Criminology 5

CRIMINOLOGY 5
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Compiled by: POLY D. BANAGAN
Definition of Terms
Automatic Cues or Fixed Action Responses - these are responses that are usually found or used among animals
when you instruct them to do something. For example, in an animal show, animal trainers use a
whistle to elicit a specific response from an animal. Antisocial Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-
standing pattern of a disregard for other people’s rights, often crossing the line and violating those rights. It usually
begins in childhood or as a teen and continues into their adult lives.
Anxiety - a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome.
Apathy - lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern.
Avoidant Personality Disorder - experience long-standing feelings of inadequacy and are extremely sensitive to
what others think about them. These feelings of inadequacy leads to the person to be socially
inhibited and feel socially inept. Because of these feelings of inadequacy and inhibition, the person with avoidant
personality disorder will seek to avoid work, school and any activities that involve socializing or interacting with
others.
Borderline Personality Disorder - (BPD) is a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-
image and emotions. People with borderline personality disorder are also usually very
impulsive, oftentimes demonstrating self-injurious behaviors (risky sexual behaviors, cutting, suicide attempts).
Compulsion - A sudden and irresistible force compelling a person to do some action.
Conditions and Factors that surrounds and influences an individual that can cause certain behavior patterns.
1. Environment
2. Society
3. Heredity
4. Learning
Counter-Surveillance - any method either physical or technical employed by the offender(s) to detect Law
Enforcement involvement or the use of surveillance.
Courier - the person(s) delivering the concessions(s), which, purports to be, that being demanded by the offenders.
Criminal Behavior - is intentional behavior that violates a criminal code; intentional in that it did not occurs
accidentally or under duress.
Criminal Psychiatry - a branch of psychiatry that deals with the evaluations, prevention and cure of criminal
behavior.
Criminal Psychology - a branch of psychology that deals with the study of behavior and mental processes of the
criminal.
Criminal Siege - is a result of a perpetration of crime that went wrong and the criminals were trapped or cornered
by law enforcers. In many cases, hostage taking is violent and unplanned.
Criminal Sociology - a branch of sociology that studies about the criminal and to its relation to the social structure
of organization of society as well the process on how the criminal learn the behavior, both criminal and non-
criminal.
Crisis - Any situation that is threatening or could threaten to harm people or property, seriously interrupt operations,
Poly D. Banagan File/ 2020 1

damage reputation and/or negatively impact the bottom line.
Crisis Intervention - focuses on studying an individual’s life in order to defuse the destructive effects of the
unusual stress being experienced, and then assisting the individual in crisis to go back to his or her normal condition
before the crisis.
Crisis Management - is the expert handling of a situation to reduce or eliminate danger or destruction.
Crisis Negotiation - the use of communication techniques and strategies to influence a person to change his/her
behavior in accordance with goals within legal, ethical and moral constraints.
Deadlock - means no deal and no agreement—in other words, failure of the negotiation.
Debriefing - shall be conducted after each positive police action to evaluate and study operational lapses.
Proper assessment of the situation is an important key to a successful operation during
hostage-taking scenarios. Debriefing also assists in determining and establishing best practice.
Delusion - is a belief held with strong conviction despite superior evidence to the contrary.
Dependent Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-standing need for the person to be taken care of
and a fear of being abandoned or separated from important individuals in his or her life. This leads the person to
engage in dependent and submissive behaviors that are designed to elicit care-giving behaviors in others. The
dependent behavior may be see as being “clingy” or “clinging on” to others, because the person fears they can’t
live their lives without the help of others.
Depressive and Suicidal - is an individual who has no contact with reality. He/She is characterized by the
following:
a) Irritable depressed mood
b) Diminished interests
c) Weight loss and fatigue
d) Insomnia or hypersomnia
e) Psychomotor agitation or retardation
f) Feeling of worthlessness and guilt
g) Lack of concentration
h) Thoughts of death.
Deviant Behavior - a behavior that deviates from the norms and standards of the society. It is not criminal behavior
but it has the tendency to become abnormal behavior, it will become criminals
when it violates the provision of the criminal law.
Emphaty - is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. It is where the negotiator tries to perceive
the emotional state or condition of the subject and feedback a response that demonstrates his/her understanding of
the subject.
Hematophobia - an abnormal and persistent fear of blood.
Histrionic Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-standing pattern of attention seeking behavior and
extreme emotionality. Someone with histrionic personality disorder wants to be the center
of attention in any group of people, and feel uncomfortable when they are not. While often lively, interesting and
sometimes dramatic, they have difficulty when people aren’t focused exclusively on them.
Hostage - an individual who has been held by the perpetrators against his/her will.
Hostage-taker(s) - an individual or group of person who hold another person(s) against his/her/their will as
bargaining chips for purposes of demanding certain amount of money, self-protection, thwarting any
police action, or pursuing personal interest or that of the general public.

Hostage Taking - is a situation that set of circumstances wherein a suspected law violator is holding a person in
captive by the use of force or threat of violence.
Hot Debrief - short debriefing conducted by negotiating team prior to turn over to another set of negotiating team.
Human Behavior - is refers to the manner, the way in which a human react to his environment.
Illusion - is a distortion of the senses, revealing how the brain normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation.
Though illusions distort reality, they are generally shared by most people.
Impulsion - a strong urge to do something.
Incident/On-Scene Commander - the senior officer in command of the incident.
Inside Agent - a person who is in any advantageous position (e.g. employed by the victim or victim’s organization)
which allows them to gather intelligence or carry out counter surveillance on behalf
of the offenders.
Intermediary - any person authorized by the Incident/On-Scene Commander to communicate with the hostage-
takers either upon the request of the latter or to facilitate smooth communication between
the designated negotiators and the hostage-takers. All actions of the intermediary are supervised by the negotiators.
Kidnapper(s) - an individual or group of persons who kidnapped or held another person against his/her will as
bargaining chips for purposes of demanding certain amount of money, self-protection, thwarting any police action,
or pursuing personal interest.
Learned - an operant behavior which involves cognitive adaptation that enhances the human being’s ability to cope
with changes in the environment and to manipulate the environment.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-standing pattern of grandiosity (either in fantasy or

actual behavior), an overwhelming need for admiration, and usually a complete lack of empathy toward others.
People with this disorder often believe they are of primary importance in everybody’s life or to anyone they meet.
Negotiation - to communicate on a matter of disagreement between two parties, with a view to first listen to the
other party’s perspective and then attempt to arrive at a resolution agreed by consensus.
Negotiator - a trained PNP personnel or any person authorized by the Incident/On-Scene Commander to negotiate
for and in behalf of the police.
Neighborhood Check – the process of getting information from a person who knew the victim particularly in the
neighborhood with the purpose of obtaining material information about the victim and probable suspect.
Obsession - an idea or thought that continually preoccupies or intrudes on a person's mind.
Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder - (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts that produce
uneasiness, apprehension, fear or worry (obsessions), repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing the associated anxiety
(compulsions), or a combination of such obsessions and compulsions. Symptoms of the disorder include excessive
washing or cleaning, repeated checking, extreme hoarding, preoccupation with sexual, violent or religious thoughts,
relationship-related obsessions, aversion to particular numbers and nervous rituals such as opening and closing a
door a certain number of times before entering or leaving a room.
Paranoid - is a mental disorder characterized by paranoia and a pervasive, long-standing suspiciousness and
generalized mistrust of others.
Paranoid Personality Disorder - are generally characterized by having a long-standing pattern of pervasive distrust

and auspiciousness of others. A person with paranoid personality disorder will nearly
always believe that other people’s motives are suspect or even malevolent. Individuals with this disorder assume that
other people will exploit, harm, or deceive them, even if no evidence exists to support this
expectation.
Pay-off – the act of exchanging an agreed amount between the family and the kidnappers at a designated time and
place for the safe release of the victim.
Personality Disorder - is not a mental disorder. Individuals with personality disorders can function in the world to a
high level, e.g. look after themselves, business, finance, etc. However, they fail to function normally in terms of
their relationship with other people. They have dramatic/aggressive clusters of behavior.
Phobia - is an overwhelming and unreasonable fear of an object or situation that poses little real danger but
provokes anxiety and avoidance.
Proof of life - positive proof that the hostage is alive, obtained from a reliable or verified source.
Psychotic – (Paranoid Schizophrenic) is a mental disorder which means that individuals affected cannot function in
the world adequately on a day-to-day basis. They see the world as disorder and they are
desperately trying to make sense of it. They have odd/eccentric clusters of behavior and fear/terror may be their
underlying emotion.
Rapport - a close and harmonious relationship in which the people concerned understand each other’s feelings or
ideas and communicate.
Schizoid Personality Disorder - is a personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, a
tendency towards a solitary lifestyle, secretiveness, and emotional coldness.
Schizophrenic - is an individual who has no contact with reality. He/She is usually characterized by the following:
a. He/She is a psychotic;
b. He/She has a fundamental personality disorder;
c. He/She exhibits symptoms such as hallucinations, voices, obscene language, giggling, self absorbed smile and
sudden breaks in flow of thinking.
Stockholm Syndrome - term that refers to a situation during hostage taking where the victim develops rapport and
becomes sympathetic with his/her captor.
Stronghold - any location or structure, fixed or mobile, where the hostage is being held.
Suicide Intervention - the use of communication techniques and strategies to influence a person to change behavior
and reconsider his desire to commit suicide.
Tactical Interrogation - refers to the act of questioning or eliciting information from a suspect to produce
information of tactical or operational value.
Time - is the most important element of hostage negotiation.
Victim - the person/company/organization to whom the unwarranted demand or threat is directed or intended, or is
expected by the offenders to respond.
Victim Communicator - the individual communicating directly with the people making the threat(s), demand(s) or
issuing instructions.
STUDY OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
In general, psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. This means that psychologists use
the methods of science to investigate all kinds of behavior and mental processes, from the activity of a single nerve
cell to the social conflict in a complex society (Bernstein, et al, 1991). In particular, Criminal Psychology is a sub-
field of general psychology where criminal behavior is only, in part by which phenomena psychologists choose to
study. It may be defined as the study of criminal behavior, the study of criminal conduct and activities in an attempt
to discover recurrent patterns and to formulate rules about his behavior.
A major description of criminal psychology is the word behaviour.
Behavior refers to actions or activities (Kahayon, 1985). To the criminologist, behavior is the observable
actions because he is more interested in actions and reactions that can be seen and verified than in concepts, which
cannot be directly verified.
Human Behavior- refers to the reaction to facts of relationship between the individual and his environment
Behavioral Genetics- a field of research in psychology that aims to determine heritability and to determine
how much of the behavior is accounted for by genetic factors. It began in England with Sir Francis Galton and his
study of the inheritance of genius in families
GENERAL CATEGORY OF BEHAVIOR

