byzantine, Early Muslim, Crusader, Mamluk and Ottoman periods

British Mandate

During the Great War, Palestine was wrestled by the armies of the British Empire from the Ottoman Empire
and in the aftermath of the war it was entrusted to the United Kingdom to administer as a League of Nations
mandated territory. Samaria was the name of one of the administrative districts of Palestine for part of this
period. The 1947 UN partition plan called for the Arab state to consist of several parts, the largest of which
was described as "the hill country of Samaria and Judea."[22]

Jordanian period

As a result of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, most of the territory was unilaterally incorporated as Jordanian-
controlled territory, and was administered as part of the West Bank (west of the Jordan river).
Israeli administration

The Jordanian-held West Bank was captured and has been occupied by Israel since the 1967 Six-Day War.
Jordan ceded its claims in the West Bank (except for certain prerogatives in Jerusalem) to the PLO in
November 1988, later confirmed by the Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace of 1994. In the 1994 Oslo accords, the
Palestinian Authority was established and given responsibility for the administration over some of the territory
of West Bank (Areas 'A' and 'B').

Samaria is one of several standard statistical districts utilized by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics.[23] "The
Israeli CBS also collects statistics on the rest of the West Bank and the Gaza District. It has produced various
basic statistical series on the territories, dealing with population, employment, wages, external trade, national
accounts, and various other topics."[24] The Palestinian Authority however use Nablus, Jenin, Tulkarm,
Qalqilya, Salfit, Ramallah and Tubas governorates as administrative centers for the same region.

The Shomron Regional Council is the local municipal government that administers the smaller Israeli towns
(settlements) throughout the area. The council is a member of the network of regional municipalities spread
throughout Israel.[25] Elections for the head of the council are held every five years by Israel's ministry of
interior, all residents over age 17 are eligible to vote. In special elections held in August 2015 Yossi Dagan was
elected as head of the Shomron Regional Council.[26]

Israeli settlements in the West Bank are considered by the international community to be illegal under
international law, but the United States and Israeli governments dispute this.[27] In September 2016, the Town
Board of the American Town of Hempstead in the State of New York, led by Councilman Bruce Blakeman
entered into a partnership agreement with the Shomron Regional Council, led by Yossi Dagan, as part of an
anti-Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign.[28]

Archaeology

Ancient city of Samaria/Sebaste

The ancient site of Samaria-Sebaste covers the hillside

overlooking the Palestinian village of Sebastia on the eastern
slope of the hill.[29] Remains have been found from the
Canaanite, Israelite, Hellenistic, Herodian, Roman and Byzantine
era.[30]

Archaeological finds from Roman-era Sebaste, a site that was

rebuilt and renamed by Herod the Great in 30 BC, include a
colonnaded street, a temple-lined acropolis, and a lower city,
Samaria ruins, 1925
where John the Baptist is believed to have been buried.[31]

The Harvard excavation of Samaria, which began in 1908, was

headed by Egyptologist George Andrew Reisner.[32] The findings included Hebrew, Aramaic, cuneiform and
Greek inscriptions, as well as pottery remains, coins, sculpture, figurines, scarabs and seals, faience, amulets,
beads and glass.[33] The joint British-American-Hebrew University excavation continued under John Winter
Crowfoot in 1931–35, during which time some of the chronology issues were resolved. The round towers
lining the acropolis were found to be Hellenistic, the street of columns was dated to the 3–4th century, and 70
inscribed potsherds were dated to the early 8th century.[34]
In 1908–1935, remains of luxury furniture made of wood and ivory were discovered in Samaria, representing
the Levant's most important collection of ivory carvings from the early first millennium BC. Despite theories of
their Phoenician origin, some of the letters serving as fitter's marks are in Hebrew.[16]

As of 1999 three series of coins have been found that confirm Sinuballat was a governor of Samaria.
Sinuballat is best known as an adversary of Nehemiah from the Book of Nehemiah where he is said to have
sided with Tobiah the Ammonite and Geshem the Arabian. All three coins feature a warship on the front,
likely derived from earlier Sidonian coins. The reverse side depicts the Persian King in his kandys robe facing
down a lion that is standing on its hind legs.[35]

