Participatory Innovetory of Non Timber Forest Product

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Rural Development

Toolkit Series Toolkit 2

Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber
Forest Products

ASIA NETWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE


AGRICULTURE AND BIORESOURCES (ANSAB)
Other ANSAB Rural Development
Toolkits in this series (2010)
Business Planning for Community Participatory Biodiversity
Based Natural Product Enterprises Monitoring in Community
This Toolkit offers skills, methods and Managed Forests
tools with which the field facilitators This Toolkit provides methods and tools
can support rural people to prepare needed to generate useful data to
and implement the business plan for periodically assess the biodiversity status
their enterprises. The purpose is to and to track the impact of community
build the capacity of facilitators and based forest management on biodiversity.
enterprise leaders on how they can The purpose is to derive important
support a rigorous process of planning lessons for improving management that
and successful operation of sustainable promotes the conservation of biodiversity
community-based natural product while maximizing the value of forest
enterprises. products and services.

Entrepreneurship development Development and Mobilization of


of Natural Resources Dependent Local Resource Persons
Communities This Toolkit focuses on the process
This Toolkit focuses on developing and methods of recruiting, training
entrepreneurial skills and capacities of and mobilizing local resource persons
local communities, especially the poorest (LRPs) so that development services
among them, to promote the development could be more effectively delivered in
of sustainable community based natural rural settings through locally available
product enterprises. The purpose is to provide human resource even beyond the
guidance in developing and implementing termination of a development project.
programs on developing entrepreneurship
skills and culture at the community level.

Marketing Information System for Certification of Community


Natural Products Managed Forests
This Toolkit focuses on the process This Toolkit focuses on group forest
of setting up a marketing information management certification. The major
system (MIS) program and the methods of objective of the toolkit is to provide
collection, processing and dissemination important methods and tools for
of information on markets and marketing developing and implementing the
of natural products. The objective is Forest Stewardship Council’s (FSC)
to provide guidance in developing group forest management certification
and implementing the MIS for natural so that the communities achieve a
products in order to enhance market position of getting recognition and
transparency and good value chain rewards for their good practices, while
governance. conserving the forest and biodiversity.

Chain of Custody Certification for


Community Forest Enterprises
This Toolkit provides field practitioners
and program managers with up to date
methods, tools and techniques for
obtaining and implementing the Forest
Stewardship Council’s (FSC) Group
Chain of Custody certification. The
purpose is to enable small companies
and cooperatives promote their certified
products in national and international
markets and get rewarded.
Rural Development
Toolkit Series Toolkit 2

Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber
Forest Products

ASIA NETWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE


AGRICULTURE AND BIORESOURCES (ANSAB)
2010
© ANSAB, 2010

Citation: ANSAB. 2010. Participatory Inventory of Non-Timber Forest Products. Asia Network for
Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources. Kathmandu, Nepal.

All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of information in this toolkit for educational,
research or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from
ANSAB provided the source is fully acknowledged. The reproduction of the information from this
toolkit for any commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission from ANSAB.

ISBN:978-99933-796-8-3

First edition: 2010

Designed and printed in Nepal


Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber iii
Forest Products

Preface

Rural development presents an immense Building on these insights, we have been


challenge both to theorists and practitioners producing a number of manuals, toolkits,
in the field. Many rural development and guidelines. This Rural Development
and conservation projects end up in utter Toolkit Series represents the continuation
frustration because they are not equipped of our attempt to present our learning to a
with effective methods and tools. ANSAB wide range of development practitioners.
itself has tried various approaches since its This Series consists of eight separate but
establishment in 1992. We have developed interrelated toolkits. These toolkits offer
a practical combination of environmental, practical guidance on the key methods
social and economic interventions that and tools that were developed, tested and
conserve biodiversity, create jobs and refined over the years by working with
provide income for the rural poor in local communities, development partners
remote but resource-rich areas of Nepal. and government agencies. These capture
The encouraging outcomes of these the experiential knowledge of dozens
interventions have led us to pursue the of people working for ANSAB and are
successful approaches over the past several published after a thorough field testing and
years. peer review. These toolkits are primarily
designed for field facilitators and managers
By 2009, we were able to organize and of development and conservation programs
develop 393 enterprise-oriented community who have some basic facilitation skills and
forest user groups and 1,166 economic experience of working with rural people.
entities, which generated US $6.82 million We are hopeful that the toolkits will prove
in annual total monetary benefits to useful to other rural development and
78,828 individuals and, at the same time, conservation programs, and consequently,
brought over 100,000 hectares of forests to a wider application of our fruitful
and meadows in Nepal Himalaya under approach. It is expected that users will
improved community management. When adapt the methods and tools presented here
applied properly under an enabling policy to work in different social contexts.
environment, this approach can transform This Toolkit “Participatory Inventory of
rural poor women and men into well Non-Timber Forest Products” provides
governed, organized entrepreneurs that are practical methods and tools to determine
capable of accessing the market as well as total stock and harvestable amount of
essential business development services. the selected NTFPs and derive specific
By creating economic incentives to local recommendations for forest management
stewards, the approach helps to reverse interventions. The objective is to provide
deforestation and enhance the stock of participatory inventory method that
natural wealth for improved and sustained provides a basis for sustainable forest
flow of ecosystem services and for climate management.. This toolkit is divided into
change mitigation and adaptation. 4 stages. A number of steps are suggested
iv

for each stage and a number of activities are staff (especially Indu Bikal Sapkota, Ram
recommended for each step. Practical tools P. Acharya, Netra Bhandari, Chandika
and considerations are provided along with Amagain, Gopal Sharma, Bishnu Luintel,
activities when required. Govinda Baral, Durga Regmi, Sony Baral,
We are thankful to the blue moon fund and Rijan Tamrakar), donors (USAID,
(bmf) for providing the grant that The Ford Foundation, IDRC), partners
allowed us to develop the Series and (EWV), NGOs and local communities
for encouraging us to translate ANSAB contributed to this methodology through
expertise into simple-to-use toolkits. their involvement in ANSAB programs.
The main contributors of the toolkit are Hari Dhungana, an experienced ANSAB
Bhishma Subedi, Shiva Shanker Pandey, technical expert, edited the Series.
Shambhu Charmakar, Sushil Gyawali and We welcome suggestions and feedback
Nabaraj Panta. Surya B. Binayee through from readers and users as we are very much
his work in ANSAB program contributed keen on periodically updating the toolkits
to the evolution and development of to make it more productive and useful.
the methodology. A number of ANSAB

Bhishma P. Subedi, PhD


Executive Director, ANSAB
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber v
Forest Products

Acronyms

AAH Annual allowable harvest


ANSAB Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources
CF Community forests
CFUG Community forest users’ group
cm centimeter
dbh Diameter at breast height
FMU Forest management unit
g gram
GIS Geographic information system
GPS Global positioning system
ha hectare
m meter
kg kilogram
NTFP Non-timber forest product
TFP Timber forest product
wt. weight
vi

Glossary

Annual allowable harvest: The amount of resins; insect and insect providers; and wild
forest products (e.g., the volume or number animals and birds.
of stems or plants) that can be removed
annually from a forest or from its block NTFP inventory: A measurement and
assessment of the existing stock and growth
Annual growth: An increment in the stock of NTFPs in a given area
of forest products in a forest over a year
Observation: A record (e.g. measurement of
Crown cover: A vertical projection of the height, girth, diameter, weight and number)
crown area of a species to the ground taken from sample unit
surface; it indicates the dominance of a
particular species in the forest Population: Total number of units or the
“universe” from which samples are taken
Density: Number of plants of a species
relative to the total number of all species Sampling: A way of taking a part of the
present in an area; it is often expressed in population or forest as a representative of
terms of percentage or fraction the whole

Facilitator: A person who supports the Stratification: Division of a forest or


local community and other groups to “population” into more or less homogenous
conduct a specific activity or a range of units in order to reduce errors in sampling
activities primarily in reference to the
objectives of a development program Total growing stock: The sum of the stock
(by number, volume, or weight) of all the
Frequency: Number of occurrence of a plant timber and NTFPs in a forest or its part
species in a particular area
Transect line: A line drawn in the map
Non-timber forest products: All goods of according to a pre-defined rule to represent
biological origin other than timber, fuel a route in the forest along which transect
wood and fodder derived from forest, walk will be carried out
grassland or any land under similar use;
includes medicinal and aromatic plants Transect walk: A walk along the transect
(MAPs); bamboo and rattan; nuts, fruits, line with which pre-defined observations
tubers and berries; grasses and leaves; are made and recorded.
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber vii
Forest Products

Table of Content

Preface ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii


Acronym ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ v
Glossary ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vi
Table of Content-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vii
About this toolkit--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

Stage 1: Get prepared--------------------------------------------------------------------- 3


Step 1: Prepare yourself-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Step 2: Build rapport and make a preliminary plan for inventory--------------------------- 3
Step 3: Prepare formats and arrange field equipment------------------------------------------ 4
Step 4: Provide orientation training to the inventory team------------------------------------ 5

Stage 2: Delineate forest boundary and Develop sampling design----------- 7


Step 1: Delineate forest area and prepare map--------------------------------------------------- 7
Step 2: Stratify and calculate area-------------------------------------------------------------------13
Step 3: Layout sampling plots on the map--------------------------------------------------------16

Stage Three: Carry out the measurement in the field---------------------------22


Step 1: Layout the sample plots on the ground--------------------------------------------------22
Step 2: Carry out measurement and recording--------------------------------------------------23

Stage Four: Compile, analyze and interpret the data---------------------------33


Step 1: Compile the data------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
Step 2: Enter the data-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
Step 3: Analyze the data-------------------------------------------------------------------------------34
Step 4: Interpret the data------------------------------------------------------------------------------36

Annexes -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39
viii
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 1
Forest Products

About this Toolkit

This toolkit provides methods and tools Objectives of the Toolkit


for carrying out the inventory of non- This toolkit provides practical methods
timber forest products (NTFPs). It provide and tools to determine total stock and
a basis for the sustainable management of harvestable amount of the selected NTFPs
NTFPs that supports both conservation of and other forest products. The objectives of
biodiversity and the generation of income the toolkit are to:
and employment for the rural people. • offer practical methods and tools for
Thus, in resource-rich areas, supporting participatory NTFP resource assessment
the sustainable management of NTFPs and data analysis; and
comprises an important aspect of rural • provide knowledge and skill to
development. determine annual harvestable quantity
of the products.
An important component of technical
support for the sustainable management Who is this Toolkit for?
of the forest is inventory. An inventory This toolkit is intended for field-level
involves determination of existing stock of facilitators and forest technicians involved
the forest products under consideration and in supporting sustainable management of
an estimation of their growth rate in order NTFPs. It will be also useful for researchers,
that prescriptions can be offered for their local resource persons, community leaders
management and utilization. The inventory and organizations that seek to get involved
of forest products is thus important to in community-based conservation and
develop forest management plan and for enterprise-oriented forest management,
its subsequent implementation. It is equally research and monitoring of commercial
useful for the initiation and operation of forest resources.
forest product based enterprises, as it is for
conservation activities. It is expected that a forest technicians,
suitably trained to work with local
This toolkit seeks to fill the gap experienced communities as a facilitator, will be able
by development as well as conservation to carry out the activities outlined in this
organizations on the practical methods and toolkit.
tools essential for the inventory of NTFPs.
It is primarily based on the experience What does this Toolkit contain?
of ANSAB over the past one and a half This toolkit is organized in four stages—
decade. It is expected that this toolkit will starting from preparatory work to the
be useful for those who want to support the analysis and interpretation of inventory
sustainable management of NTFPs as part data gathered through field process as
of their conservation or rural development given in Figure 1. Stage one describes
work. how the facilitators supporting local
communities in forest management should
prepare themselves and the community
2

Figure 1: Framework of the toolkit

Get Prepared Delineate forest


l Prepare yourself boundary
l Build rapport and and develop
make a plan for sampling design
Compile, analyze
inventory Carry out the
l Delineate and interpret
l Develop data measurement
species the data
collection formats effective area
and arrange field • Layout the
l Carry out
• Compile the data
equipment sample plots
stratification •Analyze the data
l Provode
on the ground
and area •Interpret the data
orientation • Measure and
calculation record the
training to l Layout the
community data
plots on the
members map

members for conducting inventory. The resources with extraction possibilities of a


stage two guides through the methods commercial scale. Specifically, it is designed
and considerations for developing and for carrying out NTFP inventory a) during
executing a sampling design for the timber focused resource inventory of
inventory. Similarly, stage three provides FMUs; and b) for specific purposes such
tools and techniques on how to measure as enterprise development, sustainable
NTFP species based on their parts used. harvesting, etc. It provides guidelines to
Finally, stage four presents the steps of assess the existing distribution of NTFPs
data analysis and interpretation that feed within the FMU, total stock and harvestable
into sustainable forest products utilization stock, and thereby provides important basis
and management. Each of the four stages for sustainable utilization and management
contained in this toolkit is described with of the resources. However, this module
suitable examples in order to provide does not provide detailed methods and
further clarity to the users of this toolkit. tools for the assessment of timber, as timber
inventory methods and tools are already
This toolkit is useful for those forest developed and are widely available.
management units (FMUs) that have NTFP
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 3
Stage One Get Prepared Forest Products

The stage one of this toolkit contains steps course on community facilitation.
and activities essential for preparation of
inventory. It starts with how the facilitator Finally, the facilitator should gather
should set the groundwork for carrying out information about the community and
detailed inventory in subsequent stages. It locality where inventory is planned. This
has four steps (see Figure 2). will make subsequent work manageable.