A. Normal Behavior (adaptive or adjusted behavior) – the standard behavior, the totality accepted behavior
because they follow the standard norms of society. understanding criminal behavior includes the idea of
knowing what characterized a normal.
B. Abnormal Behavior (maladaptive/maladjusted behavior) - A group of behaviors that are deviant from social
expectations because they go against the norms or standard behavior of society.
KINDS OF BEHAVIOR
A. Overt or Covert Behavior - Behaviors that are outwardly manifested or those that are directly observable are
overt behaviors. On the other hand, covert behavior are behaviors that are hidden – not visible to the naked
eye.
B. Conscious or Unconscious Behavior - Behavior is conscious when acts are within the level of awareness. It
is unconscious when acts are embedded in one’s subconscious – unaware.
C. Simple or Complex Behavior - These are acts categorized according to the number of neurons involved in
the process of behaving. Simple behavior involves less number of neurons while complex behavior involved
more number of neurons, a combination of simple behaviors.
D. Rational or Irrational Behavior - There is rational behavior when a person acted with sanity or reason and
there is irrational behavior when the person acted with no apparent reason or explanation – as when a man
loses his sanity and laugh out loud at nobody or nothing in particular.
E. Voluntary or Involuntary Behavior - Voluntary behavior is an act done with full volition or will such as when
we discriminate, decide or choose while involuntary behaviors refers the bodily processes that foes on even
when we are awake or asleep like respiration, circulation and digestion.
ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR
A. Intellectual Aspect - Pertains to our intelligence.

B. Emotional Aspect – this pertains to our feelings, moods, temper, and strong motivational force.
C. Social Aspect – this pertains to how we interact or relate with other people
D. Moral Aspect – this refers to our conscience and concept on what is good or bad.
E. Psychosexual Aspect - this pertains to our being a man or a woman and the expression of love
F. Political Aspect – this pertains to our ideology towards society/government
G. Value/Attitude – this pertains to our interest towards something, our likes and dislikes
Characteristics of human behavior

1. Primarily native or learned- ex. Instinct
a. Theory of instinct- posits that all thinking and behavior are the result of instinct
Instinct- an innate biological force which commands an individual to behave in a particular way
b. Theory of drives- stated that a driving force originates from a natural need, like thirst
c. Learning- a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of prior experience
2. Evoked by external stimuli or internal need
3. Automatic, voluntary, conscious, motor or international
ATTRIBUTES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

1. Duration- the aspect of human behavior in terms of function of time
2. Extensity- centers on size, distance and location
3. Intensity- focuses in terms of magnitude
4. Quantity- deals with normal and abnormal traits
Steps on how human behavior takes place

1. Sensation- feeling of impression of stimulus
a. visual- seeing
b. olfactory- smelling
c. cutaneous- touching
d. auditory- hearing
e. gustatory- tasting
2. Perception- knowledge of stimulus
3. Awareness- psychological activity
Ways on how people interact

1. Parent ego state- characterized by protective, idealistic, evaluative, righteous, refer to laws, rule and
standards
2. Adult ego state- centers more upon reasons, factual, flexible, views as co-equal, worthy and reasonable
human being
3. Child ego state- dependent, demanding, rebellious, selfish, impatient and emotional
DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR
The answer to these questions requires the study and understanding of the influences of HEREDITY and
ENVIRONMENT. As cited by Tuason:
Heredity (Biological Factors)

This refers to the genetic influences, those that are explained by heredity, the characteristics of a person
acquired from birth transferred from one generation to another. It explains that certain emotional aggression, our
intelligence, ability and potentials and our physical appearance are inherited.
It is the primary basis of the idea concerning criminal behavior, the concept that “criminals are born”. It
also considers the influences of genetic defects and faulty genes, diseases, endocrine imbalances, malnutrition and
other physical deprivations that can be carried out from one generation to another.
Environmental Factors
A. Family Background – it is a basic consideration because it is in the family whereby an individual first experiences
how to relate and interact with another. The family is said to be the cradle of personality development as a result
of either a close or harmonious relationship or a pathogenic family structure: the disturbed family, broken family,
separated or maladjusted relations.
B. Childhood Trauma – the experiences, which affect the feeling of security of a child undergoing developmental
processes. The development processes are being blocked sometimes by parental deprivation as a consequence
of parents or lack of adequate maturing at home because of parental rejection, overprotection, restrictiveness,
over permissiveness, and faulty discipline.
C. Pathogenic Family Structure – those families associated with high frequency of problems such as:

1) The inadequate family – characterized by the inability to cope with the ordinary problems of family living.
It lacks the resources, physical of psychological, for meeting the demands of family satisfaction.
2) The anti-social family – those that espouses unacceptable values as a result of the influence of parents to
their children.
3) The discordant/disturbed family – characterized by non-satisfaction of one or both parent from the
relationship that may express feeling of frustration. This is usually due to value differences as common
sources of conflict and dissatisfaction.
4) The disrupted family – characterized by incompleteness whether as a result of death, divorce, separation
or some other circumstances.
OTHER DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR

In order to further understand and provide answers on the question that why do some people behave
criminally, it is important to study the other determinants of behavior. These are needs, drives and motivation.
Needs and Drives

Need, according to a drive reduction theory, is a biological requirement for wellbeing of the individual.
This need creates drives – a psychological state of arousal that prompts someone to take action (Bernstein, et al,
1991). Drive therefore is an aroused state that results from some biological needs.
The aroused condition motivates the person to remedy the need. For example, If you have had no water for
some time, the chemical balance of the body fluids is disturbed, creating a biological need for water. The
psychological consequence of this need is a drive – thirst – that motivates you to find and drink water. In other
words, drives push people to satisfy needs.
Motivation
Motivation on the other hand refers to the influences that govern the initiation, direction, intensity, and
persistence of behavior (Bernstein, et al, 1991). Thus motivation refers to the causes and “why’s” of behavior as
required by a need.
Motivation is the hypothetical concept that stands for the underlying force impelling behavior and giving it
s direction (Kahayon, 1975).
Drives are states of comfortable tension that spur activity until a goal is reached.
Biological needs Motivational Systems
Food Hunger – the body needs adequate

supply of nutrients to function
effectively. “An empty stomach
sometimes drives a person to steal.”
Water Thirst – just like food, the body needs
water.
Sex A powerful motivator but unlike food
and water, sex is not vital for survival
but essential to the survival of species.
Pain Avoidance The need to avoid tissue damage is
essential to the survival of the
organism. Pain will activate behavior to
reduce discomfort.
Stimulus Curiosity is most people and animal is
seeking motivated to explore the environment
even when the activity satisfies no
bodily needs.
Psychological Needs