Other ancient sites

Dothan (ancient city), identified with Tel Dothan near Jenin
The Bull Site, an Iron I cult site
Nablus area:
Mount Gerizim, Samaritan and Byzantine ruins
Mount Ebal, Iron Age remains
Tell Balata, identified as biblical Shechem
Shiloh (biblical city), identified with Khirbet Seilun/Tel Shiloh
Tirzah (ancient city), the first capital of the northern Kingdom of Israel, identified with Tell el-
Far'ah (North)

Samaritans
The Samaritans (Hebrew: Shomronim) are an ethnoreligious group named after and descended from ancient
Semitic inhabitants of Samaria, since the Assyrian exile of the Israelites, according to 2 Kings 17 and first-
century historian Josephus.[36] Religiously, the Samaritans are adherents of Samaritanism, an Abrahamic
religion closely related to Judaism. Based on the Samaritan Torah, Samaritans claim their worship is the true
religion of the ancient Israelites prior to the Babylonian exile, preserved by those who remained in the Land of
Israel. Their temple was built at Mount Gerizim in the middle of the 5th century BCE, and was destroyed
under the Hasmonean king John Hyrcanus of Judea in 110 BCE, although their descendants still worship
among its ruins. The antagonism between Samaritans and Jews is important in understanding the Bible's New
Testament stories of the "Samaritan woman at the well" and "Parable of the Good Samaritan". The modern
Samaritans, however, see themselves as co-equals in inheritance to the Israelite lineage through Torah, as do
the Jews, and are not antagonistic to Jews in modern times.[37]

See also
Archevites
Samaritan Revolts
List of burial places of biblical figures
Ahwat
Judea and Samaria Area