At the end of this stage, the following


outputs are expected:
• the facilitator is prepared for inventory; Figure 2: Steps of preparation phase
• major commercial NTFPs are identified
for a detailed inventory; Prepare yourself
• community members are prepared for
inventory work; and
• an action plan for forest inventory is Build rapport and make
a preliminary plan for inventory
prepared at the forest management unit
(FMU) level.
Develop data collection formats and
Step 1: Prepare yourself arrange field equipment
Before proceeding inventory, the facilitator
needs to do three major activities. First, while Provide orientation training
this toolkit is meant to be comprehensive, to the inventory team
it will be beneficial to collect more recent
experiences and methods on NTFP
inventory methods, techniques and tools. Step 2: Build rapport and make a
This toolkit should be studied in detail and preliminary plan for inventory
any government directive and inventory At the second step, the facilitator should
methods available from other sources build rapport with the community. This helps
should be reviewed. It is also important to develop a plan for inventory and subsequently
have training on the methods of using the conduct field activities. This step involves the
inventory instruments (if the facilitator does following activities.
not have prior experience about it). Another
toolkit on “Participatory biodiversity 2.1 Visit community leaders
monitoring in community managed forests” In the beginning, the facilitator needs to
published by ANSAB (2010) provides visit community leaders, including the
methods and tools that will also be useful for chairperson, secretary, treasurer, etc. of
inventory work. FMUs and share the purpose of the visit. In
these meetings, the facilitator and the local
Secondly, the facilitator should have skills leaders identify the major interest groups of
to work with the community. However, if the community that should be involved in
s/he has no prior experience working with inventory process. They should also fix the
community s/he should attend a training date of the meeting to prepare the preliminary
4

action plan for inventory. These visits and


discussions help facilitators familiarize with The number of species to be
community and encourage active participation selected for inventory depends
of the community in the inventory process. upon the purpose of inventory
itself. If the purpose is research
2.2 Prepare preliminary action plan for inventory
and species monitoring, number
As planned in the previous meetings, the
local leaders and facilitators arrange a
can be one or two, whereas if
meeting at the FMU level, with participation the purpose is commercializa-
of the individuals from major interest tion, number may be as high
groups including NTFP collectors, as the number of species that
pastoral communities and those who have have high market potential.
knowledge of forest resources and forest In ANSAB’s experience, on an
boundary. In the meeting, the following average, up to 10 NTFP spe-
four agenda will have to be discussed and cies may be selected for detail
decided: inventory in a community forest,
having a size of 100 hectares.
Agree on the purpose of inventory: The
facilitator should discuss with the community
members the purpose of inventory (e.g., of activities to be done in the inventory. The
commercialization, conservation, research activities identified in this toolkit provide a
or monitoring) and why it is important for reference of important activities.
the local people to participate in it. The local
leaders, members of interest groups and the Identify team members to carry out
facilitator should come up with the exact inventory: The facilitator should encourage
purpose and on how inventory of NTFPs the committee to form an inventory team
would support forest management. comprising 5-7 community members from
amongst those who depend on NTFPs
Select NTFPs for detailed inventory: and those who have knowledge of NTFPs.
On the basis of the purpose of inventory, These members will work closely with
community members should be encouraged the facilitator in inventory work. Few
to select the most important species additional members with reading and
for detailed inventory. If the purpose writing ability should also be selected. Table
of inventory is commercialization, the 1 provides the required number of members
facilitator and community members should in the team and their responsibilities.
refer and follow the chapter one page 5-11
of “Enterprise Development for Natural Steps 3: Prepare formats and
Products Manual”published by ANSAB for arrange field equipment
the selection of most prominent products. At the third step of stage one, the facilitator
should prepare formats for data collection and
List the activities to be carried out for the arrange equipment for the inventory work.
inventory: The meeting identifies broad level
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 5
Forest Products

TABLE 1: Responsibilities of members in inventory


Team member Title Responsibilities Equipment/ materials to be used

1 Team leader l Navigation to the plot l GPS or compass and tape


(forest technician or l Determine the plot edge and trees within the plots l Linear tape or measuring rope or Vertex IV
facilitator ) l Height measurement of trees l Clinometers or Vertex IV and linear tape
l Supervision of the team and work quality l Checklist of equipment and materials

2&3 Plot layer l Measurement, sample preparation for NTFPs l Poly bags, cloth bag, knife or sickle,
Sample measurer weighing machine

4&5 Diameter measurer l Diameter measurement l DBH tape


l Assist Team leader for determining the edge of the plot l Clinometer, Vertex IV, tape, slope correction table

6 Record keeper l Record keeping of all the measures done within the plot l Forms, pen, pencil

3.1 Prepare formats for data collection


It is advisable to make
The facilitator should prepare formats for
measurements with new
data collection as per the categories of NTFPs
to be inventoried as given in stage three of equipment f such as vertex IV and
this toolkit. The inventory format for timber Transponder, Densiometer, Silva
is given in Annex 2 and other formats are Survey Master, if available.
available in stage three. However, in this
stage, the facilitator can modify the formats Step 4: Provide orientation training to the
as per inventory objectives and make inventory team
required copies by printing or photocopying. The facilitator should provide training and
orientation to the community members to make
3.2 Arrange inventory equipment them capable to conduct forest inventory. The
Now the facilitator arrange field main contents of the orientation are:
measurement equipment for the inventory • What is a forest product (timber and NTFP)?
work. All instruments (Table 2) should • What is NTFP inventory? What is its
be collected early on so that they can general method?
be checked and calibrated in advance. • What are the major objectives of forest
The facilitator has to ensure that every resource inventory?
instrument is functioning well, so • What is the process of participatory forest
that fieldwork can move without any resource inventory?
disturbance. Similarly, a complete checklist • What tools and equipment are used in
should be prepared for ensuring that no inventory and how?
instrument is left behind. • How to record the measurements?
• What formats are used in forest resource
inventory?
6

TABLE 2: List of instruments and materials required to carry out NTFP inventory
For Equipment/material Purpose

Boundary • Topographic map • Forest boundary delineation and stratification


delineation • GPS (GPS Map 60CSx, Garmin) or compass • Boundary survey, stratification and locating plots
and area • Length measuring tape/Pedometer/DMU • Distance measurement (one survey station to next survey station)
calculation • Transparent grid sheet • Tracing the map and for forest area calculation

laying out • GPS • Sample plots navigation


the plots and • Rope • Plot boundary delineation
measurement • Length measuring tape • Locating plot boundary and distance measurement
• Diameter tape • Measuring diameter of the tree at breast height
• Clinometers or Silva survey master • Measuring the ground slope, top and bottom angle to the tree
• Vertex IV and Transponder • Measuring tree height and establishing circular plots without the use of tapes and clinometers
• Densiometer • Measurement of canopy cover or canopy density
• Kuto (spade) • Digging samples
• Plastic bags • Collect and weigh the sample (root, rhizome, leaf, bark, fruit and flowers and whole plants
• Knife or sickle • Cutting and collection of NTFP sample
• Scissors • Cutting herbs, fruits, leaves and other parts of plants
• Weighing machine • Weighing herbs, grasses and leaf litters
• Data recording formats • Recording the measured variable of timber and non-timber species

This orientation training provides


knowledge and skill of measurement and
recording of data. During the orientation It is better if the team members remain
training, the field team should also develop same throughout the process of forest
a practical action plan including activities, resource inventory. In doing so, most
responsible person and time frame (see of team members acquire adequate
Table 3 for sample action plan used by knowledge, thus developing themselves
ANSAB in Nepal). Responsibilities of the as local resource persons (LRPs) who
team member should be divided on the can later conduct forest resource
basis of their individual capacities, interest inventory on their own.
and commitment.

TABLE 3: Sample of action plan


S.N. Activities Responsible person Time
1 Participatory resource mapping Community members and facilitator 1 March
2 Forest boundary mapping and species effective area calculation Facilitator and community member 3-10 March
2 Sampling design Facilitator and community members 10-15 March
3 Plot lay out in the ground Facilitator and community members 20 Mar-10 April
4 Measurement and recording Facilitator and community members
…... ……………..
10 Data analysis and interpretation Facilitator and community members Up to April 25
Delineate Forest Participatory
Inventory of
7
Stage Two Boundary and Develop Non-timber
Forest Products

Sampling Design

The stage two of this toolkit guides you • forest area with its boundaries is
through the delineation of forest boundary mapped;
and development of the sampling • forest strata and/or blocks are identified
design. These two activities are carried and delineated;
out immediately before the actual field • NTFP effective area is delineated;
measurement. This stage has three steps • number of sample plots for detailed
(Figure 3). It starts with the delineation measurement is identified; and
and mapping of the boundary of the forest • forest map and tables with the details of
for which inventory is planned. At the sample plots are worked out.
second step, effective areas for the species
are identified for detailed inventory are Step 1: Delineate Forest Area
delineated. The third step provides methods and Prepare the Map
and tools for stratification of the forest—as 1.1 Carry out participatory resource
stratified systematic sampling is commonly mapping
used in forest inventory—and calculation of The following activities are carried out for
area of the whole forest as well as the strata. resource mapping:
Finally, at the fourth step describes about • gather the inventory team and other
how to lay out the sample plots on the map. FMUs members who have knowledge
These steps lead the inventory team to be of forest and forest resources and are
prepared for field measurement. interested to participate in resource
mapping;
Thus this stage is primarily focused on • identify a suitable area spot close to
developing the sampling design. By the the forest from where whole forest and
end of this stage, the following outputs are village is visible;
expected: • explain the purpose and process
of participatory mapping to the
community members;
• choose two community members to
Figure 3: process of sampling design draw the forest boundary and block
division on the map;
Delineate forest boundary • gather the material (e.g. sticks, stones,
and prepare map wood ash, flowers, leaves, and other
material that are available locally) to
Stratify and calculate area develop the participatory resource
mapping (brown sheet and marker pens
of various colors can be used);
Layout sample plots on the map • use symbols to indicate different land
uses, etc. as symbols provide easier
visual reference;
• support participants to find the north
direction first and sketch the boundary
with that direction as base;
8

• facilitate to prepare sketch map showing


the forest resources, topographic Use topo map if the boundary
features (river, terrain structures), survey is impossible due to terrain,
community and physical infrastructure topography and large forest area,
including road and foot trails (see Figure and under limited human resource
4); and time. ANSAB experience shows
• support to sketch the potential habitat of that the use of topographic map
commercially important NTFP species;
is suitable for those FMUs which
• discuss with community members the
prominent features of forest—NTFP
have forest area larger than 500
distribution, difference of topography hectares.
and other physical features and how
that would shape inventory design; and However, for large forest area (bigger than
• transfer the participatory map—either 500 hectares) it is better to use topographic
copy it by drawing in a plain sheet of map or high resolution satellite image for
paper or take a photograph showing all mapping forest area and blocks. All the
details for future reference. methods are described below.

1.2 Conduct Forest Boundary Survey and GPS survey: GPS (GPS Map 60CSx,
Prepare Map Garmin) is one of the modern and
Forest boundary survey and mapping is not prominent tools for boundary survey and
necessary if forest map is already available. mapping. With GPS, tracking is performed
If map is not available, a boundary survey to survey the forest boundary and block
needs to be carried out. Forest blocking division. For this the facilitator should first
should also be conducted simultaneously. learn about handling the GPS receiver, unit
For small-sized forest with area less than set up to mark location of forest boundary
500 hectares, a) GPS survey method, or and mapping. The process is given in Box 1,
b) compass survey method can be used. 2, and 3.

Figure 4: Participatory resource mapping

It is the process of dividing a


forest into a number of blocks.
It is useful for prescribing forest
management activities. Some
basic criteria of blocking are:
• permanent natural features (river,
road and ridge);
• objective of forest management; and
• forest type (conifer, broadleaved,
grass land, shrub land).
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 9
Forest Products

Box 1: Procedure for handling GPS receiver

How to Setup GPS (GPS Map 60CSx, Garmin)


• Go to Main Menu page pressing Page Key (there
are six pages: Satellite page, Trip composer,
Map page, Compass, Altimeter and Main Menu).
• Highlight Setup Menu and press Enter Key.
When the setup page is displayed, highlight
System icon and press Enter again.
• Set the following system setup using Roger Key:
GPS –Normal
WAAS/EGNOS – Disabled
Battery Type – Alkaline
Text Language – English
External Power Lost – Turn Off
Proximity Alarms – On.
• Quit this page using Quit Key.