Psychological needs are influenced primarily by the kind of society in which the individual is raised.
Psychological motives are those related to the individual happiness and well-being, but not for his survival, unlike
the biological motives that focuses on basic needs – the primary motives.
Abraham Maslow has suggested that human needs form a hierarchy from the most basic biological
requirements to the needs for self-actualization – the highest of all needs.
The pyramidal presentation shows that from the bottom to the top of the hierarchy, the levels of needs or
motive according to Maslow, are:
1. Biological or Physiological Needs – these motives include the need for food, water, oxygen, activity, and
sleep.
2. Safety Needs – these pertains to the motives of being cared for and being secured such as in income and
place to live.
3. Love/Belongingness – Belongingness is integration into various kinds of social groups or social
organizations. Love needs means need for affection.
4. Cognitive Needs – our motivation for learning and exploration
5. Esteem Needs – our motivation for an honest, fundamental respect for a person as a useful and honorable
human being.
6. Aesthetic Needs - our motivation for beauty and order
7. Self- actualization – pertains to human total satisfaction, when people are motivated not so much by unmet
needs, as by the desire to become all they are capable of (self-realization).
Frustration, Conflict and Anxiety
Frustration refers to the unpleasant feelings that result from the blocking of motive satisfaction. It is a
form of stress, which results in tension. It is a feeling that is experienced when something interferes with our hopes,
wishes, plans and expectations (Coleman, 1980).
Conflict refers to the simultaneous arousal of two or more incompatible motives resulting to unpleasant
emotions. It is a source of frustration because it is a threat to normal behavior (Berstein, et al, 1991).
Types of Conflicts
1. Double Approach Conflict – a person is motivated to engage in two desirable activities that cannot be
pursued simultaneously.
2. Double Avoidance Conflict – a person faces two undesirable situations in which the avoidance of one is the
exposure to the other resulting to an intense emotion.
3. Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a person faces situation having both a desirable and undesirable feature. It
is sometimes called “dilemma”, because some negative and some positive features must be accepted
regardless which course of action is chosen.
4. Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a situation in which a choice must be made between two or more
alternatives each has both positive and negative features. It is the most difficult to resolve because the features
of each portion are often difficult to compare.
Anxiety is an intangible feeling that seems to evade any effort to resolve it. It is also called neurotic fear. It
could be intense, it could be low and can be a motivating force (Coleman, 1980).
Stress is the process of adjusting to or dealing with circumstances that disrupts, or threatens to disrupt a
person’s physical or psychological functioning (Bernstein, et al, 1991)
The Ego Defense Mechanisms
The defense mechanisms are the unconscious techniques used to prevent a person’s self image from being
damaged. When stress becomes quite strong, an individual strives to protect his self-esteem, avoiding defeat. We all
use ego defense mechanisms to protect us from anxiety and maintain our feeling of personal worth. We consider
them normal adjustive reactions when they are use to excess and threaten self-integrity (Bernstein, et al, 1991).

Example: Denial of Reality – protection of oneself from unpleasant reality by refusal to perceive or face it.
Simply by avoiding something that is unpleasant. Fantasy – the gratification of frustration desires in imaginary
achievement. Paying attention not to what is going on around him but rather to what is taking place in his thoughts.
Emotion
Emotion is a condition of psychological arousal, an expression of instinctive somatic and autonomic

responses. Gestures- actions used to convey emotions
Greek physician Hippocrates developed a theory of human personalities based on four "humors." He
thought that emotions were influenced by four types of body fluids, or "humors," including blood, yellow bile, black
bile and phlegm. Later, Galen, another Greek physician, redefined these four basic humors as sanguine,
melancholic, choleric and phlegmatic. Ideally, the humors should be in balance, but when one humor dominates, the
person has emotional characteristics of the dominant humor.
Four types of temperaments
1. Sanguine/ Blood – body fluid causing ruddy complexion, courageous, optimistic and romantic
temperament. The sanguine temperament is fundamentally impulsive and pleasure-seeking; sanguine
people are sociable and emotional. They tend to enjoy social gatherings, making new friends and tend to be
boisterous. They are usually quite creative and often daydream.. They are talkative and not shy.
2. Choleric/ Yellow Bile - a body fluid causing bad temper. The Greeks classified the choleric humor as being
hot and dry. Physiologically, it powered digestion. It was thought that yellow bile excited the passions, so
people with an excess of it were likely to be angry, jealous and irritable, but also courageous. The choleric
temperament is fundamentally ambitious and leader-like. They have a lot of aggression, energy, and/or
passion, and try to instil it in others. They can dominate people of other temperaments, especially phlegmatic
types. Many great charismatic military and political figures were choleric. They like to be in charge of
everything.
3. Melancholic/ Black Bile - A body fluid causing thoughtful and sadness. A person who have too much of it
may have a gloomy character. The melancholic temperament is fundamentally introverted and thoughtful.
Melancholic people often were perceived as very (or overly) pondering and considerate, getting rather
worried when they could not be on time for events. Melancholics can be highly creative in activities such as
poetry and art - and can become preoccupied with the tragedy and cruelty in the world. Often they are
perfectionists.
4. Phlegmatic/ Phlegm – a body fluid causing sluggishness and apathy. The phlegmatic temperament is
fundamentally relaxed and quiet, ranging from warmly attentive to lazily sluggish. Phlegmatics tend to be
content with themselves and are kind. They are accepting and affectionate. They may be receptive and shy
and often prefer stability to uncertainty and change. They are consistent, relaxed, calm, rational, curious, and
observant, qualities that make them good administrators. They can also be passive-aggressive.
Perspective on the Causes of Criminal Behavior
1. Anxiety (Psychological Perspective) – stressful situations that when become extreme may result to
maladaptive behavior.
2. Faulty Learning (Behavior Perspective) – the failure to learn the necessary adaptive behavior due to
wrongful development. This usually result to delinquent behavior based on the failure to learn the necessary
social values and norms.
3. Blocked of Distorted Personal Growth (Humanistic Perspective) - presumably, human nature tends
towards cooperation and constructive activities, however, if we show aggression, cruelty or other violent
behavior, the result will be an unfavorable environment.
4. Unsatisfactory interpersonal relationship - self-concept in early childhood by over critical parents or by
rigid socialization measures usually causes deviant behaviors among individuals because they are not

contented and even unhappy among individuals because they are not contented and even unhappy to the kind
of social dealings they are facing.
5. Pathological social conditions – poverty, social discrimination, and destructive violence always results to
deviant behavior.
THE CRIMINAL FORMULA
C=T+S
R
Where:
C – Crime/Criminal Behavior (the act)

T – Criminal Tendency (Desire/Intent)
S – Total Situation (Opportunity)
R – Resistance to Temptation (Control)
The formula shows that a person’s criminal tendency and his resistance to them may either result in
criminal act depending upon, which of them is stronger. This means that a crime or criminal behaviors exist when
the person’s resistance is insufficient to withstand the pressure of his desire or intent and the opportunity (Tradio,
1983).
PATTERNS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
I. Neurotic/Psychoneurotic Behaviors
Neurotic/Psychoneurotic behaviors are groups of mild functional personality disorders in which there is no
gross personality disorganization, the individual does not lose contact with reality, and hospitalization is not
required.
A. Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety disorders are commonly known as “neurotic fear”. When it is occasional but intense, it is called
“panic”. When it is mild but continuous, it is called “worry” which is usually accompanied by physiological
symptoms such as sustained muscular tension, increased blood pressure, insomnia, etc. They are considered as the
central feature of all neurotic patterns. This disorders are characterized by mild depressions, fear and tensions, and
mild stresses.
1. Obsessive-compulsive disorders - Obsessions usually centered on fear that one will submit to an
uncontrollable impulse to do something wrong. Compulsion on the other hand resulted from repetitive acts
(Wicks, 1974). An obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by the following: When an individual is
compelled to think about something that he do not want to think about or carry some actions against his will,
and the experience of persistent thoughts that we cannot seem to get out of our minds such as thoughts about
haunting situations.
2. Asthenic Disorders (Neurasthenia) - An anxiety disorder characterized by chronic mental and physical
fatigue and various aches and pains. Symptoms include spending too much sleep to avoid fatigue but to no
avail, even feel worse upon awake, headaches, indigestion, back pains, and dizziness.
3. Phobic Disorders - These refer to the persistent fear on some objects or situation that present no actual
danger to the person. Examples of Phobia: Acrophobia - fear of high places
B. Somatoform Disorders

Complaints of bodily symptoms that suggest the presence of physical problem but no organic basis can be
found. The individual is pre-occupied with his state of health or diseases.
1. Hypochondriasis - This refers to the excessive concern about state of health or physical condition
(multiplicity about illness)
2. Psychogenic Pain Disorder - It is characterized by the report of severe and lasting pain. Either no physical
basis is apparent reaction greatly in excess of what would be expected from the physical abnormality.
3. Conversion Disorders (Hysteria) - It is a neurotic pattern in which symptoms of some physical malfunction
or loss of control without any underlying organic abnormality.
C. Dissociative Disorders
A response to obvious stress characterized by amnesia, multiple personality, and depersonalization.
1. Amnesia - The partial or total inability to recall or identify past experiences following a traumatic incident.
a. Brain pathology amnesia – total loss of memory and it cannot be retrieved by simple means. It requires
long period of medication.
b. Psychogenic amnesia – failure to recall stored information and still they are beneath the level of
consciousness but “forgotten material.”
2. Multiple Personality - It is also called “dual personalities.” The reason manifests two or more symptoms of
personality usually dramatically different.
3. Depersonalization - The loss of sense of self or the so-called out of body experience. There is a feeling of
detachment from one’s mental processes or body or being in a dream state. Cases of somnambulism (sleep
walking) may fall under this disorder.
D. Mood Disorders (Affective Disorders)

Mood disorders often referred to as affective disorders however the critical pathology in these disorders is
one of mood which is the internal state of a person, and not of affect, the external expression of emotional content
(Manual of Mental Disorder).
Mood disorders are group of clinical conditions characterized by a loss of sense of control of their moods
and affects, and a subjective experience of great distress mood may be elevated on depressed. These disorder always
result in the impaired interpersonal, social and occupational functioning.
1. Depressive Disorders
a. Major Depressive Disorder – Patients with depressed mood have a loss of energy and interest, feeling of
guilt, difficulty in concentrating, loss of appetite, and thoughts of death or suicide, they are not affected
with manic episodes.
b. Dysthymic Disorder – a mild form of major depressive disorder
2. Bipolar Disorders - those experienced by patients with both manic and depressive episodes.
a. Cyclothymic Disorder – a less severe form of bipolar disorder
II. Psychopathic Behaviors
The second group of abnormal behaviors, which typically stemmed from immature and distorted
personality development, resulting in persistent maladaptive ways of perceiving and thinking. They are generally
called “personality or character disorders”. These groups of disorders are composed of the following:
A. Personality Disorders
The disorders of character, the person is characterized as a “problematic” without psychoses. This disorder
is characterized disrupted personal relationship, dependent or passive aggressive behavior.
1) Paranoid Personality Disorder - It is characterized by suspicious, rigidity, envy, hypersensitivity, excessive

self-importance, argumentativeness and tendency to blame others of one’s own mistakes.
2) Schizoid Personality Disorder - This is characterized by the inability to form social relationship and lack of
interest in doing so. The person seem to express their feelings, they lack social skills. They are the so-called
“loners”.

