EE18151-Basic Electrical and Electronics Eng UNIT-I

PERMANENT MAGNET MOVING COIL INSTRUMENTS (PMMC)

The Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instruments are used for DC measurements.

Principle: Motoring principle

When a current carrying coil is placed in the magnetic field produced by permanent
magnet, the coil experience a force and moves. The amount of force experienced by the coil
proportional to the current passing through it

As the coil is moving and the magnet is permanent, the instrument is called Permanent Magnet
Moving Coil Instruments. This basic principle is called D’Arsonaval Principle.
Construction:
It consists of Permanent Magnet, Moving coil, Iron core, Pointer with dial scale, Mirror, Spring
Balance, Spindle, Pivot and Jewel Bearing

Construction of permanent magnet moving coil

PMMC instrument

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Permanent Magnet: The shape of Permanent is horse-shoe and which providing magnetic field,

Moving coil: The moving coil is either rectangular or circular in shape. The coil is placed in uniform,
horizontal and radial magnetic field.

Iron Core: Spherical shaped iron core used for Circular coil and Cylindrical shaped iron core used
for rectangular coil.

Pointer with dial scale: The pointer is carried by spindle and it moves over a graduated scale. The
Pointer is light in weight so that it can deflect rapidly.

Mirror: To avoid Parallax error

Controlling Torque: Controlling is provided by the two phosphor bronze spring.

Damping Torque: Damping Torque is provided by the eddy current damping.

Torque equation:

The deflecting torque is given by,

𝐓𝐝 = 𝐍𝐁𝐀𝐈

Where Td = Deflecting torque in Nm

N = Number of turns in the coil
B = Flux density in Wb/m2
A = Area of coil in m2
I = Current in the moving coil in A

𝐓𝐝 = 𝐆𝐈

Where G = NBA

The controlling torque is produced by the spring and it is proportional to the deflection of
pointer

𝐓𝐂 = 𝐊𝛉

Where TC = Controlling torque in Nm

K = Spring Constant in Nm/rad

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At equilibrium condition:

𝐓𝐂 = 𝐓𝐝

Kθ = GI
G
θ = ( )I
K

𝛉𝛂𝐈

Thus the deflection is directly proportional to the current passing through the coil

Advantages:

1. Uniform scale
2. High accuracy
3. Low power consumption in the range of 25W to 200 μW
4. Torque to weight ratio is high. It result high accuracy.
5. Very high sensitivity
6. Provided effective damping
7. Free from hysteresis, external magnetic fields
8. The range of instruments can be extended

Disadvantages:

1. Suitable for DC measurements only.

2. High cost
3. Friction due to jewel-pivot suspension

MOVING IRON INSTRUMENTS (MI)

The moving iron instruments are used for both DC and AC measurements

The moving iron instruments are classified as

i) Moving iron attraction type instruments

ii) Moving iron Repulsion type instruments
a) Radial vane type
b) Co-axial vane type
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MOVING IRON ATTRACTION TYPE INSTRUMENTS

Principle: A Soft iron piece is placed in the magnetic field produced by the coil, and then the
soft iron piece is attracted towards the coil.

Construction:

❖ MI instruments consists of two coils then

1. Fixed Coil
2. Moving Coil

Moving iron attraction type instrument

❖ Fixed hollow cylindrical (or) Solenoid coil which carries operating current
❖ Movable soft iron piece is attached to the spindle
❖ Spindle is attached to the pointer which moves over a graduated scale
❖ The spindle is supported by Jewel bearings
❖ The number of turns in the coil is depends on range of the instruments.
❖ A light aluminum piston is attached to the moving system, it moves in the fixed chamber. The
chamber is closed at one end.

Controlling Torque: Controlling is provided by the spring.

Damping Torque: Damping Torque is provided by the Air friction.