Box 2: Procedure for setting up of the unit

Unit set up (GPS Map 60CSx, Garmin)


Unit set up is an important step and can be done as per following
instructions:
• In the Setup Menu page, highlight the Units icon, and press Enter.
• Set the following Units Setup using Roger Key
n Position Format – Users UPS (chose a coordinate system

according to your working area)


n Map Datum – India Bangaladesh (it is a description of

geographic location for surveying, mapping and navigation for


Nepal). However it may change on your Availability and location.
n Distance/Speed – Matrices

n Elevation (vert. Speed) – Meter

n Depth – Meter

n Temperature – Celsius/Fahrenheit

n Pressure – Millibars.
10

Box 3: Process for marking location and delineating boundary using GPS and GIS

Marking Current Location (GPS Map 60CSx,


Garmin)
• To quickly capture your current location, press
and hold the Mark Key until the Mark Waypoint
page appears.
• At the top of the screen, a 3 digit Waypoint name
appears as a default: highlight it and press the
Enter key.
• Use the Rocker to enter the name of captured
Waypoint and press OK on the keyboard (You can
also edit the Waypoint and manually load new
waypoint using this page). Press OK at the bot-
tom right of the Mark Waypoint page and then
press quit to exit.
• To find the waypoint press Find Key to open the
Find Menu
• Highlight the Waypoint icon and press Enter.
• Highlight any Waypoint and press Enter, infor-
mation of selected waypoint is displayed.

If software is unavailable, geographic coordinates


(latitude, longitude and altitude) of each GPS point
must be recorded as provided in Table 4 for manual
mapping.

TABLE 4: The format for recording geographic position of each GPS point
GPS point (SN) Latitude Longitude Elevation (m) Remarks
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 11
Forest Products

After the forest boundary or individual down menu; then choose File or Arc
forest blocks within the forest area are View or Arc Map Shapefile to save data.
tracked using GPS (e.g. GPS Map 60CSx, • Choose save in directory; give the file
Garmin), we can directly download the name and click Save.
recorded data from GPS to computer using
GIS softwares like Arc View 3x or Arc GIS Now the data downloading is complete and
9x or DNR Garmin or GPS Utility, etc. Map data is saved.
can be prepared map using GIS software as
described below. Process of creating polygon and
calculating area With Arc View GIS
Process of Downloading GPS data using • Open Arc View and add the saved point
DNR-Garmin: or line data theme. Then, go to File
• Switch on your GPS and connect with menu, when drop down menu exists
PC through data cable. click Extensions. When Extensions
• Open DNR-Garmin; go to Menu bar window opens, check in XTools
and click Waypoint to download point Extensions.
feature and click Track to download • Click on XTool menu, drop down menu
tracking data. appears. There are options to convert
• When download is completed the Point to Polyline, Point to Polygon, and
window appears with table as shown in Polyline to Polygon. Using these options
Figure 5. polygon from point or from polyline can
• Select desired waypoint or track and go be made.
to File Menu; click Save to from drop
Figure 6: Map of forest with blocks
Figure 5: Downloading data in Dnr-garmin
12

TABLE 5: Format for boundary survey using compass (Silva)


Station No. Fore bearing (0) Back bearing (0) Slope distance (m) Slope (0) Remarks

• Edit your point, line or polygon theme method. With the help of these instruments,
using Start Editing mode from Theme direction and lengths of the survey line
menu. When editing is complete do not and its slope are measured and recorded in
forget to Save Edits and Stop Edits. surveyors’ field book as given in Table 5.
• To create polygon go to the XTool
menu again and select Calculate Area, The information (direction and distance)
perimeter, Length…. from drop down is plotted on grid sheet fixing the scale for
menu and Click showing as shown in map. While the forest map is developed, its
Figure 6. It automatically calculates the area can be calculated from the grid sheet
area and length of selected theme. To see and tracing paper or transparent grid sheet
the calculated value, Open Theme Table alone.
from Toolbar.
• Now you can also prepare a map of Forest area calculation: After plotting the
given area using appropriate layout direction and distance of survey stations,
template. the area of forest is calculated in the
following way:
If GIS softwares are not available, the • overlay transparent grid sheet on the
coordinates (latitude and longitude) of each base map (area delineated map sheet).
GPS point can be recorded as given in Table If there is no transparent grid sheet,
4. These coordinates are plotted on the grid first the delineated map is traced and
sheet or transparent grid sheet. Finally overlaid over the graph paper;
these GPS points are connected to form a • count and mark the number of grid cell
polygon. Then the area of polygon (forest covered by each strata;
and forest blocks) is calculated using the • calculate the area covered by a grid
same process as for compass survey. cell using the scale of the map and unit
given in the grid sheet i.e. cm;
Compass survey: It is one of the well- • convert the area of a grid cell (cm2) into
known methods of boundary delineation hectare; and
and mapping. It is cheap and easy to • multiply the area of a grid cell by
handle; why most of the FMUs have been number of grid cell counted in each
using it since long time. Silva compass, block so as to calculate the area covered
linear tape and ranging rod are used in this by each block and whole forest.
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 13
Forest Products

homogeneous units so that inventory


1.3 Forest mapping using topographic map provides accurate result. Stratification of
Forest boundary is delineated on forest is based mainly on the following
topographic map or satellite image in the criteria:
active participation of the community • altitude;
members: • diameter group of dominant forest
• select a location from where most parts species;
of the forest are visible; • composition of the species i.e. conifer
• place the topographic map in the center forest, broad leaved forest, mixed forest
of the community members; and grassland and others; and
• ask with community members to fix • aspect and position of hill slopes.
the north on the map then describe the
process of delineation; and The strata may be whole forest alone (e.g.
• provide pencil for a person and facilitate in even-aged plantation or in small-sized
to delineate the boundary of forest and forest) or a number of blocks if the forest
forest blocks. is heterogeneous in terms of species, age,
or topographic conditions. Carry out
During this stage, the facilitator needs to the following activities in a community
cross-verify the area repeatedly asking with meeting:
community members with respect to some • orient the participants about the process
permanent natural features. of stratification;
• After completing the boundary • provide pencil to a person and facilitate
delineation in topographic map or
satellite image, the facilitator should Figure 7 Stratification focusing timber resources
map the forest.
• Finally, the area of forest and forest
blocks is calculated using the similar
process mentioned for compass survey.

Step 2: Stratify and Calculate the


Area
The second step of this stage discusses how
to divide the forest into a number of strata.
The strata increase accuracy and can serve
as blocks in the forest management plan.

2.1. Stratification focusing on timber


resources
Once the forest and forest blocks have
been delineated and mapped, it is essential
to stratify the areas to make more or less
14

to delineate non-timber forest product


(NTFPs) area and timber area first
(during this stage, facilitator needs to A forest can have several habitats
cross verify the area repeatedly asking and a single habitat may have
with the community member); multiple NTFP species. The
• facilitate to delineate the forest facilitator needs to mark and
into different strata (more-or-less stratify the NTFPs area based on
homogeneous units) based on the above NTFP species composition, for
criteria (the divisions may include tree example- a stratum of Sunpati,
strata, pole strata and regeneration
Dhupi, Jatamansi and Nirmasi in
strata based on diameter class; or conifer
high mountains; Lokta, Argeli,
forest strata, broad-leaved forest strata,
mixed broad-leaved and conifer strata Wintergreen, Sugandhawal and
and non-tree (grass and shrub) strata Satuwa in Mid hills; and strata
based on species composition); and of single species. The habitat of
• use color pen to mark the stratum types selected NTFP species may be
clearly and distinctly (Figure 7). within a block or within two or more
blocks.
2.2. Stratification of the NTFP area
Generally, NTFP species are found in
specific habitats or sites of the forest. stratify the forest accurately. The inventory
The NTFP area of selected species in the team should conduct the following
forest is delineated to identify accurate activities for the stratification of forest
habitat boundary to carry out detailed focusing on NTFPs:
inventory of these species. The area of • keep the base map (e.g. survey map or
commercial NTFPs is delineated on forest topographic map) in the center stage
map (Topo map, compass survey map, of the participants and facilitate to
high resolution satellite image, etc) and the delineate the NTFP habitat in the map;
area so delineated is called NTFP area. The and
NTFP area of a particular forest is further • facilitate the community members to
stratified on the basis of one or more of the delineate the strata where large number of
following parameters: commercially important (selected) species
• species composition i.e. tree, shrub and are growing together and go on to areas
herb non-timber forest products; with lesser number of species using color
• aspect and position of hill slopes of pen on the base map.
forest; and
• altitude of the forest. Accordingly, the inventory team can have
various strata, e.g. strata of multiple NTFPs
However, these criteria need to be species (herbs, shrubs and tree) or of only
discussed with participants (community multiple herb species or single herb species or
members including inventory field team) to single shrub species (Figure 8).
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 15
Forest Products

2.3. Verification of the NTFP area and strata Figure 8: Delineation of NTFP strata and area calculation
To verify the NTFP area and its stratification,
the inventory team conducts a transect walk
on the sample sites of the forest. Sampling
sites should be accessible in a short period
of time. The following activities should be
carried out:
• select sample sites and agree on the
suitable route for a transect walk in the
selected species effective area;
• undertake the transect walk; observe
the species effective area and species
distribution;
• verify and correct the boundary of the
effective area on the map if necessary;
and • count and mark the number of grid
• finalize delineation of the effective area cells covered by delineated area of each
of selected NTFP species. stratum; and
• calculate the area covered by a grid cell
2.4. Block area calculation and each stratum using the same process
After verification, the facilitator has to as mentioned for compass survey.
calculate the area of each stratum. The area
is calculated as follows: If there is GIS program, then area can be
• overlay transparent grid sheet on the calculated directly using the process described
forest map; for forest boundary survey using GPS.

Example of area calculation


Grid sheet is in cm unit
Map scale: 1:10000 or 1 cm = 10000 cm
Area of a grid cell (1cm2) = 10000 X 10000 cm2

= (10000 ×X 10000) / (100×X 100) m2
=10000 m2
= 10000 m2 / 10000
= 1 ha
Total grid cell counted on Lokta and Wintergreen (L+D) strata = 15.5 ha
Total area covered by L+D strata = area of a grid cell ×X total grid cell counted within strata
= 1 X×15.5
= 15.5 ha
16

Step 3: Layout sample plots on the


Box 4: Why stratified systematic sampling?
map
Stratified systematic sampling is commonly
• Easy to design
used in forest inventory. This design is
• Easily understood by community mem-
easy to understand and to measure forest
bers
products in the participation of local people
• Saves time and human resources
(Box 4). Activities to be completed for plot
• Scientific and accurate
layout and distribution are described below.
• Suitable even in a map that does not in-
clude geographic position i.e. compass
3.1 Determine sampling intensity
survey map (most of the CFs’ maps in
Sampling intensity may range form 0.01-1%.
Nepal have been developed in the similar
In case of tree-NTFPs; use 0.1 to 1 percent;
manner)
0.1 to 0.5 percent for shrub-NTFPs; and 0.01 -
0.05 percent for herb-NTFPs (Table 6). But in
the case of timber, please refer the sampling

Example: Sample size calculation


Sample size for whole forest
• Total area of CF = 200 ha
• Sample intensity = 0.5%
Total area of CF (ha) x intensity
• Sample size for whole forest =
100
200 x 0.5
=
100

= 1 ha = 10000 m2
Sample size for L+D strata
• Area of Lokta and Wintergreen (L+D) strata = 15.5 ha
• Sampling intensity = 0.5%
• Sample size for L+D strata= Total area of strata (ha) x intensity
100
15.5 ha x 0.05
=
100
= 0.0775 ha = 775 m2
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 17
Forest Products

TABLE 6: Sampling intensity for various life forms of NTFPs


Forest size Sampling intensity (%) for various life forms of NTfps Remarks
Trees (timber or non-timber) Shrubs (non-timber) Herbs
<100 ha 1 0.5 0.05 - 0.1
100-500 ha 0.5 0.5 0.05
>500 ha 0.1 - 0.5 0.1 0.01

intensity as given in “Inventory Guideline A 500 m2 plot with 12.62 m radius is used
2061” published by Department of Forest, for mature tree species while the 100 m2
Government of Nepal. plot with 5.64 m radius is used for pole size
tree and shrub measurement. For herb, 4
Sample size m2 plots with radius 1.128 m are used in
Using sampling intensity, we can calculate general (see Table 7).
sample size (area in hectare) as follows:
• take sampling intensity; Sample plot types differ with the life form
• multiply total species effective area by and product category. Three different plot
sampling intensity and divide by 100; sizes of 500 m2, 100 m2 and 4 m2 for mature
and trees (>30 cm dbh), pole size trees (10 - 30
• repeat the same process to calculate the cm dbh) and shrubs, and 4 m2 for herbs and
sample size of each selected species. regeneration can be used respectively. For
example, if the different forms of NTFP species
Size of the sample plot
Size of the sample plot depends upon the
life forms of the plants i.e. herbs, shrubs If the herbs are highly scattered,
and trees. A circular (of various radii) the plants may not be covered
or rectangular sample plot can be used. in sample plots of 4 m2. So, it is
However, circular plot is preferred as it sometimes advisable to take the
is relatively trouble-free to establish and sample plots of 25 m2.
more accurate (with less ‘boundary error’).