3) Schizotypal Personality Disorder - It is characterized by seclusiveness, over sensitivity, avoidance of
communication and superstitious thinking is common.
4) Histrionic Personality Disorder - It is characterized by immaturity, excitability, emotional instability and self-
dramatization.
5) Narcissistic Personality Disorder - It is characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and pre-
occupation with receiving attention. The person usually expects and demands special treatment from others
and disregarding the rights and feeling of others.
6) Borderline Personality Disorder - It is characterized by instability reflected in drastic mood shifts and
behavior problems. The person usually displays intense anger outburst with little provocation and he is
impulsive, unpredictable, and periodically unstable.
7) Avoidant Personality Disorder - It is characterized by hypersensitivity to rejection and apprehensive alertness
to any sign of social derogation. Person is reluctant to enter into social interaction.
8) Dependent Personality Disorder - It is characterized by extreme dependence on other people – there is acute
discomfort and even panic to be alone. The person lacks confidence and feels helpless.
9) Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder - It is characterized by being hostile expressed in indirect and non-
violent ways. They are so called “stubborn”.
10) Compulsive Personality Disorder - It is characterized by excessive concern with rules, order, and efficiency
that everyone does things their way and an ability to express warm feeling. The person is over conscientious,
serious, and with difficulty in doing things for relaxation.
11) Anti-social Personality Disorder - It is characterized by continuing violation of the rights of others through
aggressive, anti-social behavior without remorse or loyalty to anyone.
B. Criminal Behavior
The disorder used to describe the behaviour of a person who commits serious crimes from individual to
property crimes and the disobedience of societal rules in general.
“Dyssocial Personality” is the term used to refer to these individuals (not anti-social) but particularly those
who violate law in practice “crime as a profession” They are not normally associated with any significant
personality disturbances.
III. The Psychotic Behaviors
The Psychotic Behaviors are group of disorders involving gross structural defects in the brain tissue, severe
disorientation of the mind thus it involves loss of contact with reality.
A. Organic Mental Disorders - A diagnosis of organic mental disorder is associated with a specific, identified organic
cause, such as abnormalities of the brain structure. These are mental disorder that occurs when the normal brain
has been damage resulted from any interference of the functioning of the brain.
1) Acute brain disorder – caused by a diffuse impairment of the brain function. Its symptoms range from mild
mood changes to acute delirium.
2) Chronic brain disorder – the brain disorder that result from injuries, diseases, drugs, and a variety of other
conditions. Its symptoms includes impairment of orientation (time, place and person), impairment of
memory, learning, comprehension and judgement, emotion and self-control.
Groups of Organic Mental Disorders

1) Delirium – the severe impairment of information processing in the brain affecting the basic process of
attention, perception, memory and thinking.
2) Dementia – deterioration in intellectual functioning after completing brain maturation. The defect in the
process of acquiring knowledge or skill, problem solving, and judgement.
Ø Amnestic Syndrome – the inability to remember on going events more than a few minutes after they have
taken place
3) Hallucinosis – the persistent occurrence of hallucinations, the false perception that arise in full wakefulness
state. This includes hallucinations on visual and hearing or both.
4) Organic Delusional Syndrome – the false belief arising in a setting of known or suspected brain damage.

5) Organic Affective Syndrome – the extreme/severe manic or depressive state with the impairment of the
cerebral function.
6) Organic Personality Syndrome – the general personality changes following brain damage.
7) General Paresis – also called “dimentia paralytica”, a syphilitic infection of the brain and involving
impairment of the CNS.
B. Disorders Involving Brain Tumor - A tumor is a new growth involving abnormal enlargement of body tissue.
Brain tumor can cause a variety of personality alterations, and it may lead to any neurotic behavior and
consequently psychotic behavior.
C. Disorders Involving Head Injury - Injury to the head as a result of falls, blows and accidents causing sensory and
motor disorders; and mental disorder such as
1) Retrograde Amnesia – the inability to recall events immediately proceeding the injury
2) Intra Cerebral Hemorrhage – gross bleeding at the site of the damage.
3) Petechial Hemorrhage – small spot of bleeding at the site of the damage
These injury may also impair language and other related sensory motor functions and may result to brain
damage:
1) Auditory Aphasia – loss of ability to understand spoken words

2) expressive Aphasia – loos of ability to speak required words
3) nominal Aphasia – loss of ability to recall names of objects
4) alexia – loss of ability to read
5) apraxia – loss of ability to perform simple voluntary acts
D. Senile and Presenile Dementia

1) Senile dementia – mental disorder that accompanied by brain deterioration due to old age.
2) Presenile dementia – mental deterioration associated with earlier degeneration of the brain.
E. Mental retardation
Mental retardation is a mental disorder characterized by sub-average general functioning existing
concurrency with deficits in adaptive behavior. It is a common mental disorder before the age of 18. The person is
suffering from low I.Q., difficulty in focusing attention and deficiency in fast learning.
Level of Mental Retardation
1) Mild mental retardation (I.Q. 52 – 67) - Educable

2) Moderate mental retardation (I.Q. 36 – 51) - Trainable
3) Severe mental retardation (I.Q. 20 – 35) - Dependent retarded
4) Profound mental retardation (I.Q. under 20) - Life support retarded
F. Schizophrenia and Paranoia
Schizophrenia – refers to the group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross distortions of realty,
withdrawal of social interaction, disorganization and fragmentation of perception, thoughts and emotion. It also
refers to terms such as “mental deterioration”, “dementia praecox”, or “split mind”.
Types of Scihizophrenia
1) Simple Schizophrenia (Undifferentiated Type)- the schizophrenia in which symptoms are rapidly changing
mixture of all primary indicators of schizophrenia. The varying combinations of delusions, hallucinations,
though disorders, and gross bizarreness.
2) Paranoid Schizophrenia- it is the illogical, changeable delusions frequently accompanied by vivid
hallucinations, with a resulting impairment of critical judgement, unpredictable and occasionally dangerous
behaviour.

3) Catatonic Schizophrenia- it is the altering of extreme withdrawal and extreme excitement. The individual
may talk or shout incoherently and engage uninhibited, impulsive behaviour. the person may be dangerous.
4) Hebephrenic Schizophrenia (Disorganized Type)- there is emotional distortion manifested in inappropriate
laughter, peculiar mannerism, and bizarre behaviour.
5) Residual Schizophrenia- is used for persons who have had a priors episode of schizophrenia but currently are
not displaying active delusions, hallucinations, or overall disorganization of behaviour.
Paranoia – it is a psychosis characterized by a systemized delusional system. A delusion is a firm belief

opposed to reality but maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary. It is also a psychosis characterized by
delusion of apprehension following a failure or frustration.
Symptoms of the Disorder include feeling of being mistreated, ignored, stolen from, spied upon, and over
suspicious.
The Disorder is characterized by: (sequence of events in paranoia)
a. Suspiciousness- the individual mistrusts the motives of others and fear that he will be taken advantage.
b. Protective Thinking- blames other for one’s own mistake.
c. Hostility- response to alleged mistreatment with anger and hostility, the person becomes increasingly
suspicious.
d. Paranoid Illumination-strange feelings of events being experienced.
e. Delusion-feeling of persecution.
IV. The Addictive Disorders
Psychoactive substance-use disorders such as alcoholism affects millions of people. Addiction and
psychological dependence on these substances create disastrous personal and social problems (Bernstein, 1991).
The addictive groups of disorders include substances use, obesity and pathological gambling.
1. Substance Use (Alcohol and Drug Abuse)
Alcoholism or “problem drinking” is an addictive source of human disorder. It is evident by its general
effects as follows:
• it serves as depressant.
• it numbs the higher brain center.
• it impairs judgement and other rational.
• it lowers self-control.
• deterioration of perception.
2. Extreme Obesity – Also known as” habitual over eating” is an addictive form of disorder. It is a life
threatening disorder, resulting in such condition as diabetes, high blood pressure and other cardiovascular
diseases that can place an individual at high risk of heart attack.
3. Pathological Gambling – is an addictive disorder, which does not involve chemically addictive
V. The Sexual Deviations
Sexual deviations to the impairment to either the desire for sexual gratification or in the ability to achieve it
(Coleman, 1980).
Those Affecting Males
1. Erectile Insufficiency (Impotency) – it is a sexual disorder characterized by the inability to achieve or

maintain erection for successful intercourse.
2. Pre-mature Ejaculation – it is the unsatisfactory brief period of sexual stimulation that result to the failure of
the female partner to achieve satisfaction.