References
1. churchofjesuschrist.org: "Book of Mormon Pronunciation Guide" (https://www.churchofjesuschri
st.org/study/scriptures/bofm/pronunciation?lang=eng) (retrieved 2012-02-25), IPA-ified from
 «sa-mĕr´ē-a»
2. "Samaria - historical region, Palestine" (https://www.britannica.com/place/Samaria-historical-re
gion-Palestine). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
3. Josephus Flavius. "Jewish War, book 3, chapter 3:4-5" (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/
josephus-wara.html). Fordham.edu. Retrieved 2012-12-31 – via Ancient History Sourcebook:
Josephus (37 – after 93 CE): Galilee, Samaria, and Judea in the First Century CE.
4. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia, 15th edition, 1987, volume 25, "Palestine",
p. 403
5. Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey, eds. (1990). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&q=samaria). Mercer University Press. pp. 788–789.
ISBN 9780865543737. Retrieved 31 May 2018. "Sargon ... named the new province, which
included what formerly was Israel,Samerina. Thus the territorial designation is credited to the
Assyrians and dated to that time; however, "Samaria" probably long before alteratively
designated Israel when Samaria became the capital."
6. "Online Etymology Dictionary" (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Samaria).
www.etymonline.com.
7. "Open Collections Program: Expeditions and Discoveries, Harvard Expedition to Samaria,
1908–1910" (http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/expeditions/reisner.html). ocp.hul.harvard.edu.
8. Emma Playfair (1992). International Law and the Administration of Occupied Territories: Two
Decades of Israeli Occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Oxford University Press. p. 41.
"On 17 December 1967, the Israeli military government issued an order stating that "the term
'Judea and Samaria region' shall be identical in meaning for all purposes ... to the term 'the
West Bank Region'". This change in terminology, which has been followed in Israeli official
statements since that time, reflected a historic attachment to these areas and rejection of a
name that was seen as implying Jordanian sovereignty over them."
9. Kifner, John (1 August 1988). "Hussein surrenders claims on West Bank to the P.L.O.; U.S.
peace plan in jeopardy; Internal Tensions" (https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/01/world/hussein
-surrenders-claims-west-bank-plo-us-peace-plan-jeopardy-internal-tensions.html). New York
Times.
10. Neil Caplan (19 September 2011). The Israel-Palestine Conflict: Contested Histories (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=JyAgn_dD43cC&pg=PT18). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-
1-4443-5786-8.
11. "This Side of the River Jordan; On Language" (https://www.forward.com/articles/131482/),
Forward, Philologos, 22 September 2010.
12. Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Samaria" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Jewish_Enc
yclopedia/Samaria). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
13. Finley, John H., ed. (October 1926). "Samaria" (https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.318580
33993563&view=1up&seq=756). Nelson's perpetual loose-leaf encyclopaedia: an international
work of reference. X. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons. p. 550. Retrieved 13 December 2020
– via HathiTrust Digital Library.
14. James Hastings (editor), A Dictionary of the Bible, Volume III: (Part II: O - Pleiades), "Palestine:
Geography", p. 652 (https://books.google.com/books?id=PJoFV6Et_0oC&pg=PA565),
University Press of the Pacific, 2004, ISBN 9781410217271
15. "Open Collections Program: Expeditions and Discoveries, Harvard Expedition to Samaria,
1908–1910" (http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/expeditions/reisner.html). ocp.hul.harvard.edu.
16. "The Ivories from Samaria: Complete Catalogue, Stylistic Classification, Iconographical
Analysis, Cultural-Historical Evaluation" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180321193020/http://w
ww.research-projects.uzh.ch/p4012.htm). www.research-projects.uzh.ch. Archived from the
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17. Free, Joseph P.; Vos, Howard Frederic (24 July 1992). Archaeology and Bible History (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=haVoe4n0ifIC&q=israelite+archaeology+samaria&pg=PA169).
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ttps://books.google.com/books?id=fXqLosxbxNIC&q=arabs+samaria&pg=PA104). BRILL.
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19. "2 Kings 17 Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers" (http://biblehub.com/commentaries/ellic
ott/2_kings/17.htm). biblehub.com.
20. Longman, Tremper; Garland, David E. (26 January 2010). 1 Samuel - 2 Kings (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=s4kTECuVa30C&q=israel+chronology++2+Kings+17%3A24-41&pg=PA90
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21. Acts 8:4–8
22. UN partition resolution (http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/un/res181.htm) Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20061029150108/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/un/res181.htm) 2006-
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cbs.gov.il/reader/cw_usr_view_Folder?ID=141). Archived from the original (http://www1.cbs.go
v.il/reader/cw_usr_view_Folder?ID=141) on 2012-02-04.
24. "Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs" (http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/1/
Central%20Bureau%20of%20Statistics).
25. "The Center for Regional Councils in Israel" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080929092958/htt
p://www.mhh.org.il/680/288.htm). Website. Archived from the original (http://www.mhh.org.il/68
0/288.htm) on 2008-09-29.
26. Hebrew. "Shomron Regional Council Website" (http://shomron.org.il/?CategoryID=1262&Articl
eID=2082).
27. "The Geneva Convention" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1682640.stm). BBC News.
10 December 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
28. Lazaroff, Tovah (16 September 2016). "In anti-BDS stand, Hempstead New York signs sister
city pact with settler council" (http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/In-anti-
BDS-stand-Hempstead-New-York-signs-sister-city-pact-with-settler-council-467880). Retrieved
24 July 2017.
29. Michael Hamilton Burgoyne and Mahmoud Hawari (May 19, 2005). "Bayt al-Hawwari, a hawsh
House in Sabastiya" (http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17419792). Levant. Council
for British Research in the Levant, London. 37: 57–80. doi:10.1179/007589105790088913 (http
s://doi.org/10.1179%2F007589105790088913). Retrieved 2007-09-14.
30. "Holy Land Blues" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060311002825/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2
006/776/feature.htm). Al-Ahram Weekly. 5–11 January 2006. Archived from the original (http://w
eekly.ahram.org.eg/2006/776/feature.htm) on 11 March 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
31. Wiener, Noah (6 April 2013). "Spurned Samaria: Site of the capital of the Kingdom of Israel
blighted by neglect" (http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/spurned-samaria/). Biblical
Archaeology Society. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
32. The Archaeology of Palestine, W.F. Albright, 1960, p. 34
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III and Hazor I". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 150 (150): 21–25.
doi:10.2307/1355880 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1355880). JSTOR 1355880 (https://www.jsto
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35. Edelman, Diana Vikander. The Origins of the Second Temple: Persian Imperial Policy and the
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36. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 9.277–91
37. "Keepers: Israelite Samaritan Identity Since Joshua bin Nun" (https://www.israelite-samaritans.
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Franklin, N. (2003). "The Tombs of the Kings of Israel". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-
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98–106.
Tappy, R. E. (2006). “The Provenance of the Unpublished Ivories from Samaria,” Pp. 637–56 in
“I Will Speak the Riddles of Ancient Times” (Ps 78:2b): Archaeological and Historical Studies in
Honor of Amihai Mazar on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday, A. M. Maeir and P. de
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External links
"Samaria" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Samaria).
Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 108.
Vailhé, Siméon (1912). "Samaria" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(191
3)/Samaria). Catholic Encyclopedia. 13.

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