TABLE 7: Sample plot size for different forms of NTFPs


SN Form Size of plot Dimension for Radius for Remarks
of NTFPs rectangular plot circular plot
1 Herbs 4 m2 2mX2m 1.128 m
25 m2 5 m X 5 m 2.820 m
2 Shrubs 100 m2 10 m X 10 m 5.640 m
3 Trees 500 m2 20 m X 25 m 12.620 m For trees having dbh >30 cm
100 m2 10 m x 10 m 5.640 m For trees having dbh 10 - 30 cm
4 m2 2 m x 2 m 1.128 m For trees having dbh <10 cm

Composite and single sample plots (rectangular and circular)


18

Figure 9: Plots size for trees, shrubs and herbs

Composite and
single sample plots

Size of plots 500 m2, 100 m2 & 4 m2 100 m2 and 4 m2 4 m2


Plant form to be measured Tree, shrub, herb species Shrubs and herb species Herb species

are growing i.e. herbs (Jatamansi) and shrubs • decide the size (area) of sample plots for
(Sunpati); or herbs (Satuwa), shrubs (Timur) each stratum; and
and tree (Juglans regia) in the same strata, take • calculate the number of sample plots for
composite plots according to their life forms. In all products dividing total sample size
case of strata having single herbs species, take (area) by area of a sample plot, i.e.
a single plot of 4 m2 as shown in Figure 9.
No. of sample Area of strata (ha)×sampling intensity (%)×100
plot for a strata (n) =
3.2 Calculate the number of sample plot size of sample plot (m2)
Based on sampling area and sample plot
size, the number of sample plots for can be Similarly, calculate the required number of
calculated as following: sample plots for all strata of timber and all
• take a total area of required sample size life forms of NTFPs separately. See Table 8
(in hectare) for timber strata and NTFP for reference.
species strata;

Example: Sample plot determination


Sample plot to be taken for whole forest
Total forest area = 200 ha (Tree dominant forest)
Sampling intensity = 0.5 %
Sample size = 1ha = 10000 m2
Sample plot size = 100 m2
Area of strata 10000 m2
Number of sample plots for whole forest = = = 100
Sample plot size 100 m2
Sample plot to be taken for L+D strata
Area of L + D strata =112.5 ha
Sample size for L+D strata = 0.0775 ha = 775 m2
Sample plot size for Lokta = 100 m2
Area of strata 775 m2
Total number of sample plots for L+D Strata = = = 7.75≈= 8
Sample plot size 100 m2
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 19
Forest Products

TABLE 8: Number of sample plots Figure 10: Laying out transect line in map
Strata No. Number of sample plot for inventory Remarks
Tree Shrub Herb


3.3 Distribute the plots on map and prepare


field index table
The following activities are carried out to
distribute the sample plots on map:
• identify the very steep and rocky area
which is impossible for transect walk
and such area should be removed
during the distribution of plot in map; For shrub species:
• draw the transect line in each strata in • Find the number of remaining sample
the distance of 100 to 500 m considering plots where shrub and herbs will be
NTFPs species but representing all measured as per following formula.
plants forms in participatory way as No. of plots to
shown in Figure 10; measure shrub and herbs (Nsh) = Total no. of shrub plots (Ns) - No. of tree plots
• calculate the total length of the transect
line on map and ground for each NTFP • Now distribute the rest of the sample
and tree strata and whole forest area, plots of shrub strata calculating the
separately multiplying total length of plot to plot distance dividing the total
transect line in map by the value given transects line measured within area of
in scale of map; shrub strata (where shrubs, herbs and
• calculate the plot to plot distance for regeneration are measured).
according to tree, shrubs and herbs Total length of transect in a strata (m) - Total length of
species; transect intercepted by tree composite plots (m)
Plot to plot distance (m) =
Total sample plots required for shrub species - total
For tree species: sample plots overlapped in tree composite plots
• Calculate the plot to plot distance for
trees by dividing the total transect line For multiple herbs’ strata:
measured in its effective area by the • Find out the number of sample plots
number of composite sample plots as remained to be measured for each herb
calculated above for trees and distribute products in its stratum area by deducting
them along transect lines. the number of overlapped sample plots
during the tree and shrub measurement.
Total length of transect line in a strata (m)
Plot to plot distance (m) =
Total number of sample plots No. of plots to measure
multiple herbs (Nmh) = Total no. of multiple herb plots - Total no. of shrub plots
20

TABLE 9: Plot to plot distance for variety of plant life form


Name of Life form Number of sample Plot to plot Number of sample
Strata or products plots/size distance (m) plots overlapped
Step first: Distribute sample plots for timber forest products
Tp Timber forest products XX XX Xx shrub plots and xx
herbs plots
Step second: Distribute the sample plots for shrub-non-Timber forest products
Sp Shrub products XXX X Xx herb plots
Step Third: Distribute the sample plots for herbs-non-timber forest products
h1, h2 & h3 Herbs XXXX x
h1 & h2 Herbs XXXX x
h1 & h3 Herbs XXXX x
h2 & h3 Herbs XXXX x
h1 herb XXXX x
h2 herb XXXX x
h3 herb XXXX x

• Now, distribute the number of sample Develop index table, and fix entry
plots in overlapped area of different and exit points
herb products. Initiate from overlapped • Prepare a table including number of
area containing large number of herbs sample plots and plot to plot distance for
species to the least one. Use following each plant form for each stratum as in
formula to calculate the plot to plot to Table 9; and
distance. • Find the entry and exit points in
participation of the community members.
Total length of transect in a strata (m) - • Record the direction, geographical
Total length intercepted by tree & shrub
Plot to plot composite plots (m) position (in each terminal point)
distance (m)= and length of transect lines if GPS is
Total sample plots required for shrub
species - total sample plots overlapped available.
in tree and shrub Composite plots • Lay the first sample plot randomly when
the transect line starts and rest of the
Sample plots for single herbs’ stratum plots are laid according to the calculated
• Calculate the total number of sample plot to plot distance.
plots to be taken for stratum of single
NTFP species by deducting the number Prepare index table of plot distribution
of plots distributed previously. • After laying and distributing the required
• Distribute these sample plots along number of sample plots on the map,the
transect line. facilitator prepares the details of the plot
distribution on a sheet (Table 10).
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 21
Forest Products

TABLE 10: Details of plot distribution the map


Block Strata Plot Type of plots Life forms and Transect Bearing GPS Distance Distance Remarks
No No No (Single or composite)- species to be line (0) location from to next
size (m2) measured number X & Y starting point plot

3 2-L+D 1 100 m2, 4 m2 Tree, shrub, herb 1 1500 10 m 134 m
2 100 m , 4 m
2 2
Tree, shrub, herb 2 900 144 m 114 m
3 100 m2, 4 m2 Shrub 258 m 20 m
4 100 m2, 4 m2 Tree, shrub, herb 3 680 278 m 134 m
5 100 m2, 4 m2 Tree, shrub, herb 4 410 412 m 134 m
6 100 m , 4 m
2 2
Tree, shrub, herb 546 m 10 m
7 100 m2, 4 m2 Shurb 556 m 124 m
8 100 m2, 4 m2 Tree, shrub, herb 680 m
3 3 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........





…. …. ….
…. …. ….
…. …. ….
5 10 15 500 m2, 100 m2, 4 m2 Tree, shrub, h1 and regeneration 9860
22 Carry out the
Stage Three Measurement in
the Field

The stage three of this toolkit presents Step 1: Layout the sample plots on
process of field measurement and recording the ground
of data for subsequent analysis. This stage The first step of stage three of this toolkit
includes two steps (Figure 11). The first step guides the facilitator on how to lay out
describes procedure and tools for laying sample plots on the ground (the location
the sample plots on the ground. The next of the sample plots were identified at the
step provides methods and tools for field end of stage two). As mentioned earlier,
measurement and recording of information plot layout as well as field measurements
on various forest products, e.g. timber, are carried out by an in inventory team,
root/rhizome, leaf, fruit and flowers, barks, comprising of facilitator(s) and a number
whole plant and exudates. of previously assigned local people. It
is important to remind the roles of team
Thus, the steps and activities of this members as assigned previously before
stage are concerned with collecting and starting the work on ground. Now the
organizing inventory data. The data
generated in this way will be used in the
analysis, the methods and tools of which are
presented in the stage four of this toolkit.
Figure 12: Layout of the sample PLOTs on ground

Figure 11: Steps of field measurement

Lay the sample plots on the


ground

Carry out measurement and recording


1) Timber products
2) Non-timber forest products
• Roots and rhizome
• Leaves
• Bark
• Fruits and flowers
• Whole plants
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 23
Forest Products

facilitator carries out the following 2.1 Measuring trees and shrubs
procedures to lay out the plots. The inventory of trees and shrubs
frequently forms a part of an NTFP
• Find the starting plot on transect line in inventory as forest comprises a large
participation of community members number of trees and shrubs that are
and from reference of geographic data. important for local people. Some of these
• Fix the centre of the plot and mark the may contain valuable NTFPs and may
edges of the plots. have been identified as priority species for
• Stretch the nylon rope along the plot management in the FMU.
boundary keeping small flag on the
borders. Facilitator can also place Measurement and recording
the team member around the plot if Trees and shrubs are measured in the
possible. composite plots of 500 m2, in which plots
• For composite plots, lay out the smallest with sizes of 500 m2, 100 m2, and 4 m2
one first and gradually the larger one respectively for trees (diameter > 30 cm),
(Figure 12). shrubs/poles (diameter 10-30 cm) and
• Data recorder needs to stand at a place herbs are laid out. Further, shrub and
from where whole plot is visible. herbs selected for inventory as commercial
• Record the plot characteristics (slope, non-timber forest products are measured
aspect, altitude, soils characters (texture
and color), associated species and other
Figure 13: Standard forestry practices
features) within the sample plots.
while measuring tree DBH

Step 2: Carry out measurement and


recording
The second step involves the measurement
and recording in the sample plots, which
were laid out on the ground either as
single or composite plots. Methods of
measurement vary according to forest
product categories and are provided below
in the following categories:

2.1 Trees and shrubs


2.2 Non-timber forest products
2.2.1 Roots and rhizome
2.2.2 Leaves
2.2.3 Bark
2.2.4 Fruits and flowers
2.2.5 Whole plant
24

in detail within these composite plots. The the herbs which are commercially not
following are measured and recorded in the important are counted and recorded.
format (see Annex 2): However, the selected commercial NTFPs
• plant species; are measured applying the methods as
• dbh of the mature and pole sized tree; described below.
• height of the mature and pole sized tree;
• estimated crown cover of tree, shrubs 2.2 NTFPs measurement
and herbs; and The measurement techniques for NTFPs are
• number of sapling and seedling. different from timber and may also differ
within NTFP species due to variability
Dbh measurement in season of growth (e.g., flowers can be
Dbh is the basic measure of trees which is measured only in the flowering season),
recorded for all trees The dbh of individual rotation period and varieties of products.
trees greater than or equal to 10 cm dbh are Thus, the method of measurement for each
measured with diameter tape or callipers category of NTFP is discussed as below:
of each tree in composite plots. Each tree
is recorded individually, together with its 2.2.1 Roots and rhizomes
species name. Trees on the border must be There are large number of plant species that
included if >50% of their basal area falls have commercially important roots and
within the plot and excluded if > 50% of rhizomes. The measurement techniques for
their basal area falls outside the plot. Trees all species of this category are similar but
overhanging into the plot are excluded, but the season of inventory varies with their
trees with their trunk inside of the sampling harvesting time. The season of inventory
plot and branches out are included. and methods of inventory are discussed
(Note that, for stems with irregularities, below.
measurements is done according to the
principles illustrated in Figure 13.) Season of inventory
Plants provide optimum yield of the
Height measurement product when they are mature. For root and
Within the tree composite plots, the rhizomes, the inventory season coincides
height of each mature and pole size tree with the “harvesting season” in which
is measured using clinometers or Silva they grow to the full. Table 11 provides the
survey master or Vertex IV and transponder season of inventory for some commercial
(procedures to use these equipment is given species having the root and rhizome (Please
in Annex 3). The data recording format is see resource book “Commercially important
given in Annex 2. Non-timber forest products in Nepal”
published by ANSAB, 2003 for harvesting
Shrub and herbs measurement time of other species not included in Table
Within tree composite plots, number, 11). However, facilitator needs to avoid too
average height and shrub diameter are hot, too rainy, too snowy and stormy days
measured and recorded. Similarly, all for field measurement.
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 25
Forest Products