MOVING IRON REPULSION TYPE INSTRUMENTS

Principle: These instruments have two vanes inside the coil, the one is fixed and another is movable

When the current flows in the coil, both vanes are magnetized and there is a force of
repulsion between the two vanes which causing the movement in moving vane

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There are two types of repulsion MI instruments

i) Radial vane type

ii) Co-axial vane type

RADIAL VANE TYPE INSTRUMENT:

Radial vane repulsion type instrument

❖ It consists of two vanes one is fixed vane and another one is movable vane
❖ The fixed vane is attached to attached to the coil
❖ The movable vane is attached to the spindle
❖ The pointer is attached to the spindle
Both the vanes are magnetized to the same polarity due to the current in the coil. Thus the
movable vane rotates under the repulsive force. As the movable vane is attached to the spindle,
the repulsion result in a rotation spindle. Hence the pointer moves over graduated scale. The
pointer deflection is directly proportional to the square of the current through the coil. So the
scale of the instrument not uniform in nature.

CO-AXIAL VANE TYPE INSTRUMENT:

It consists of two concentric vanes one is attached to the coil frame and another one
rotate co-axially inside the stationary vane.

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Concentric vane repulsion type instrument

Both the vanes are magnetized to the same polarity due to the current in the coil. Thus
the movable vane rotates under the repulsive force. As the movable vane is attached to the
spindle, the repulsion result in a rotation spindle. Hence the pointer move over graduated scale
the pointer deflection is directly proportional to the square of the current through the coil. So
the scale of the instrument not uniform in nature.

Torque equation:

The deflecting torque is given by,

𝟏 𝟐 𝐝𝐥
𝐓𝐝 = 𝐈
𝟐 𝐝𝐭

Where Td = Deflecting torque in Nm

I = Current in the moving coil in A
The controlling torque is produced by the spring and it is proportional to the deflection of
pointer

𝐓𝐂 = 𝐊𝛉

Where TC = Controlling torque in Nm

K = Spring Constant in Nm/rad

At equilibrium condition:

𝐓𝐂 = 𝐓𝐝

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𝟏 𝟐 𝐝𝐥
Kθ = 𝐈
𝟐 𝐝𝐭
𝟏 𝐈𝟐 𝐝𝐥
θ=
𝟐 K 𝐝𝐭

𝛉 𝛂 𝐈𝟐

Thus the deflection is directly proportional to the square of current passing through the coil

Advantages:

1. Used for both AC and DC Measurements

2. Error due friction is less
3. High accuracy
4. Torque to weight ratio is high. It result high accuracy.
5. Very high sensitivity
6. The range of instruments can be extended

Disadvantages:

1. Non Uniform scale

2. Errors due to hysteresis, external magnetic fields and frequency changes
4. Power consumption is high
5. Due to nonlinear B-H curve the deflecting torque is not exactly proportional to the square of
the current.

SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER

❖ Single phase energy meter is used to measure energy in Kilo-watt-hours (kWh)
❖ It is also called integrating instrument
❖ Induction type energy meter is used in domestic and industrial applications.

Construction:
There are four main parts
1. Driving system
2. Moving system
3. Breaking system
4. Registering system

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Induction type Single phase energy meter

1. Driving system:
It consists of two electromagnets whose core is made up of silicon steel laminations.
The two electromagnets are called series magnet and shunt magnet. The coil wound
over series magnet is connected series with load and its carries load current. This is
called current coil. The coil wound over shunt magnet is connected parallel to the
supply voltage and its carries current proportional to the voltage. This is called Pressure
coil.
2. Moving system:

It consists of a light aluminum disc and positioned between series and shunt magnets. It
is supported by the jeweled bearing. There are no spring and no controlling torque.

3. Breaking system:
A Permanent magnet is placed near the aluminum disc for breaking mechanism. When
the disc is moved in the field produced by the permanent magnet the breaking torque is
obtained. The breaking torque is adjusted by shifting the position of Permanent magnet.
4. Registering system:
It records number of revolution made by the aluminum disc. The spindle is connected to
the recording mechanism with gear box which record the amount of energy supplied.