3. Retarded Ejaculation – it is the inability to ejaculate during intercourse – resulting to worry between partners.
Those Affecting Women
1. Arousal Insufficiency (Frigidity) – a sexual disorder characterized by partial or complete failure to attain the
lubrication or swelling response of sexual excitement by the female partner.
2. Orgasmic Dysfunction – a sexual disorder characterized by the difficulty in achieving orgasm
3. Vaginismus – the involuntary spasm of the muscles at the entrance to the vagina that prevent penetration of
the male sex organ.
4. Dyspareunia – it is called painful coitus/painful sexual acts in women.
Sexual behaviors leading to Sex Crimes
I. As to Sexual Reversals
Ø Homosexuality – it is a sexual behavior directed towards the same sex. It is also called “lesbianism/tribadism”
for female relationship.
Ø Transvestism – refers to the achievement of sexual excitation by dressing as a member of the opposite sex
such a man who wears female apparel.
Ø Fetishism – sexual gratification is obtained by looking at some body parts, underwear of the opposite sex or
other objects associated with the opposite sex.
II. As to the Choice of Partner
Ø Pedophilia – a sexual perversion where a person has the compulsive desire to have sexual intercourse with a
child of either sex.
Ø Bestiality – the sexual gratification is attained by having sexual intercourse with animals
Ø Auto-sexual (self-gratification/masturbation) – it is also called “self abuse”, sexual satisfaction is carried out
without the cooperation of another.
Ø Gerontophilia – is a sexual desire with an elder person.
Ø Necrophilia – an erotic desire or actual intercourse with a corpse
Ø Incest – a sexual relation between person who, by reason of blood relationship cannot legally marry.
III. As to Sexual Urge

Ø Satyriasis – an excessive (sexual urge) desire of men to have sexual intercourse
Ø Nymphomania – a strong sexual feeling of women with an excessive sexual urge.
IV. As Mode of Sexual Expression

• Oralism – it is the use of mouth or the tongue as a way of sexual satisfaction.
a. Fellatio – male sex organ to the mouth of the women coupled with the act of sucking that initiates orgasm.
b. Cunnilingus – sexual gratification is attained by licking the external female genitalia.
c. Anilism (anillingus) – licking the anus of the sexual partner
• Sado-Masochism (Algolagnia) – pain/cruelty for sexual gratification.

Sadism – achievement of sexual stimulation and gratification through the infliction of physical pain on the
sexual partner. It may also be associated with animals or objects instead of human beings.
Masochism – infliction of pain to oneself to achieve sexual pleasure.
V. As to Part of the Body

Ø Sodomy – is a sexual act through the anus of the sexual partner.
Ø Uranism – sexual gratification is attained through fingering, holding the breast of licking parts of the body.
Ø Frottage – the act of rubbing the sex organ against body parts of another person.
Ø Partailism – it refers to the sexual libido on any part of the body of a sexual partner.
VI. As to visual stimulus

Ø Voyeurism – the person is commonly called “the peeping Tom”, an achievement of sexual pleasures through
clandestine peeping such as peeping to dressing room, couples room, toilets, etc. and frequently the person
masturbate during the peeping activity.
Ø Scoptophilia – the intentional act of watching people undress or during sexual intimacies.
VII. As to Number of Participants in the Sexual Act

Ø Troilism – three persons participate in sex orgy such as two women versus on man or vice versa.
Ø Pluralism – group of persons in sexual orgies such as couple to couple sexual relations. It is also called
“sexual festival”.
VIII. Other Sexual Abnormalities

Ø Exhibitionism – it is called “indecent exposure”, intentional exposure of genitals to members of the opposite
sex under inappropriate conditions.
Ø Coprolalia – the use of obscene language to achieve sexual satisfaction.
Ø Don Juanism – the act of seducing women as a career without permanency of sexual partner or companion.
CRIME is also a generic name that refers to offense, felony and delinquency or misdemeanor.
Offense – is an act or omission that is punishable by special laws ( a special law is a statute enacted by
Congress, penal in character, which is not an amendment to the Revised Penal Code) such as Republic Acts,
Presidential Decrees, Executive Orders, Memorandum Circulars, Ordinances and Rules and Regulations ( Reyes,
1960)
Felony – is an act or mission that is punishable by the Revised Penal Code, the criminal law in the
Philippines (Reyes, 1960).
Delinquency/Misdemeanor – acts that are in violation of simple rules and regulations usually referring to
acts committed by minor offenders.
A Scottish woodcutter was accused of killing a man he believed to be Prime Minister for thought that he was
persecuted by the Tories and their leader, Robert Peel, however turned out to be another person. The court believed
he was so mentally deranged that it would be inhuman to convict him since it was clear he was not in control of his
faculties. This case became known as “The M’naghten Rule”
The Durham Rule

A standard of insanity defense which states that an accused is not criminally responsible if his unlawful act
was the product of mental disease or mental defect.
Imbeciles are people with moderate to severe mental retardation, as well as a type of criminal. The term
arises from the Latin word imbecillus, meaning – weak-minded
CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME
Crimes are classified in order to focus a better understanding on their existence. Criminologists consider
the following as criminological classification of crimes (Criminology Reviewer, 1996).
A. Acquisitive and Extinctive Crimes

Acquisitive Crime is one which when committed, the offender acquires something as a consequence of his
criminal act. The crime is extinctive when the result of criminal act is destruction.
B. Seasonal and Situational Crimes

Seasonal crimes are those that are committed only at certain period of the year while situational crimes are
those that are committed only when given a situation conducive to its commission.
C. Episodic and Instant Crimes

Episodic crimes are serial crimes, they are committed by series of act within a lengthy space of time.
Instant crimes are those that are committed the shortest possible time.

D. Static and Continuing Crimes
Static crimes are crimes that are committed only in one place. Continuing crime are crimes that are
committed in several places.
E. Rational and Irrational Crimes

Rational crimes are those committed with intent; offender is in full possession of his mental faculties
/capabilities while Irrational crimes are committed without intent; offender does not know the nature of his act.
F. White Collar and Blue Collar Crimes

White Collar Crimes are those committed by a person of responsibility and of upper socio-economic class
in the course of their occupational activities. Blue Collar Crimes are those committed by ordinary professionals to
maintain their livelihood.
G. Upper World and Underworld Crimes

Upper World Crimes are those committed by individuals belonging to the upper class of society. Under
World Crime are committed by members of the lower or under privilege class of society.
H. Crimes by Imitation and Crimes by Passion

Crimes by Imitation are crimes committed by merely duplication of what was done by others. Crimes by
Passion are crimes committed because of the fit of great emotions.
I. Service Crimes
Service Crime refers to crimes committed through rendition of a service to satisfy desire of another.
Legal Classification of Crimes
Under the law, crimes are classified as:
A. Crimes against National Security and the Law of Nations.

Example – Treason, Espionage, Piracy
B. Crimes against the Fundamental Law of the State. Example – Arbitrary Detention, Violation of Domicile
C. Crimes against Public Order.
Example – Rebellion, Sedition, Coup d’tat
D. Crimes against Public Interest.
Example – Forgery, Falsification, Fraud
E. Crimes against Public Morals
Example – Gambling and betting, offences against decency and good customs like scandals, obscenity,
vagrancy, and prostitution
F. Crimes Committed by Public Officers
Example – Malfeasance and Misfeasance
G. Crimes against Person
Example – Murder, Rape, Physical Injuries
H. Crimes against Properties
Example – Robbery, Theft
I. Crimes against Personal Liberty and Security
Example – Illegal Detention, Kidnapping, Trespass to Dwelling, Threat and Coercion
J. Crimes against Chastity
Example – Concubinage, Adultery, Seduction, Abduction, Acts of Lasciviousness
K. Crimes against Civil Status of Persons
Example – Bigamy and Other Illegal Marriages
L. Crimes against Honor
Example – Libel, Oral Defamation
M. Quasi-offenses or Criminal Negligence
Example – Imprudence and Negligence
THE CRIMINAL

On the basis of the definition of crime, a criminal may be defined in three ways:
1. A person who committed a crime and has been convicted by a court of the violation of a criminal law. (legal
definition)
2. A person who violated a social norm or one who did an anti-social act. (social definition)
3. A person who violated rules of conduct due to behavioral maladjustment. (psychological definition)
CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS
Based on Etiology
Acute Criminal is one who violates a criminal law because of the impulse or fit of passion. They commit
passionate crimes.
Chronic Criminal is one who commits crime acted in consonance of deliberated thinking. He plans the
crime ahead of time. They are the targeted offenders.
Based on Behavioral System

Ordinary Criminal is considered the lowest form of criminal in a criminal career. He doesn’t stick to
crime as a profession but rather pushed to commit crimes due to great opportunity.
Organized Criminal is one who associates himself with other criminals to earn a high degree of
organization to enable them to commit crimes easily without being detected by authorities. They commit organized
crimes.
Professional Criminal is a person who is engaged in criminal activities with high degree of skill. He is
usually one who practices crime as a profession to maintain a living.
Based on Activities
Professional Criminals are those who practice crime as a profession for a living. Criminal activity is
constant in order to earn skill and develop ability in their commission.
Accidental Criminals are those who commit crimes when the situation is conducive to its commission.
Habitual Criminals are those who continue to commit crime because of deficiency of intelligence and lack
of self – control.
Based on Mental Attitudes

Active Criminals are those who commit crimes due to aggressiveness.
Passive Inadequate Criminals are those who commit crimes because they are pushed to it by reward or
promise.
Socialized Delinquents are criminals who are normal in behavior but defective in their socialization
process or development.
Based on Legal Classification
Habitual Delinquent is a person who, with in a period of ten years from the date of his release or last
conviction of the crimes of serious or less serious physical injuries, robbery, estafa, or falsification, is found guilty
of any of the said crimes or a third time oftener.
Recidivist is one who, at the time of his trial for one crime, shall have been previously convicted by final
judgment of another crime embraced in the same title of the Revised Penal Code.
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
Crime in its legal definition may constitute an intentional act in violation of the criminal law and penalized
by the state a felony, offense or misdemeanor. Criminal behavior, therefore, is an intentional behavior that violates a
criminal code (Bartol, 1995).
Criminal behavior may also refer to the study of the human conduct focused on the mental processes of
the criminal: the way he behaves or acts including his activities and the causes and influences if his criminal
behavior.