TABLE 11: Species and their inventory season


SN Species (local name) Scientific Name Season of inventory
1 Jatamansi Nardostachys grandiflora September - December
2 Kutki Picrorhiza scrophulariflora October – November
3 Kurilo Asparagus racemosus January - March
4 Sugandhawal Valeriana jatamansi September - November
5 Padamchal Rheum emodi October – November
6 Niramansi Delphinium denudatum November - December
7 Ban Lasun Allium wallichii October – November
8 Bikhma Aconitum sps. September - December
9 Satuwa Paris polyphylla September - November
10 Pakhanbed Bergenia ciliata September - November
11 Bhutkesh Selinum wallichianum October – November
12 Bojho Acorus calamus November - December
13 Bikh Aconitum spicatum October – November
14 Atis Delphinium himalayii October – November

Measurement and data recording


The following are the ways in which Box 5: Calculating dry weight of roots
rhizomes and roots are measured and
recorded. In order to calculate dry weights of
the sample, carry out the following
• Count the selected species within activities:
sample plot and record it on the Format • keep safely the collected samples in
1. In addition, record the name of a plastic bag or in cloth or in sacs;
associated species in the plot. and
• Calculate conversion factor if • dry the root continuously on sun
unavailable. Dig or uproot all the roots heat or oven (if available) until the
and rhizome of selected NTFP from 4 sample gets constant weight and
m2 plot. Take the average fresh weight record the dry weight on the given
of a plant during the inventory. Dry the format.
roots/rhizome in sun or oven. Weigh
the dried roots and rhizome (please see
Box 5). Calculate conversion factor using • Count the number of plants in rest of the
following formula: sample plots and record it properly.

dry weight of the sample


conversion factor = 2.2.2 Leaves
fresh weight of sample
There are a large number of plant species
Conduct this process in five percent of that have leaves of commercial value. It
total sample plots only. is important to have detailed inventory
26

Format 1: Recording format


for root and rhizome

Name of CF---------------------------------------------------------------------
Block name/No--------------------------------------------------------------- Slope(0)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Block area - ------------------------------------------------------------------- Aspect-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Strata no------------------------------------------------------------------------ Altitude (m)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Transect line no-------------------------------------------------------------- Soil type (by color)--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plot no--------------------------------------------------------------------------- (by texture)------------------------------------------------------------------------
GPS X ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Associated species--------------------------------------------------------------------------
GPS Y ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Other features - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SN Species No. of regeneration No. of mature plants Fresh weight (Kg) (if conversion factor is not available) Remarks



and sustainable harvesting plan for those Measurement and data recording
species. The measurement technique of this The measurement technique for leaves varies
product category is different according to according to the plant type i.e. trees and shrubs.
plant types i.e. bush and tree. The season
of inventory and measurement method Shrub leaves:
for these species are described under • Count the number of plant/clump
subsequent sub-headings with examples: within the sample plot;
• measure the diameter of clump and
Season of inventory height of the clumps;
Plants provide optimum yield of leaves • collect the twigs and/or leaves from
just before abscission and growth period. five percent sample plots through
Therefore, it is recommended to follow the destructive sampling using sickles;
harvesting period accordingly to estimate • take the fresh weight of destructed sample
the stock of leaves. Table 12 provides and record it properly on Format 2; and
inventory season of few important species. • dry destructive sample and calculate dry

TABLE 12: Season of inventory


SN Species (local name) Scientific Name Season of inventory
1 Dhasingare Gaultheria fragrantissima Whole year
2 Lauthsalla Taxus baccata October - November
3 Tejpat Cinnamomum tamala October – March
4 Sunpati Rhododendron anthopogan October - January
5 Dhupi pat Juniperus indica October - November
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 27
Forest Products

biomass if it is traded in dry form (e.g., • calculate the fresh weight of leaves of
Sunpati and Dhupi leaves for incense- tree for each defined diameter class;
making). • dry it on sun until the weight becomes
stable and take its dry weight;
Tree leaves: • calculate conversion factor as per the
• Count the number of trees present in formula given in roots and rhizomes
sample plot of 500 m2 section; and
• measure the dbh of all trees; • use the conversion factor as above and
• count the regeneration of the plant extrapolate for the dry weight of leaves
within 25 m2 (with radius 2.82 m); of all trees of that species.
• record the trees information (number of
regeneration and trees, dbh) in Format 2;
• select three to five trees from each
diameter class for partially destructive • Take three-five trees from each
sampling; diameter class
• count all the branches of 2/3 part of the • Do not select two trees of each
tree from lowest crown point; diameter class in the same
• select three branches (one large, one
sample plot
medium and one small);
• If there are less than three trees
• collect the fresh leaves from each
selected branches, take its fresh weight in any class, take sample from
and record it; all trees.

Format 2: Recording
Format for leaves

Name of CF--------------------------------------------------------------------- Altitude -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Block name/no --------------------------------------------------------------- Aspect-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Block area - ------------------------------------------------------------------- Slope (o)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Strata no ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Soil type (by color)--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Transect line no - ------------------------------------------------------------ (by texture)------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plot no - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Associated species - ------------------------------------------------------------------------
GPS X ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Other features---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GPS Y ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SN Species Diameter Class (cm) Branches and weight record of leaves (kg) of selected sample tree
<10 10.1-20 20.1-30 30.1-40 >40 # of Fresh wt. Fresh wt. Fresh Average fresh Remarks
branch (L-branch) (M-branch) wt. (S-branch) (L+M+S)/3

Note: L (Large), M (Medium) and S (Small)


28

2.2.3 Measuring bark 20-30 cm, 30 cm-40 cm and >40 cm)


Tree species like Cinnamom tamala, • select the 3 to 5 individual trees with
Terminalia belerica, Terminalia chebula, etc.; dbh more than 20 cm
shrub species like Daphne sps., Edgeworthia • extract 75% bark of the plant and leave
gardnerii, etc.; and herb species like 25 % bark in parallel to the longitudinal
Girardiana diversifolia have barks with high section of the stem;
commercial value. The season of inventory • take fresh weight and record it on
and measurement methods for tree, shrub Format 3;
and herb bark are separately discussed • dry it on sun or oven and measure the
below. dry weight;
• calculate the conversion factor as per
Season of inventory the formula given in roots and rhizomes
The inventory of these species is normally section; and
conducted immediately before the growing • count and measure the dbh of all trees in
season. The season of inventory for different rest of the sample plots and extrapolate
species is provided in Table 13. for dry weight of bark of all trees using
conversion factor.
Measurement and data recording
The measurement methods for this product Shrub bark:
category differs with plant type (tree, • Count the number of regeneration
shrub and herb) and position (above and (having the plant height less than 1 foot)
underground bark). within the 25 m2;
• count and measure the girth of the plant
Tree bark: (with height more than 1 foot) within
• Count the number and measure the dbh 100 m2 ( radius 5.64 m); and
of tree in the sample plot; • record the measurement on Format 4 for
• divide the tree into five classes based on Edgeworthia gardnerii (Argeli) or Format
diameter (diameter < 10 cm, 10-20 cm, 8 for Daphe bholua (Lokta). For more
details see Annex 1.
TABLE 13: Species and season of assessment
SN Species (local name) Scientific Name Season of inventory
1 Lokta Daphne bholua September - June
2 Argeli Edgeworthia gardnerii November - March
3 Allo Girardinia diversifolia August - September
4 Bhojpatra Betula utilis July - November
5 Kaulo Persea sps. February - April
6 Dalchini Cinnamomum tamala February - April
7 Barro Terminalia belerica February - April
8 Harro Terminalia chebula February - may
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 29
Forest Products

Format 3: Recording
format for bark

Name of CF--------------------------------------------------------------------- Altitude (m) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Block name/no---------------------------------------------------------------- Aspect-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Block area - ------------------------------------------------------------------- Slope (o)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Strata no------------------------------------------------------------------------ Soil type (by color)--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Transect line no-------------------------------------------------------------- (by texture)------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plot no--------------------------------------------------------------------------- Associated species - ------------------------------------------------------------------------
GPS X ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Other features---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GPS Y ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SN Species Diameter Class (cm) Fresh stock of bark of selected tree


<10 10.1-20 20.1-30 30.1-40 >40 Fresh stock (kg) Conversion factor Dry stock (kg)


Herbs bark/fiber: • take a fresh weight of bark of individual


There are few plants in this category. stem and make clump by tightening it
Allo is one of the major species and its with rope in five percent sample plots;
measurement method is described below: • take the prepared clumps of Allo plant
• Count the clumps and number of stems and put into water body, e.g., small
per clump within sample plot; pond, tap and stream, for 24 hours;

Format 4: format for Argeli


observation and measurement
Name of CF--------------------------------------------------------------------- Altitude (m)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Block name/no---------------------------------------------------------------- Slope (0)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Strata no------------------------------------------------------------------------ Aspect ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plot no--------------------------------------------------------------------------- Soil type (by color)--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Transect line no-------------------------------------------------------------- (by Texture)-----------------------------------------------------------------------
GPS X:---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Associated species - ------------------------------------------------------------------------
GPS Y:---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Other features - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Clump distribution based on no. of stem Stem distribution based on girth of clump
<15 15-30 30-45 >45 <2 cm 2-4 cm 4-6 cm 6-8 cm >8 cm


30

• remove the clumps from water body shrub or herb/climber fruit are more or less
and extract the bark from the plant; similar.
• make a small clump of Allo bark by • Count the number and measure the dbh
tightening it with an Allo bark; within the sample plot;
• dry the extracted bark in sun or oven; • divide the tree into five dbh classes (dbh
• take dry weight of all extracted bark < 10 cm, 10 - 20 cm, 20 - 30 cm, 30 - 40
from different plots; cm and > 40 cm);
• calculate the conversion factor as per the • select 3 - 5 individual trees from each
formula provided in roots and rhizomes diameter class for partial destructive
section; sampling;
• count the number of Allo plant in rest • select the 3 branches (lower, medium
of the sample plots and record the and top part of crown) from each
measurement in Format 1. selected tree;
• collect the fruit from these selected
2.2.4 Fruits and flowers/flosses branches and calculate the average fresh
Fruit, flower and flosses of some plants
are of high commercial value. Season and
methods of inventory differs for fruits and
flowers/flosses of tree, shrub and herbs. According to ANSAB study in
Parbat district of Nepal, a clump
Season of inventory of Allo contains 6 stems on an
The inventory season of fruits and flowers/ average. A stem gave 17.1 gm
flosess coincides with the season when fresh weight and 4.8 gm dry
they become mature. The list of important weight of bark. Thus a conversion
species with tradable fruit parts and their
factor of 0.281 can be used if
season of inventory is provided in Table 14.
no local conversion factor is
Measurement and data recording
developed for a particular area.
The measurement method for tree fruit and

TABLE 14: Species and season of inventory for fruits


SN Species (local name) Scientific Name Season of inventory
1 Timur Zanthoxylum armatum October – December
2 Amala Phyllanthus emblica October – January
3 Pipla Piper longum January – March
4 Dalechuk Hippophae tibetana August – November
Hippophae salicifolia August – November
5 Chiuri Bassia butyracea June – July
6 Okhar Juglans regia September – October
7 Rittha Sapindus mukorossi October – January
8 Bel Aegle marmelos August – September
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 31
Forest Products

Format 5: Recording
Format for fruit
Name of CF--------------------------------------------------------------------- Altitude (m)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Block name/no---------------------------------------------------------------- Slope (0)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Strata no------------------------------------------------------------------------ Aspect-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plot no--------------------------------------------------------------------------- Soil type (by color)--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Transect line no-------------------------------------------------------------- (by texture)-----------------------------------------------------------------------
GPS X:---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Associated species--------------------------------------------------------------------------
GPS Y:---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Other features - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SN Species Diameter class (cm) Branches and weight record of fruit (kg) of selected sample tree
<10 10.1-20 20.1-30 30.1-40 >40 No. of Fresh wt. Fresh wt. Fresh wt. Average wt. Average dry wt.
branches (L-branch) (M-branch) (S-branch) (L+M+S)

Note: L (Large), M (Medium) and S (Small)

weight of fruit on a branch. Record all 2.2.5 Whole plant


the measurement on the Format 5. If whole part of a NTFP species is
• count and measure the diameter of all commercially important detailed
trees in the rest of the sample plots; and measurement is required. This category
• the average fruit stock of a tree is mainly include plant and fungi. Due to
calculated and the result can be used for various distribution patterns of the plants,
inventory in similar regions. the inventory techniques are different. The
season and methods of inventory for those
For the inventory of flowers and flosses, species are as provided in Table 15.
the methods are same as given for fruits
but it is more sensitive due to their highly Season of inventory
perishable nature. Therefore the inventory The season of inventory is chosen at a
should be conduct at the time maturity of time when the plant flowers (for flowering
the product with due carefulness. plants) and when other fungal body

TABLE 15: species and season for whole plant inventory


SN Species (local name) Scientific Name Season of inventory
1 Chirayito Swertia chiraita November - January
2 Guchhichyau Morchella conica April - June
3 Yarsagumba Cordyseps sinensis April - June
32