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Working:

The pressure coil is wound over shunt magnet M2 which is connected across the supply
voltage and it carries current proportional to the supply voltage. The current coil is wound over series
magnet M1 which is connected series to the load and it carries load current. Both coil produce
alternating fluxes 𝛷1 and 𝛷2 respectively. These fluxes links with aluminum disc and induced emfs.
Due to this emf eddy current is induced in the disc. The flux 𝛷1 induced eddy current I1e and the flux
𝛷2 induced eddy current I2e. The torque T1 is produced due to interaction between 𝛷1 and I2e and
The torque T2 is produced due to interaction between 𝛷2 and I1e.

The breaking torque is proportional to the speed of disc N.

Let V = supplied voltage

I1 = current through the load
𝛷1 = flux produced by the I1
I2 = current proportional to the supply voltage V
𝛷2 = flux produced by the I2
E1 = induced emf in disc due to 𝛷1
E2 = induced emf in disc due to 𝛷2
I1e = Eddy current due to E1
I2e =Eddy current due to E2
Hence the net deflecting torque is
Td α T2 − T1

Td α Φ2 I1e cos (Φ2 ^I1e ) − Φ1 I2e cos (Φ1 ^I2e )

Now Φ2 ^Ise = Φ and Φ1 ^Ish = 180 − Φ

Td α Φ2 Ise cos Φ − Φ1 Ish cos (180 − Φ)

Td α Φ2 Ise cos Φ + Φ1 Ish cos Φ

Td α K1 V I1 cos Φ + K 2 V I1 cos Φ

Td α (K1 + K 2 )V I1 cos Φ

Td α KV I1 cos Φ
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𝐓𝐝 𝛂 𝐕 𝐈𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝚽 i.e. Power consumed by the load

Now the breaking torque is proportional to the speed of disc N

𝐓𝐛 𝛂 𝐍

For constant speed Tb = Td

N α V I1 cos Φ

𝐍 𝐭 𝛂 𝐕 𝐈𝟏 𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝚽 𝛂 𝐏𝐭

Number of revolution in time t 𝛂 Energy supplied

By counting the number of revolution electrical energy can be measured.

ELECTRODYNAMO TYPE INSTRUMENT

❖ Electro dynamo type instrument is used for both a.c and d.c measurements
❖ All other type of instrument need a.c calibration
❖ In this instrument d.c calibration is enough, this can used in a.c as well as d.c measurements.
❖ It is also called transfer instrument
❖ Used as a voltmeter, ammeter, watt meter, power factor meter and frequency meter.

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Construction:

Electrodynamo type instrument

Fixed coil:
❖ Fixed coil divided into two half
❖ Fine wire used for multimeter and voltmeter application
❖ Heavy wire is used for ammeter and watt meter application
Moving coil:
❖ It has one moving coil
❖ Moving coil mounted on a spindle and it carries pointer
❖ Pointer move over graduated scale.
❖ When the currents flows through two coil the deflecting torque act on the pointer
Control: spring control
Damping: Air friction damping

For ammeter fixed and moving coils are connected series and carry same current. A suitable
shunt resistance is connected to limit the current in the coils

For voltmeter fixed and moving coils are connected series with a high non-inductive resistance

For wattmeter fixed coil act as current coil and must connected in series with the load. The
moving coil act as a pressure coil or voltage coil must connect across the voltage.

When the current flows through these two coils the magnetic fields are produced. The
deflecting torque is produced due to interaction between these two fields.

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Torque equation:
Operation with D.C:
The deflecting torque is given by
𝐝𝐌
𝐓𝐝 = 𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐
𝐝𝛉
Where I1 = current in the fixed coil
I2 = current in the moving coil
M = mutual inductance between fixed and moving coil
The controlling torque is given by

𝐓𝐂 = 𝐊𝛉
Where K = Spring constant Nm / rad
Under equilibrium condition:
𝐓𝐝 = 𝐓𝐂
dM
Kθ = I1 I2
dθ
I1 I2 dM
θ=
K dθ

𝛉 ∝ 𝐈𝟏 𝐈 𝟐
Hence the deflection is directly proportional to the product of current in the fixed coil and moving
coil.

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