Criminal Behavior- an intentional behavior that violates the criminal law. It is regarded as an abnormal
behavior.
THE VICTIM
Victimology is simply the study of victims of crimes and contributory role, if any, in crime causation.
It is also the scientific process of gaining substantial amounts of knowledge on offender characteristics by
studying the nature of victims. (Schmalleger, 1997).
NOTES IN CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Part II
CRISIS – is derived from the Greek “krisis” which means separate. It is the turning point decision in a process of an
affair or a series of events.
EMERGENCY – is derived from the Latin word “emergencia” which means dipping/plugging. A sudden condition
or a state of affairs calling for an immediate action.
TYPES OF CRISIS
MAN-MADE CRISIS
- civil disturbances - strike, riot, demonstration - revolt such as mutiny and insurrection - revolution, border
incident - war: conventional or nuclear – crimes: kidnapping, hijacking, hostage-taking, etc
NATURAL CRISIS
- fire, floods, earthquake, tidal waves - marine/air disaster, hazardous spills
- power failure, nuclear accidents - water/food shortage/scarcity, drought - volcanic eruption, epidemic, etc.
CRISIS in general
It is a period of disorganization, period of upset during which people attempts at arriving at solution of
problems. It is a state provokes when a person faces obstacles or hazards to an important life goal.
INDIVIDUAL CRISIS – It refers to the feeling that arises when a person faces unpleasant situation such as
frustrations and conflicts. This includes:
` `
1. Physical Crisis – those that are related to health problems or bodily sickness/sufferings.
2. Economics Crisis – the deprivation of the basic necessities of life like food and material things.
3. Emotional Crisis – when an individual is affected by negative feelings like emotional disturbances, fear,
etc.
4. Social Crisis – the experiencing lack of interest, confidence and social skills to relate meaningful,
harmonious relationship with others.
5. Moral Crisis – the person has an irrational or distorted concepts of what is right or wrong, lack of moral
values and integrity of the person.
6. Psychosexual Crisis – failure of the person to assume ones sex role and identity as a man or woman.
The person has an inappropriate sex objective, inadequate and distorted expression of affection.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT defined
Crisis management is the proper utilization of all available resources and the formulation of policies and
procedures to effectively deal with progressive sequence of events (crisis) and sudden or unforeseen state
(emergency).
PURPOSES OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT
1. It sets concepts, policies and general procedures of handling crisis situation.

2. It guides and assist law enforcers in the formulation of crisis management contingency plans and SOP’s to
address crisis situations.
PHASES OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT
A. PRO-ACTIVE PHASE – is the stage of advance planning, organization and coordination and control in response
to an anticipated future crisis occurrence. This phase is designed to predict or prevent probability or occurrence
of the crisis while at the same time prepares to handle them when they occur.
B. REACTIVE PHASE – is the performance of the crisis management plan when a crisis situation occurs despite
the pro-active effort.
PREDICTION
The first stage of anticipating future crisis occurrences through the following;
a. Update- Intelligence – involves the collection of information from variety of sources as basis of actions
and plan; those that are related to crisis management contingency planning.
- Events – are those incidents that are already passed which can facilitate analysis necessary for
identification of probable threat groups, targets and necessary for advance planning.
b. Threat Analysis of Threat Groups
Political Terrorist – ideologically inspire individuals who grouped together for a common purpose usually for
change of government or political power. Ex. CPP/NPA,
Criminals – these are people who commit terrorist acts for personal rather than ideological gains. Some of the
terroristic acts such as kidnapping are well planned, other are not planned, but happens as a result of the fast
response time by LEAs to an on going crime. For instance, a number of bank robberies have evolved into unplanned
hostage situation when policemen arrive in response to an alarm robbery is in progress.
Mentally Deranged Individuals – people commit terroristic acts during a period of psychiatric disturbance.
This type is the most difficult terrorist to deal with. Many of them are impulsive and unpredictable.
PREVENTION
This pro-active phase considers counter measures as part of the total system of operation. Such counter
measures involves the following;
A. Operation Security – a counter intelligence measure where all aspect of awareness and training must be
considered to prevent threat groups from learning the units plans methods of operations. It also refers to
measures taken in conducting operations or activities in secure and effective manner.
B. Personnel Security – it considers that all personnel are susceptible to terrorist attack so the is a need for
securing them. All security measures designed to prevent unsuitable individuals of DOUGHTFUL
LOYALTY from gaining access to classified matters or security facilities.
CONSIDERATIONS OF PERSONNEL THREAT ASSESSMENT
1. Rank and Risk – higher ranking personnel have great risk level. In high-risk areas, secure high ranking
officers because they may be selected as terrorist targets by special knowledge they possess.
2. Threat Level (Potential Threats)
a. Primary targets - are high-ranking military or police officers, government officials, foreign ministries,
other VIPs and persons possessing sensitive information.
b. Secondary targets – those selected as alternative terrorist targets to gain publicity.
c. Randomly selected targets – Military or police personnel who are not off duty or engage in private
activities and become targets of opportunity.

C. Physical Security – encompasses protection of info, material and people including perimeter installation. A
system of barrier placed between the potential intruder and the material to be protected.
PREPARATION
This pro-active phase involves organizing training and equipment personnel of the organization.
National Level Organization
NCCM – National Committee on Crisis Management
Serve as the umbrella organization for crisis management. The primary concern is the formulation of crisis
management policies, integration of mil/pol to public efforts towards the prevention and control of crisis.
NCCM – National Committee on Crisis Management

PAFSECOM – Philippine Air Force Security Command
PNSWG – Philippine Navy Special Welfare Group
PASAG – Philippine Army Special Action Group
PNPSAG – Philippine National Police Special Action Group
Regional Level
Organized in all regions headed by Regional Crisis Director in coordination with all government LEA.
RCAG – Regional Crisis Action Group
RCMOC – Regional Crisis Management Operation Center

- the point of all communications from the OSCP
OSCP – On-Scene Command Post
The OSCP shall established with in the crisis incident site. It is a post or unit with in a probable target to be
headed by an on-scene commander (OSC) whose responsibility is to take charge of every happening of a crisis
incident scene.
COMPOSITION OF THE OSCP
I. TACTICAL UNIT – composed of regular military or police placed under the operational command of the
OSC.
a) Reaction Element – Special action unit which are specially organized equipped and deployed in the
region to hold special operation in cases of crisis incident.
b) Security Element – military or police personnel task to protect the area of perimeter security to prevent
occurrence of unnecessary incidents.
II. SUPPORT UNIT – It is a unit that provides the necessary administrative, operational and logistic support
of the OSC.
a) Intelligence Team – responsible for the collection and processing of all information needed by the OSC.
b) Communication Team – responsible for insuring effective communication between OSC and other units
or sub-units.
c) Logistic Team – responsible for ensuring mess services, supplies (clothing, equipment, transportation)
and other logistic services.
d) Medical Team – responsib-le for all medical supplies and services in cases of crisis incidents.

e) Fire Fighting Team – responsible for all services related to extinguishing fires intentionally set by
perpetrators or during the result of operations.
f) Administrative Personnel – personnel assigned to OSC to keep written records of events, in coming or
outgoing communications.
g) Legal/Investigation Team – services of investigation, preservation of evidence, documents and legal
advice to the OSC.
III. NEGOTIATION UNIT – It is headed by a chief negotiator and composed of two or more members. Their
primary concern is to serve first life, prevent destruction and pave the way for a peaceful resolution of crisis
situations.
Crisis Negotiation Team – Composition

1) Primary Negotiator - actually communicates with the subject.
2) Secondary Negotiator - (Backup) assists the primary negotiator by offering advice, monitoring the
negotiations, keeping notes, and ensuring that the Primary Negotiator sees and hears everything in the
proper perspective.
3) Intelligence Liaison/Recorder - interviews individuals associated with the suspect to compile a criminal
history and a history of mental illness, as well as to gather other relevant information. He is also in charge
of the recordings of all conversations.
4) Negotiation Team Leader - the most senior member of the team act as a leader. His primary responsibility
is to act as a buffer between command personnel and the Negotiation Team. He/She advises the
Incident/On-Scene Commander on the best negotiating strategies and co-ordinates the process with the
SWAT and the forward command resources.
5) Board Negotiator - he/she maintains a visual display of all information relevant to the negotiations, i.e.
deadlines, demands and details of persons known to be in the stronghold.
THE REACTIVE PHASE
When a crisis occur despite the pro-active effort, the organization concerned must be prepare to perform the
crisis management in accordance with their plan.
PERFORMANCE
It is the action stage, the implementation of the crisis management contingency plan.
The Initial Action

ü maintain control of the situation
ü report the matter to the RCAG through channels
ü secure the scene by establishing perimeter security
ü evacuate by standers if possible
ü prevent escape of perpetrator
ü take maximum control
The initial action stage is taken by the Initial Action Unit, which is composed of police and military
personnel immediately organized into team to initially respond to take incident and begin the containment effort.
The Action Stage
ü The action stage starts as soon as the tactical, support unit and the negotiation unit arrived and are deployed.
ü The OSC discusses the incident with his commander and staff and decides on the plans and actions to be taken.
Negotiation – chief negotiator undertakes negotiation as soon as he has been properly briefed and received
appropriate instruction from the OSC. He shall keep the OSCP informed of the progress of negotiations and
shall take instructions only from the OSC. No further negotiation shall be under take when the tactical unit
commander initiates tactical operations.