Format 6: recording
format for whole plant
Name of CF--------------------------------------------------------------------- Altitude (m)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Block name/no---------------------------------------------------------------- Slope (0)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Strata no------------------------------------------------------------------------ Aspect ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plot no--------------------------------------------------------------------------- Soil type (by color)--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Transect line no-------------------------------------------------------------- (by texture)------------------------------------------------------------------------
GPS X:---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Associated species--------------------------------------------------------------------------
GPS Y:---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Other features - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SN Species Number of regeneration Number of mature plant Fresh weight (kg) Dry weight (kg)

matures (in case of fungi). The season of • count all the plants in all sample plot;
inventory for some important species is as • calculate conversion factor (conversion
provided in Table 15. Similarly the data can factor can be calculated as described in
be collected using Format 6. Box 5, however, in this case the whole
plant is uprooted); and
Measuring and recording data • convert the plants into dry weight using
The general methods of measuring whole conversion factor.
plants are as follows:
Compile, Analyze Participatory
Inventory of
33
Stage Four and Interpret the Non-timber
Forest Products

data

The stage four of this toolkit provides tools • Compile all the format (filled up) in a
and techniques on how to compile the folder at the end of each day;
inventory data gathered in the stage three • make sure all relevant data entries are in
and on how to analyze and interpret the place;
dataset to be able to generate management • if units of measurement were different
prescriptions. It has four steps: compile for measurements in different places
data, enter data, analyze data, and interpret (or measured/recorded by different
data (see Figure 14). people), convert them into a same metric
unit;
This stage produces the stock and density • insert data on dry weight of the
map; abundance of species; total growing products, if relevant (if the conversion
stock; and annual harvestable stock of factor was not initially available follow
commercially important NTFPs that were steps mentioned in stage three); and
selected by the community. • pile formats for each block and strata on
separate file/folder.
Step 1: Compile the data formats
Data compilation is an important and Step 2: Enter the data
preliminary work of analysis part. If the data is Data can be entered in the spreadsheets
compiled and managed properly, the chances directly for hand calculation or in computer
of missing data and entering the faulty data based calculation using MS Excel or MS
will be reduced. Therefore the following Access or other software program (as
activities should be done for compilation of the available and depending upon the skill of
data from the field. the technician). For this, NTFP inventory
data entry spreadsheets can be used if they
are already available. If such spreadsheets
are not available they have to be prepared
Figure 14: steps for data
analysis and interpretation for each product category to enter and store
the inventory data, e.g. plot characteristics:
Compile the data formats altitude, slope, aspect and associated
species of each sample plots and plants
related information i.e. number, diameter,
Enter the data height of standing tree, fresh and dry
biomass.

Analyze the data All measurements entered in spreadsheets


should be rechecked for accurate entry of
the data. Taking 5% sample of the total,
Interpret the data
the entered data need to be cross checked.
Likewise, the data must be entered in
similar unit. Format 7 shows an example of
34

Format 7: data entry


format

Name of CF:--------------------
Plot No GPS X GPS Y Slope(0) Aspect Altitude Soil type Associated species
Block name/no: --------------
color texture
Block area:---------------------
Strata no.:----------------------

Transect line no:--------------

Plot No Species Number of regeneration Number of mature plants Fresh weight (kg) Remarks

data entry spreadsheet for NTFP root and The following steps should be followed for
rhizomes. analysis of data:

Similarly, the data entry spreadsheet is 3.1 Summarize plot level field data
prepared for each category considering First of all data of each species collected
the data collection format. Then the data from the field needs to be summarized
are entered into the spreadsheets. ANSAB at the plot level. This includes plot level
has developed analysis software for summation of the number of regeneration,
Lokta (Danphe bholua), Argeli (Edgeworthia number of plant and fresh weight of product
gardnerii), wintergreen (Gaultheria (kg). (Conversion ratio for Jatamasi, Kutki
fragrantissima) and trees. With such and Sumpati is given in Box 6.) This step is
spreadsheet in place, field information can simple and straight forward if a database has
be directly entered and results obtained been maintained; otherwise it can be done
easily. manually by summing values from the field
datasheets with the help of pocket calculator.
Step 3: Analyze the data
The analysis of inventory data gives:
Box 6: Fresh and dry weight conversion ratio
• plant and stock density of timber and
NTFPs;
Fresh weight of the Jatamansi, Kutki and
• total growing stock (fresh and dry) per
Sunpati can be converted into dry weight
hectare;
using conversion factor 0.44, 0.61 and 0.44
• annual harvestable stock for each
respectively. It was developed by ANSAB for
species per hectare; and
Karnali zone. When conversion factor is avail-
• total growing stock and harvestable
able, destructive sampling is not necessary.
stock (species wise) in forest block and
whole forest area.
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 35
Forest Products

3.2 Derive per hectare values from plot data • multiply per hectare fresh weight of the
The plot level data summarized in section product (calculated by step 2 of Table
3.1 need to be converted into per hectare 16) by a ‘fresh wt. to dry wt. conversion
values. For this, factor’ to derive per hectare dry weight.

• divide the values derived from step 1 3.3 Find block level total dry weight of the product
of Table 16 by the area of the block (in The block level dry weight of the product can
hectare); be calculated by multiplying per hectare dry
• convert per hectare fresh weight into per weight of the product (calculated from the step
hectare dry weight; and 3 of Table 16) and the block area (hectare).

TABLE 16: Worked out example for analysis data.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Block Block Name of Total no. of Total no. of Total fresh Per hectare Factor for Per hectare Total dry
No area species regenera- plant in the wt. of fresh wt. of converting dry wt. of stock of the
(ha) tion in the block product in the product fresh wt. the product product in
block the block (kg) into dry wt. (kg) the block
(kg) (kg)

11 Total dry stock of the product in the forest Xxxxx kg

Please refer to the fields in the table 15 for the steps below.
Step 1 Plot level summarization of field data: Block number ( 1 ), block area ( 2 ), species name
( 3 ), number of regeneration ( 4 ), number of plant ( 5 ) and fresh weight of product (kg) ( 6 ) are summa-
rized from the database or field datasheet. These fields are shown by shaded fields in the table 15 above.

Step 2 Deriving per hectare values from per block level data: For this example, per hectare fresh weight
of product ( 7 ) has to be derived by dividing total fresh weight of the in the block ( 6 ) by the block area ( 2 )

Step 3 Converting per hectare fresh weight into per hectare dry weight: For the dry weight
of the product per hectare ( 9 ), multiply per hectare fresh weight of the product ( 7 ) by the given
‘fresh wt. to dry wt. conversion factor’ ( 8 ).

Step 4 Finding block level total dry stock of the product: To arrive at the block level dry weight of
the product ( 10 ), multiply per hectare dry weight of the product ( 9 ) by the block area (hectare) ( 2 ).

Step 5 Finding total dry stock of the product in the whole forest: Finally, summation of the
dry weights of the product from the entire block ( 10 ) gives the total dry stock of the product in the
whole forest ( 11 ).
36

TABLE 17: Format for harvestable stock calculation


Name of the species Total stock (kg) - A Annual allowable harvest % - b AAH (kg)-a*B

TABLE 18: Species and annual allowable harvest (AAH)


Local Name Scientific Name AAH (%)
Atis Delphinium himalayai 80
Yarsagumba Cordyseps sinensis 90
Nirmasi Delphinium denudatum 75
Kutki Picrorhiza scrophulariflora 80
Ban Lasun Allium wallichii 75
Jatamansi Nardostachys grandiflora 80
Lokta Danphe bholua 70 - 80
Allo Girardiana diversifolia 90
Kaulo Persea sps. 50
Tejpat Cinnamomum tamala 70
Sunpati Rhododendron anthopogan 70
Loth Salla Taxus baccata 50 - 60
Dalechuk Hippophae tibetana 75 - 80
Timur Zanthoxylum armatum 80
Chiraito Swertia chiraita 75 - 80
Pipla Piper longum 90

3.4 Calculate total dry stock of the product Step 4: Interpret the data
in the whole forest The analyzed information such as area
Finally, summation of the dry weights of characteristics (physical features), plant
the product from the entire blocks gives the abundance, total growing stock, growth
total dry stock of the product in the whole and annual allowable cut of the selected
forest. species are interpreted according to the
management objectives. Based on that,
Worked out example of data analysis Forest management units in support of
Table 16 gives a worked out example of forest technicians need to design and
data analysis using the step-wise method incorporate the sustainable utilization and
mentioned. management strategies in detail.
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 37
Forest Products

Total fresh and/or dry biomass (kg) and Resource status and management
annual harvestable stock of the product prescription for each block of the specified
per hectare are incorporated in reports, forest should be given. The NTFP stock
management plan, harvesting plan and should be linked with physical features
business plan. of the block and the human influence on
it, so that these form the basis for future
Stock mapping should show the block management.
wise total and harvestable stock of timber
forest products and NTFPs. Although the The inventory results are then used in:
harvestable amount of product has been • Harvesting plan of timber and each
calculated in kg or cubic feet, it is better to NTFP product
use units of measurement that are familiar • Forest management plan of community
to the users. managed forest
• Business plan for enterprise
Number of regeneration, total stock and development
harvestable stock are depicted in table • Reports of NTFP research and inventory
along with some description needed for the
particular management objective(s) of the
FMU.
38

Additional References
ANSAB & DFO Parbat (2010) Mapping Allo Production Potential Areas
and Enterprise Opportunities in Parbat District, Asia Network for
Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB), Kathmandu,
and District Forest Office, Parbat, Nepal.

ANSAB & SNV (2002) Inventory of Non-Timber Forest Products at


Mimi, Melchham and Darma VDCs Humla, Nepal,Asia Network
for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources and Netherland
Development organization-SNV, Nepal.

ANSAB (2003) Commercially important non timber forest products


(NTFPs) of Nepal, Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and
Bioresources, Kathmandu, Nepal.

ANSAB (2003) Enterprise Development for Natural Products Manual,


Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
Annex 1: Examples of Participatory
Inventory of

Annexes participatory inventory four Non-timber 39


NTFP species—Lokta, Jatamansi, Forest Products

Wintergreen, Chiraito

The participatory process of inventory for boundary was verified with a compass
four species is illustrated here in detail. The and tape survey. The community forest
species are Lokta, Jatamansi, Dhasingare area was calculated from the map (912
and Chiraito as an example practiced by hectares), and was divided into seven
ANSAB in Nepal. blocks, based on the existing natural
boundaries and forest types.
1. Lokta (Daphne bholua)
Product category: Bark Step 3: Sampling design
Assessment of Lokta in Binayak Lokta grows in patches that are highly
Community Forest, Bajhang variable in size and density. To reduce
variability, the size of the plots should
Step 1: Participatory resource have been large. Taking the 0.5 %
mapping sampling intensity, the sample size
The community in support of ANSAB forest was determined. In order to take the
technician prepared a participatory resource measurement, the sample plot size of
map showing forests and their real users. 100 m2 area was used. 136 plots were
The forest boundary was delineated on a determined as optimal number of sample
topographic map sheet neatly and cleanly. plots. Then the plots were allocated along
the strata based on stratified systematic
Step 2: Forest boundary survey and sampling along the transect line with plot
mapping to plot distance of 55 m.
Using topographical map sheet, forest
boundary was tentatively delineated. The

Format 8: Data recording format for Lokta plant


Name of CFUG: Block No.: Area of Block:
Strata No: Aspect: Altitude (m): Slope (0): Associated species:
Plot no. Plot no. Plot no. Plot no. Plot no. Plot no.
Girth (cm) No Girth (cm) No Girth (cm) No Girth (cm) No Girth (cm) No Girth (cm) No
0-2 0-2 0-2 0-2 0-2 0-2
2-4. 2-4. 2-4. 2-4. 2-4. 2-4.
4-6. 4-6. 4-6. 4-6. 4-6. 4-6.
6-8. 6-8. 6-8. 6-8. 6-8. 6-8.
8-10. 8-10. 8-10. 8-10. 8-10. 8-10.
10-12. 10-12. 10-12. 10-12. 10-12. 10-12.
12-14. 12-14. 12-14. 12-14. 12-14. 12-14.
14-16 14-16 14-16 14-16 14-16 14-16
>16 >16 >16 >16 >16 >16
40

Step 4: Measurement and recording of resources and expanded community


Twenty major tree species and twenty forest area to make a total of 912 ha. The
NTFP species were recorded. Only seven sustainable harvesting system mentioned
tree species and Lokta were inventoried in in the community forest management plan
greater detail. Stock of Lokta was recorded and implemented by the group supported
for predetermined girth classes as provided the supply of optimum raw material
in format to identify sustainable harvesting required for the enterprise run by same
levels (Table 19). group.