Tactical Action – the tactical commander makes a complete estimate of the crisis situation and plans his
courses of action upon arrival at the scene while negotiation is in progress. He shall maintain and continuous
contact with the OSCP. He shall take over authority on reaction element throughout the tactical operations.
He shall take instructions only from the OSC and coordinate all support requirements with the OSCP.
The Post Action Stage
This stage begin as soon as the perpetrator surrendered, captured or neutralized. OSC shall ensure that the
following are accomplished:
ü Protection of the incident scene

ü Investigation of the incident preservation of evidence
ü Documentation
ü SS – witnesses, hostage, perpetrators and other key participants of the incident.
ü Recovered, documented, preserve evidences
ü Pictorials, written reports
ü Filing and prosecution of cases
ü Damage Compensation and rehabilitation
He also initiates recommendation for the compensation and provide assistance to civilian killed and
injured during tactical operations. He initiates recommendation for the rehabilitation, construction of damage or
essential infrastructures.
Training and re-training of unit personnel special units and negotiators shall continue with their training to
improve their proficiency and enhance their readiness.
TERRORISM
Terrorism is ….
a threat or actual use of force or violence for political or other purpose, to foster fear, insecurity, distrust,
and unrest among a specific group or the general population.
“Violence for effect… not primarily, and sometimes not all for the physical effect on the actual target, but
rather for its dramatic impact on an audience.”
“The calculated use of violence or the threat of violence t attain goals, often political or ideological in
nature”.
“ Is violent criminal behavior designed to generate fear in the community, or a substantial segment of it, for
political purposes.
Disorders and Terrorism
- the word terrorism is used. to define almost all illegal acts of violence committed for political purposes by
clandestine groups.
National Terrorist
- A terrorist who operates and aspires to political power primarily within a single nation.
Transnational Terrorist
- This is a terrorists who operates across national boarders, whose actions and political aspirations may
affect individual of more than one nationality.
International Terrorists

- A terrorists who is controlled by, and whose actions represents the national interest of a sovereign state.
MOTIVATION AND GROUP CLASSIFICATION

1. Minority Nationalistic Groups - groups fighting the majority of the community where the support base
will depend one ethnic, religion, linguistic minorities at odd with the majority community.
2. Marxist Revolutionary Groups – here, the terrorists movement is characterized by its possession of a
coherent Marxist ideology and of a long term strategy for bringing about the socialistic revolution.
3. Anarchist Group - True Anarchist are difficult to find since true anarchy brings lawlessness and disorder,
which is not a natural state in which, the human race exists.
4. Pathological Groups – problematic individuals who are grouped together for some terroristic activities for
emotional satisfaction.
5. Neo-fascist and Extreme Right- Groups
TERRORISTS PROFILE (based on commonalties of international terrorists)

ü under 30 years of age
ü action oriented - some are college educated
ü from affluent/middle-class
ü often trained in medical, legal, engineering, teaching professions
ü terrorism rarely full-time occupation
ü inward assurance of strength
ü paradoxically, basically lonely
ü believes he/she to be morally superior and in own mind is right
ü indifferent to suffering of his immediate victims
ü looks to colleagues for acceptance
ü wants respect from victims
ü willing to sacrifice self
ü seek publicity
ü believes violence is morally justified to support cause
Nature of Political Terrorist

1. It is a part of revolutionary strategy.
2. Manifest in acts on socially unacceptable means.
3. Symbolic target selection.
4. Creates psychological effects on population to change behavior attitude.
5. It forces the government to take drastic measures.
6. Combines political and criminal terroristic tactics.
Aims of Political Terrorist

1. Influence, discredit and destroy present system.
2. To break down social structures.
3. Erode trust in established government.
4. Foster insecurity and fears.
5. Shows that the government is incapable of protecting the people.
6. Forces the government to overreact to use excessive measures or force.
7. Destroy property.
8. Disrupt law and order
9. Propaganda
10. Create a ripe climate to revolution.
Common Characteristics of Terrorist

1. Promote fear
2. Main objective is publicity
3. Highly mobile
4. Fatalist – they can create destruction affecting the whole nation.
5. Undercover operations
6. Small groups mean security efficiency

Immediate Goals of Terrorist
1. Local, national, worldwide recognition for a cause.

2. They cause government reactions.
3. Harass, weaken, embarrass government and government forces.
4. Demonstrate power and threat credibility.
5. Obtain money and equipment.
6. Destruction of communication.
7. Prevent and delay executive decisions.
8. Cause strikes or prevent elections, free or prevent elections.
9. Satisfy vengeance.
Long Range Goals of Terrorist
1. Cause drastic changes in the government.

2. Turn the system favorable to their side.
3. Gain political recognition as a legal body representing an ethnic or national group.
Cooperation among Terrorist

1. Sharing resources (logistic support)
2. Sharing expertise.
3. Sharing safe havens.
4. Participating in joint operations.
Organization of Terrorist Groups
The way terrorist group organized is determined by it’s the need of security and the number of people in the
group.
a. Larger Groups – less secured

b. Small Groups – high degree of security but limited to operational capabilities.
As to group size, the large group can only succeed over a longer term in a week political environment.
As to group security, government forces attempt to destroy terrorist group or keep them in defensive
position to discourage them from mobilizing new to be extremely covert.
Terrorist Operation
1. Covert and well executed.

2. Carried out by specially well-trained and organized clandestine elements.
ü Weapons – basic arms and explosives but continue to seek advance weaponry.
ü Training – they are trained on subversion, weaponry, negotiation practices and
ü espionage.
ü Members of clandestine elements are of above average intelligence.
Methods of Operations
1. They operate in small bands
2. They carry light automatic weapons, grenades, basic explosives, ammunitions and communication
equipment.
3. They mask their activities with the local populace.
4. Team includes assaults and security elements.
5. Leaders serve as negotiators.
6. They watch out for counter intelligence measures of the government forces.

7. In hostage taking, hostages are usually separated in safe houses to prevent communications and escape,
planning, and intelligence gathering.
Sequence of Terrorist Action
A. Pre-incident phase – reconnaissance mission, Rehearsal

• Often reconnaissance team, planners, perpetrators do not meet.
• Comm are through intermediaries or by message drop.
B. Initiative Phase – moves to their target covertly.

• they use false names, ID, passports
• they use separate routes
• weapons and other items are separately to pre-arrange locations
C. Negotiation/Climax Phases
• they use negotiation to gain publicity.
• Negotiation- often require inter-government negotiations at the highest level.
• When government failed to give demands, they initiate more terror
D. Post incident Phase

• they learn from their failures and success
• terrorist re-groups, criticize and give critique about the operation.
TERRORIST TACTICS
Ø BOMBING
Delivery to target is done through:

1. Vehicle Bomb-booby traps with attached devices
2. Laid Charges-bomb plates
3. Projected bombs-launched from riffles by a mortal device
4. Postal/mail bombs
Activation means:
1. Command activation by leads, pull wire or mechanism
2. Action by the subject/top pressure device, light sense electric switch
3. Time delay clock/burning chemical delay
Ø ARSON
This is use to destroy or to disrupt public utilities, political HQs and industrial facilities.
Ø HIJACKING
Hijacking and skyjacking are commonly used by terrorists. The hijack supply, ammunitions, fuel cargoes,
and vehicles to provide them to gain entry to a close military area, skyjacking of commercial aircraft to gain
publicity or to ask demands.
Ø ASSASSINATION
The oldest but the commonly used terrorist tactic where targets are often police or military officials or
political features and they always claim responsibility of assassination.
Ø AMBUSH
This is a well-planned, well thought-out, properly rehearsed and precisely
executed operation. The terrorist has time on his side and will spend considerable time preparing for an operation.
Terrorist have an advantage in that they can choose the time and place of operation.
Ø KIDNAPPING

Kidnapping for ransoms is the most common form of this tactic. The victim is normally confined in a secret
hideout and kidnappers make material demands.
Ø HOSTAGE TAKING
The hostage-taker confronts the authorities and openly holds the victims for ransom. His demands are more
than just material in nature. Political concessions are the frequency demanded in exchange for the hostage lives.
The advantages of this new tactic are:
1. It is current, it attracts the media