Step 5: Data analysis and estimation 2. Jatamansi


of sustainable harvest levels (Nardostachysgrandiflora)
The stock of Lokta was estimated for Product category: Root/Rhizome
community forest using data analysis Jatamansi inventory in Humla
software of Lokta by ANSAB. Using the
inventory result and available secondary Step 1: Participatory resource mapping
sources (growth rate, stem diameter and A participatory map of the forest was
bark yield relations etc.), sustainable yield prepared showing different forest types and
was prescribed for five years. Every year conditions, indicating the distribution of
the FUG can obtain approximately 20,000 Jatamansi in five community forests.
kg of Lokta bark that produced 7200 kg
of handmade paper. Sampling error can Step 2: Boundary survey and mapping
be expected but experiences afterwards Participatory resource mapping was
showed that the estimate provided a done in order to capture and portray the
fairly accurate basis to judge the potential information on the map in participation
of Lokta supply, upon which enterprise of community members. For finalizing the
decisions could be made. participatory map verification and cross
checking was conducted in participation of
Step 6: Incorporation of locals. Then, the effective area of Jatamansi
management provisions in FMP was calculated as 6010 hectare from 5
The information was used to prescribe CFUGs.
harvesting system for timber as well as
NTFP used in subsistence and/or income Step 3: Sample design
generating activities. The plan included a Jatamansi grows in patches that are highly
separate section on the harvesting of NTFP, variable in size and density. To reduce
particularly Lokta. The 5-year operational variability, the size of the plots should be
plan described the forest management and large, but the optimum size proved to be
harvesting activities. impracticable. Taking the 0.01% sampling
intensity, the sample size was determined.
The group applied relatively a quick, In order to take the measurement, the
participatory, yet scientific assessment sample plot size was used an area of 4 m2.
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 41
Forest Products

TABLE 19: Distribution and production of the Jatamansi by different combinations of


association with other species
Species and its Association Mean Ground Cover (%) Mean Production ±95% CI1 (kg/ha)
Jatamansi only 30.62 2772.49±426.92
Jatamansi and Kutki 50.35 2022.16±1011.08
Jatamansi and Sunpati 22.6 1919.47±332.80
Jatamansi, Kutki and Sunpati 19.65 1771.25±726.00

Similarly, the fresh weight ratio was determined for Jatamansi using the measured fresh and dry biomass of the Jatamansi as below:

Plant species Fresh Products (kg/ha) Ratio of fresh to dry weight Dry Products (kg/ha)
Jatamansi 2315.60 1:0.44 1018.86

A total of 1502 sample plots were The harvested Jatamansi was pooled and
systematically distributed along the transect converted to kg/4 m2 units that also read as
line in the strata with calculated plot to plot tons per hectare.
distance.
Step 5: Data analysis estimation of
Step 4: Measurement and recording sustainable harvest levels
Observations were made and measurements The data from each sites and strata were
of specified variables were taken from each compiled and various analyses were done.
sample plot using the standard inventory Using the collected information, the total stock
form developed for the study. Five places was calculated for Jatamansi (see Table 19).
were selected from the best looking spots in
terms of density. A total of 10 replications Step 6: Incorporation of management
were made for destructive harvesting. The provisions in FMP
numbers of individuals were counted; fresh Table 20 gives a summary of the
weight was taken in the field; and their dry recommended optimal harvesting practices
weight was taken after drying on solar heat. for Jatamansi as determined from the
Similarly, the numbers of individual were biological field research and studies
only counted in rest of the sample plots. completed in Humla.

TABLE 20: Recommended optimal harvesting practices for sustainable use


Plant Species and Optimal Optimal Optimal percentage Optimal harvesting
Parts Harvested Harvest Season Rotational Interval of plant not harvested method
Jatamansi(rhizomes) Fall 5 years 20% plants undisturbed Whole plants pulled from bushy areas and dug
out carefully using tool (kuto) from open
grasslands.
42

Box 7: Appropriate season to harvest Jatamansi 3. Wintergreen (Gaultheria


fragrantissima)
Jatamansi is dormant from late autumn until Product Category: leaves
early summer. During the winter, plants are
covered in snow, making harvest impractical. Wintergreen inventory in Napke Yanmara
The plants sprout in early summer, after the community forest, Dolakha
winter snow melts, and grow until autumn.
The autumn (mid-October to mid-December) Step 1: Participatory resource mapping
and summer (mid-May to mid-July) harvesting A participatory map of the forest was
are considered ast the best season to harvest prepared showing different forest types
Jatamansi. Both seasons are similar in terms of and conditions, indicating the distribution
spare time available to the collectors. of Wintergreen. The area of community
forest area was already calculated from the
From the collectors’ point of view, summer map (146 hectares), and was divided into
is comfortable weather for harvesting work. four blocks, based on the existing natural
Whole roots can be pulled up easily from the boundaries and forest types.
moist and less compact soil during summer.
During autumn, the soil is very hard due to Step 2: Wintergreen habitat mapping and
freezing and it is difficult to pull out the roots. area calculation
Collectors have a tendency to harvest a higher Based on participatory resource mapping,
percentage of plants at this time. However wintergreen habitat mapping was done
harvesting in summer is detrimental to the with the help of key community members
remaining plants; remaining parts decay after in order to capture and portray the
the harvest; and annual yield is reduced. information on the map. Through a transect
walk with community members, cross
The quality of Jatamansi harvested in autumn checking and verification of the delineated
was found to be better than that harvested in area and strata (i.e. dense, medium and
summer. The Jatamansi harvested in summer sparse stratum) was done and habitat map
contains high moisture, likely to be damaged was finalized. Then, the effective area of
by fungi, and produces poor quality essential Wintergreen was calculated as 78.4 hectares.
oils. Therefore, autumn is recommended as a
more appropriate season of harvesting from Step 3: Sample design
the biological point of view. Taking the 0.5% sampling intensity, the
sample size was determined. In order to
take the measurement, the sample plot size
TABLE 21: Format for Wintergreen inventory
Name of CF: Block No: Area of Block: Strata No: Transect line no:
Distribution of shrub based on quality and crown diameter

Plot no. Good (number based on crown diameter) Medium (number based on crown diameter ) Poor (number based on crown diameter)
<50 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-350 >350 <50 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-350 >350 <50 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-350 >350
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 43
Forest Products

TABLE 22: Total and AAH stock of Wintergreen


Block no Total area (ha) Effective area of Total Machhino Annual average allowable
Machhino (ha) stock (kg) harvestable amount (75%) in kg
1 62 43.4 99995 74996
2 34 17 21445 16084
3 15 7.5 16556 12417
4 35 10.5 2924 2193
Total 146 78.4 140920 105690

was used 100 m2 (with 5.64 m radius). A Using the analysis software by ANSAB, the
total of 40 sample plots were calculated for total annual harvestable stock was easily
sampling and they were allocated along calculated for the community forest and for
the strata based on stratified systematic each block (Table 22). The analysis software
sampling. of wintergreen is provided in the compact
disk along with this toolkit.
Step 4: Observation and measurement
Before measuring the shrub, its quality A total of 140920 kg (1797.45kg/ha) of
has to be determined in tandem of the leaves was found within the community
community members and facilitators in forest. In addition, the software provided
terms of ‘dense’, ‘medium’ and ‘sparse’ or the annual harvestable amount of
‘good’, ‘medium’ and ‘poor’. Observations wintergreen leaves i.e. 105690 kg. Sampling
were made and measurements of specified error can be expected but experiences
variables were taken from each sample plot afterwards showed that the estimates
using the standard inventory form (Table provided a fairly accurate basis to judge the
21). The shrub numbers were counted and potential of wintergreen leaf supply, upon
measurement was taken by measuring its which enterprise decisions were made.
longest and shortest diameters of the crown.
Step 6: Incorporation of management
provisions in FMP
Step 5: Data analysis and estimation of Table 23 gives a summary of the
sustainable harvesting level recommended optimal harvesting practices
The data from each sites and strata were for Wintergreen as determined from
compiled and various analyses were done. the biological field research and studies
completed in Dolakha.

Table 23: Recommended optimal harvesting practices for sustainable use of wintergreen
Plant Species and Optimal Optimal Optimal percentage Optimal harvesting
Parts Harvested Harvest Season Rotational Interval of plant not harvested method
Wintergreen (leaves) Whole year 6 month-1 year 25% leaves undisturbed Collection of the twigs with leaves of 5-6 yrs
old plants with the help of knife or scissor
44

4. Chiraito (Swertia chirayita) Step 4: Measurement and recording


Product Category: Whole plant After laying the plot on ground,
Chiraito assessment in Darchula measurement was made in the plot of 4 m2.
The numbers of individual were counted
Step 1: Participatory resource mapping and fresh weight was taken through
Chiraito habitat was delineated and destructive sampling on five percent of total
stratification (i.e. dense, medium and sparse sample plots. In the remaining plots only
stratum) was made in the forest map by number of plants were recorded.
community members in facilitation of forest
technicians. Through a transect walk with Step 5: Data analysis and estimation of
community members, cross check and sustainable harvesting level
verification of the delineated area and strata After completion of field measurement, data
were done and habitat map was finalized. sheets were in systematic manner based on
Then, area was calculated for each species. strata and the total and harvestable stock
(number and volume)was analyzed, density
Step 2: Chiraito habitat mapping and area and distribution of Chiraito per hectare, in
calculation blocks and within the community forest
Transect walk with community members were estimated. In average, 1.93 to 2.61
was made in order to cross check and verify chiraito plant per m2. and up to 100-400 kg
the delineated area and stratification were dry biomass per hectare was found. This
done. The delineated potential habitat and data has also been supported by another
strata was finalized after the transect walk research conducted by CECI which found
in the area. Then, area was calculated for 207.33 kg per hectare (Chaudhary, 2004).
each species
Step 6: Incorporation of management
Step 3: Sampling design provisions in FMP
Taking sampling intensity 0.5%, the number
of sample plots of size 4 m2 was calculated Table 24 gives a summary of the
for sampling. Similarly, the plot to plot recommended optimal harvesting practices
distance was calculated. These sample plots for Chiraito as determined from the
were laid along the transect line following biological field research and studies.
the stratified systematic sampling.

Table 24: Recommended optimal harvesting practices for sustainable use of Chiraito
Plant Species and Optimal Optimal Optimal percentage Optimal harvesting
Parts Harvested Harvest Season Rotational Interval of plant not harvested method
Chiraito (whole plant) November - 3 years 20% plants undisturbed Whole plants pulled or dug out carefully with
January prescribed tool (kuto) from the sample plots
Annex 2: Inventory format Participatory
Inventory of
for tree products and shrubs Non-timber 45
and herbs not selected for Forest Products

commercial purpose

Plot wise Forest Resource Inventory Sheet


(Sample plot size 500 m2 for trees; 100 m2 for Pole, Sapling, and
Shrub; and 4 m2 for regeneration.)

I Background Information
Name of FMU: Date: Plot reference
Name of forest: Transect line no.:
Block name/no: Plot No.
Block area: GPS point X:
Strata no. GPS point Y:

II General Characteristics of the Plot


Aspect (Circle where appropriate):

N, S, E, W, NE, NW, SE, SW Soil depth (m): Tree crown cover (%):
Slope (average degree): Soil type: clayey, loam, sandy, boulder Shrub crown cover (%):
Altitude (m): Soil color: Ground cover (%)

Trees stock measurement (regeneration, sapling, pole and trees) (4 m2 for regeneration,
100 m2 for sapling and pole, 500 m2 for trees)
SN Regeneration Sapling Pole Trees Dead and
Remarks
Species

(<4cm dia. or (4-9.9cm dia. or Diameter class 10-30 cm All standing trees and diameter class >30 over mature
<12 cm girth) 12-30cm girth Girth class: 30-90 cm cm Girth class>90 cm) (>30 cm)
Quality classification: 1 or 2 or 3 Quality classification: 1 or 2 or 3
Root Sucker
Seedling

N H D H Q D H Q D H Q D H Q D H Q D H Q D H Q D H Q D H Q
Coppice

N: Number, D: Diameter H: Height and Q: Quality


46

Shrubs measurement
Sample plot size for shrub 100 m2, and for its regeneration 4 m2
SN Species Regeneration (No.) Adult Plants Crown Cover (%) Remarks (Invader, etc.)
Seedling Coppice Root Sucker No Av. Height

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
OTHERS

Herb species measurement (Sample plot size of 4 m2)

SN Species Regeneration (No.) Adult Plants Crown Cover Biomass Remarks (Invader, etc.)
No Av. Height

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
OTHERS

Nigalo measurement (plot size of 100 m2 if sparse otherwise 25 m2)

Number of Clump Diameter of clump Number of stem in a clump Regeneration quality Remarks
1
2
3
4
5
6
Annex 3: Description of Participatory
Inventory of
equipment (Vertex IV and Non-timber 47
Transponder, Silva survey Forest Products

master and densitometer)

Vertex IV and Transponder T3 Setting-up the equipment


(Source: Vertex IV and Transponder T3 manual January 2007, v.10) All settings to measure heights, distances
and angles are made
Description in the SETUP menu.
The Vertex IV is primarily used to measure Choose between metric
the height of standing trees. The instrument or feet, degrees or
can also be used to measure distance, percentage, pivot offset,
horizontal distance, angle and inclination. transponder height
The Vertex instrument uses ultrasonic and manual distance.
measuring technique for measurements. Start the Vertex IV by
pressing ON. Press any
of the arrow keys to go
to the SETUP page and
press ON to enter into
settings. Step to the parameter using ON
and change values with the arrow keys.

METRIC/FEET Choose if height and


To define a reference point in a secure and distance values should be featured in
reliable way, the Vertex IV communicates METRIC or FEET. Shift with the arrow keys
and works with the transponder T3 and confirm your choice with ON.

DEG/GRAD/% Select Angle unit as Deg


(degrees 0 to 360), GRAD (gradients 0 to
400) or % (percentage) by pressing the
arrow keys. Confirm by pressing ON.
The Vertex IV has three keys: Two arrow
keys and one ON key. To turn the Vertex IV P.OFFSET (Pivot
off, press DME and IR keys together. Offset) Change
the value with
the arrow keys
and confirm your
choice with ON.
The value is shown in Metric/Feet.

The “Pivot offset” is equal to the distance


Vertex IV and the transponder T3 each
between the front side of the instrument to
use an alkaline or a rechargeable battery of
the aimed point where the prolonging of
1.5 V AA. The battery is placed under the
the sight line from the transponder and the
battery cap, plus pole + down. Data in the
top of the tree coincide. The imagined point
Vertex can be sent through IR or Bluetooth.
is located somewhere behind your neck and
48

the value should in normal cases be set to Turning the T3 on and off
0.3 m (1.0 feet). The T3 has no switch and the Vertex is used
as a remote control to turn T3 off and on. For
Since the Vertex IV will presume that the both turning the T3 on and off, turn on the
transponder T3 is placed directly under Vertex IV, press any of the arrow keys to go
the aimed height of the measuring object to the CALIBRATE page and press ON to
(when the object is equal to a tree), a half enter into calibration and do as follows:
of the objects diameter should be added
to the Pivot Offset. This compensates for
the diminishment of the tree top. When
measuring tree heights, it is recommended
to add half the average diameter in the area,
for improved accuracy.

T.HEIGHT (Transponder height)


Change the value with the arrow keys and
confirm with ON. The value is set in metric/ To turn T3 ON: Press ON until two signals
feet. T.HEIGHT is the height where the beeps from the T3.
transponder is set, the reference height for the
measuring unit. The Vertex IV adds the preset To turn T3 OFF: Press ON until four signals
T. HEIGHT to the measured height. Normal beeps from the T3.
breast height value is set to 1.3 m (4.5 ft).
The T3 is equipped with an audible signal
M.DIST (Manual distance) that tells if the transponder is activated or not.
This function is useful when measuring Once turned on, the T3 Transponder stays
without the transponder. Change value activated for approximately 20 minutes.
with the arrow keys and confirm with the
ON key. The value is Calibration
shown in metric or To increase and optimize the measuring
feet. M. DIST is the accuracy, the instrument should be
manual distance to the calibrated on a regular basis. The measuring
reference point on the fault can be made permanent if the
object where the height instrument is calibrated before reaching
is measured. Make the correct current temperature. Therefore,
sure that the T.HEIGHT is correctly set, i.e. when calibrating, it is of utmost importance
the height to the chosen reference point. that the instrument has been given enough
time to stabilize at ambient temperature.
To perform any of the operations described
below, ensure a battery in placed in the T3 Use a measuring tape to measure the exact
properly and keep the measuring unit’s distance of 10.0 m (32.8 feet) between the T3
loudspeaker towards the T3’s loudspeaker. and the Vertex front.
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 49
Forest Products

1. Press ON to start the Vertex, scroll to the


Press ON to start the Vertex instrument, HEIGHT page and aim at the transponder.
step in the menu to CALIBRATE and press Keep pressing ON until the cross hair sight
ON. The instrument will calibrate to 10 m, goes out momentarily. Now release ON. The
automatically exit from the calibration and Vertex has measured the distance, the angle
display the CALIBRATE page. and the horizontal distance to the transponder.

2. Aim at the height to measure with the


sight cross blinking. Press ON until the
cross hair disappears. The height of the tree
is locked and displayed.

Detecting the trees on the edge


Again, it is important to give the instrument (circumference) of a circular plot
approximately 10 minutes to set to the
correct temperature before calibrating. When the T3 is used with the adapter
(graduated staff), the ultrasound is spread
Measuring tree height with and it is possible to take measurement from
transponder T3
any direction. This is particularly useful
Start the transponder T3 and place it when working in circular plots, where the
on the tree to be measured. Note that distance from the plot centre to trees within
the transponder should be placed at the a defined circle should be measured.
T.HEIGHT (transponder height) that has
been determined in the settings menu. Walk To determine the radius in case of a circular
a suitable distance from the object – for plot, first fix the T3 at T. HEIGHT at the
optimal result accuracy, a distance equal to centre of the plot. Then press the DME
the approximate tree height. key (left arrow key) when the Vertex IV
50

is turned off. The distance between the For further information and technical
Vertex IV and the T3, is presented in the specifications of the set of the equipment,
Vertex display. Now move away from the consult the user manual.
centre until the distance reading on the
Vertex equals to the radius of the circular Silva Survey master
plot (in case of sloping terrain, the radius Description
should be adjusted according to the slope). This patented double instrument is a
As the Vertex gives reading of the shortest combination of the Sight Master and the
distance, make sure you hold the Vertex Clino Master especially well suited for
at T.HEIGHT above the ground level professionals who need to measure vertical
while taking Vertex reading. Now you can angles, heights and compass bearings.
determine whether the surrounding trees Typical users of this kind of instrument are:
are within or outside the circular plot. surveyors, geologists, speleologists, miners,
satellite dish installers, engineers (telecom),
Important precautions to take while foresters, etc. The Clino Master is used
using the Vertex IV to measure angles/heights and the Sight
The Vertex IV uses ultra sonic signals Master is used to measure the bearings.
to determine distances. Humidity, air
pressure, surrounding noise and, above all,
the temperature can affect the range and
extension of the ultra sonic signals. Clino Master

In some cases, distances of 50 meters and Sight Master


greater can be measured without problems,
and in other cases, the maximum distance
can be shorter than 30 meters.

Check your instrument daily and recalibrate Measuring angles with ClinoMaster
if necessary. Do not touch the temperature The Clino Master can be used to measure
sensor at the front of the instrument (the metal angle and direct distance. The following
knob between the sight and the loudspeaker) steps should be followed to do so:
and never calibrate the instrument before it has
reached ambient temperature.

When measuring heights, it is important to


hold the instrument as straight as possible.
Participatory
Inventory of
Non-timber 51
Forest Products

Place yourself at a suitable distance from Sight with both eyes towards the object. See
the object, if possible a distance equal to the fig. A
height of tree.
You read the bearing through the compass
Hold the Clino Master vertically close to sighting system at the same time you sight
one of your eyes. Because of the optical above the instrument towards the object.
illusion, the index line will appear to “stand The index line will appear to “stand up”
out” from the Clino Master housing making from the compass housing making it easy to
it easy to accurately read the correct angle. accurately read the correct bearing towards
the object (See Fig. B).
Sight with both eyes towards the top of the
tree. The bigger scale gives the bearing from
your position to the object and the smaller
Read the angle at the index line on the left one the reverse bearing from the object
side scale. The angle is given in degrees on to your position. Reverse bearings are
the left side and percentage on the right essential in accurate positioning tasks,
side. For example 15o and XX% particularly at sea.

A similar process can be repeated when Things to be considered while using


measuring the angle at the base of the tree. Survey Master
The compass should be used as far as
Measuring the bearing using Sight Master possible from iron and steel objects, such
as engines, electrical equipment, knives,
tooling, etc. because they can cause
magnetic interference and direction errors.
Even wrist watches and steel-framed
spectacles may cause deviation in the
bearings.

Densiometer
Description
Spherical densiometer is common yet
simple instrument for measuring forest
overstory density or canopy cover (Figure
The Sight Master can be used in the 11). The instrument has reflective spherical
following way to measure the bearing surface divided into 16 equispaced square
which is required when establishing grids. When the instrument is taken under
reference points: forest canopy, the images of overhead
crown can be seen in mirror and the amount
Hold the compass horizontally in front of of canopy coverage is estimated based on
you, close to one of your eyes. proportion of the mirror surface reflecting
the overstory crown.
52

Estimating canopy Note down the total number of squares that


cover using densiometer are filled on the sampling sheet.
Although it is ideal to take canopy cover
measurements in each sample plot, but An average of four measurements for plots
depending on resources availability canopy with non-uniform canopy cover or one
measurements measurement for plot with uniform canopy
can be taken cover should be used for that plot.
in skipped in
several plots. For deciduous trees in late fall to winter,
Figure 13 when trees have no leaves, the crown area
However,
Spherical
the plots densitometer needs to be visualized for a proper reading.
where canopy Only squares that are completely free of
measurements branches should be counted as sky.
are taken
should be Take four measurement from plot center
allocated in proportion to the area of but facing North, East, South and West
different strata. Prior to taking the canopy (Figure 12) and record the average.
cover measurements, all trees should be
already tagged, and diameter at breast Average number of sky squares and canopy
height (dbh) measured. This measurement squares can be calculated during data
procedure can be efficiently handled by one analysis phase.
person using the following procedure.
If spherical densiometer is not available,
Keep the densiometer instrument leveled a densiometer can be made using local
(indicated by the round level in the lower resources. When resource permits,
right-hand corner). Hold the densitometer hemispherical photos using a digital
far enough away from your body so that camera with a fish eye lens such as FC E8,
your head is just outside the grid (30- can be taken during field inventory. The
45 cm away). Maintain the densiometer digital image,
approximately at elbow height. then can be
analyzed Figure 14
There are a total of 24, 3 mm x 3 mm using Gap Position
squares in the grid. Each square represents Light Analyzer to take
an area of canopy opening (sky image (GLA) densitometer
measurements
or unfilled squares) or canopy cover (http://www.
(vegetation image or filled squares). Count ecostudies.
the number of canopy opening squares. org/gla/), a image analysis program, to
If there are squares that are only partially estimate the canopy cover (Frazer et al.
filled, these can be added to make a 1999).
complete square.
Some Relevant Publications
from ANSAB

• ANSAB and FAO. 2009. Challenges and Opportunities for Nepal’s


Small and Medium Forest Enterprises.
• Subedi, B. P. 2006. Linking Plant-Based Enterprises and Local
Communities to Biodiversity Conservation in Nepal Himalaya.
ANSAB. Adroit Publishers, New Delhi.
• ANSAB and FECOFUN. 2005. Forest Certification in Nepal (In
Nepali). Kathmandu
• ANSAB and SNV/Nepal. 2003. Commercially Important Non Timber
Forest Products (NTFPs) of Nepal (In Nepali). Kathmandu.
• ANSAB. 2003. Forest Products Based Enterprise Development. Field
Manual (In Nepali). Kathmandu.
• Subedi, B. P., Binayee, S.B., Ojha, H.R. and Nicholson, K. 2002.
Community Based Enterprises in Nepal: Case Studies, Lessons and
Implications. ANSAB and SNV/Nepal, Kathmandu.
• ANSAB, EWW and IRG. 2006. Role of Natural Products in Resource
Management, Poverty Alleviation, and Good Governance: A Case
Study of Jatamansi and Wintergreen Value Chains in Nepal.
• ANSAB. 1999. Monitoring the Effects of Community Based
Conservation and Commercial Utilization of Natural Products in
Humla, Nepal.
• ANSAB. 1999. Socio-Economic and Institutional Impacts of
Community Based Ecosystem Management Project in Humla, Nepal.
• Video Documentaries on
- Forest Certification - Steps Towards Sustainability (English and
Nepali)- 30 Minutes
- In Search of Yarshagumba (English and Nepali)- 29 Minutes
- Community Enterprises (In Nepali)- 29 Minutes
The Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources
(ANSAB) is a civil society organization that has been
conserving biodiversity and improving livelihoods across
South Asia for almost twenty years. It places community
empowerment and economic incentives at the heart of its
approach, believing that as people benefit from natural
resources they become more motivated to conserve them
– and vice-versa. ANSAB implements a variety of innovative
solutions in line with this core conviction, such as the
creation of enterprises based on the sustainable use of
natural resources, especially Non Timber Forest Products
(NTFPs), and the establishment of payment-schemes for
environmental services, especially for Reducing Emissions
from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) plus.
It has notably pioneered the Forest Stewardship Council
(FSC) certification in Nepal and introduced the concept of
subgroup in community forestry to ensure that ultra-poor and
marginalized people benefit from the natural resources of
their communities. ANSAB is also deeply involved in climate
change mitigation and adaptation as the issue continues
to threaten the environmental and economic progresses
achieved so far – in Nepal as in the rest of the world.

Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture


and Bioresources (ANSAB)
P.O. Box 11035
Kathmandu, Nepal
Visit www.ansab.org to
n Read our detailed capability Tel: (977-01)-4497547 or 4478412
statement Fax: (977-01)-4476586
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