2. The fact that lives of hostage are involved in creases the drama of the event, thus pressure can be applied by
the terrorist to force concessions.
3. The hostage is tangible asset to the terrorist, something with which to bargain.
Ø ROBBERIES/EXTORTIONS
Terrorist operations are expensive. To help finance their activities, terrorists rob banks and armored vehicles
carrying large sums of cash. Bank robberies are also used as graduation exercises for terrorist training programs and
viewed as a tactical operation.
The conduct reconnaissance, plan escape routes and operates in the high degree of efficiency.
The progressive taxation scheme of the CPAA/NPA is a form of extortion through coercion or use of force
against the victim or his property.
TERRORIST TARGETS
A. MILITARY/POLICE
• command and control facilities
• logistic/storage facilities
• computer facilities
• explosives, sensitive weapons, arms and ammunition depots
B. ENGINEERING AND ENERGY SYSTEM
• hydroelectric plants
• offshore oil rigs
• nuclear facility sites
• gas pipelines
• dams and electric power lines
C. COMMUNICATION AND SUPPLIES
• communication lines and facilities
• chemical storage sites
• dock facilities
• equipment warehouse
• computer facilities
D. TRANSPORTATION
• rail lines and cars
• bus depots
• airports and aircraft
• trucking and facilities
• shipyards and ships
• mainland routes and bridge
E. HUMAN
• members of the diplomatic crops
• government officials
• corporate executives
• police and military forces

• dependents/close relatives of the above
VULNERABILITIES
Vulnerabilities are the weaknesses the installation security and high risk targets with in such installation.
These vulnerabilities are normally identified through security surveys and inspections conducted periodically or on
the spot intelligence and security units staffs.
The analysis of the threat to certain installation is based on information with both static and dynamic
dimensions.
A. STATIC DIMENSIONS- Terrain, nationality of population, major industry in the area, location of
installation, mission of the installation
B. DYNAMIC DIMENSIONS - assignment of personnel, security measures used, relations with civilian
security, demonstrations within post location
C. DYNAMIC DIMENTIONS THAT ARE HARDLY CONTROLLABLE - weather, activities of hostile
groups, economic conditions, local law enforcement, off post demonstrations
The vulnerability of installations can be determined to some extent through the consideration of the following
factors:
Installation characteristics and its attractiveness as a target for the terrorist acts.
• status of training personnel

• availability of communications
• non-military law enforcement resources
• time and distance from military installation able to lend assistance
• geographic region
• proximity to foreign borders
• access to installation
• terrain
Stages of Hostage Taking
Alarm Stage
This stage is the most traumatic and dangerous. In the alarm stage, the emotion of the hostage taker is
exceedingly in its highest peak, his rationalization and proper thinking is low, He may be extremely aggressive in
his reaction to any perceived threat. E.g. escape of hostages, tactical assault, trickery etc.
Crisis Stage
In this stage, when negotiation attempts are being initiated by the crisis negotiator. Outrageous demands
and unpredictable emotion is marked or commonly noted in the hostage taker. There is still a great deal of danger
since hostage taker try to consolidate their positions. To do these, they try to move their hostages to a safer ground
area.
Accommodation Stage
This is distinguished by boredom, and with moments of terror. Though is considered as the longest yet is
the most tranquil. In the crisis stage, and even in the alarm stage, hostages are considering escape options but in the
accommodation stage, their initiative and planning are narrowed since captors has increased control over them. The
hostages’ sense of life preserving has increased and even tries to obey the orders. Stockholm’s syndrome will likely
to occur between the captors and the victims. One looks into this phenomenon in the negative that one must say that
cooperation of hostages to the negotiator is constricted.
Resolution Stage
This is the stage when the hostage taker is being stressed out or fatigued of the situation. He is seemingly
losing interest of the situation and lost most of his bargaining points. Tension between the hostages, hostage taker

and the crisis negotiator is notably low. It should be regarded also that the crisis intervention techniques of the
negotiation team have increased.
THE HOSTAGE TAKER
1. Instrumental behavior- those who are engaging in this kind of behavior are having goals to obtain or to be
fulfilled. Generally, hostage takers of instrumental behavior are criminal types and intervention usually needs
bargaining. E.g. barricaded criminals, or other organized crime groups.
2. Expressive behavior- This kind of behavior is characterized by their attempt to display power. Those who engage
in this kind are emotionally disturbed individuals. E.g. mentally insane, etc.
a) Mentally Disturbed
b) Paranoid Schizophrenics
c) Manic depressive personality
When dealing with this kind of mentally disturbed hostage taker, the negotiator must be:
ü Firm and manipulative

ü Understanding and be supportive
ü Able to induce subject to talk about something positive
d) Inadequate personality
This is a type of person that displays attention-seeking behavior. Hostage taking is his action to
prove himself or his worth. During the commission of the crime, he tends to delay his actions and be
caught in flagrante in order for him to prove himself (“I’ll show them”). His characteristics are
homicidal, loser complex, maybe fired from many jobs and is in touch with reality.
Though they are emotionally disturbed, yet they are apologetic to their behavior (“I’m sorry but
I have to do this to prove that I can be a good worker…”).
e) Anti-social personality
Those who belong to this kind of personality are repeatedly having conflict with the people
around them and notably having a deviant behavior from groups, social values and or individuals.
f) The estranged person
Domestic problem is the main cause why an estranged individual takes hostages. Eg. Fear of
losing their love one’s or partner, lovers quarrel.
g) Terrorists- political intent
h) Barricaded Criminals
This type might be robbers cornered by the police while in the act of committing their crime (i.e
bank robbers). Either barricaded in a building, road block or on getaway cars. Their primary aim is to
escape safely taking with them the hostages as shield to prevent being shot by the police.
i) Prisoners
These may be due to the strict implementation of house rules, favoritism and poor prison
conditions (Lack of recreational activities and inadequate facilities, poor structuring etc.).
THE STOCKHOLM SYNDROME

In the event of hostage crisis, the Stockholm syndrome will likely to occur. This phenomenon is referred
to as the process of transference in which the hostages begin to identify their captors and the following may occur:
• Positive feelings from the hostages to the captors

• Negative feelings toward the authorities by both hostages and captors
• Positive feelings returned by the captors to the hostages
This phenomenon got its name after one of the hostages in an aborted bank robbery in Sweden fell in love
with the perpetrator (Strentz, 1994). In some instances, hostages may even help the perpetrator consummate the crime
either by providing cover fire during the escape process or actually joining the heist or become an instant member of
the group.

London syndrome, a hostage taker becomes aggressively violent usually due to Heated tension, Uncooperative
hostage, Personal grudge
Variety of issues may possibly cause the occurrence of this phenomenon such as:
• Pity- In the case of mentally disturbed individuals, hostages may pity them, as they believe these
individuals need professional help. The hostages may offer advises (i.e. not advisable) or even instruct the
police not to launch a tactical assault against the defenseless and sick hostage taker.
• Personal feelings- the hostage may feel affection towards the hostage more when the hostage is female, with
pleasing personality and cooperative.
• Indoctrination- barricaded political terrorists tend to indoctrinate their hostages to force them agree and
believe with their stand or political ideology. It is not so surprising that a son of a slain scout ranger sergeant
in Mindanao joined his Abu Sayyaf captors during the siege in 2000.
• Poor inaction of the authorities- the hostages in the alarm and crisis stages of hostage taking want to be
speedily rescued before they will be killed or harmed.
HOSTAGE TAKING: REACTIVE MEASURES
OPERATIONAL PREMISES OR AREA:

1. Principal Participants
2. Duties and Functions
a. First Responding Officers:
ü proceed to the scene discreetly
ü do not return fire except:
ü when loss of life is imminent
ü when hostage-taker is visible, armed, identifiable and no
ü third party will be caught in the crossfire.
ü contain the suspect-condor or isolate the area
ü request assistance
ü evacuate-care of critically injured persons if any
ü retain witnesses- gather information
ü attempt to communicate their telephone, megaphone or other means
ü deploy responding officers
ü Develop required police information-initial report of situation
ü keep headquarters/station informed-periodic assessment
ü of situation relayed from time to time
b. Field officers
ü assumes command upon reaching scene
ü evaluate situation
ü prescribed containment procedures until the TMF arrives
c. TMF Commanders
ü establishment command post
ü coordinate/direct Commander of Tactical Unit Team
ü plans/promulgate aggressive operational activities if required.
d. Tactical Unit Commander
ü ensure that suspect is under constant surveillance
ü maintain well-planned assault operation, upon order
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
1. Stabilization and Containment
a. Establish Report
b. Operational Activities
2. Consolidation and negotiation
a. Negotiation and qualities
b. Steps in Negotiation
Initial contact

ü avoid hostile or antagonistic approach
ü introduce yourself-don’t use title or rank
ü sell yourself-sincere and honest
ü instill trust and confidence
ü minimize tension soonest
Development
ü drawing a psycho profile or hostage taker
ü reinforce relationship establishment at initial contact
Alternative steps
Climax stage
Termination
RULES AND PROCEDURES ON NEGOTIATION

1. Stabilize and contain the situation
2. Select the right time to make contact with the hostage-taker
3. Take time when negotiating, allow hostage-taker to speak
4. Don’t offer the hostage-taker anything. What he will ask for will be part of the negotiation
5. Avoid directing frequent attention to the victim when talking to the hostage-taker
6. Do not call them hostages. Be as honest as possible; avoid tricks; be sincere
7. Never dismiss any request from the hostage-taker as trivial or unimportant
8. Never say “No”, soften the demands
9. Never set a deadline; try not to accept a deadline
10. Do not make alternate suggestion not agreed upon in the negotiation
11. Do not introduce outsiders (non-law enforcement officers) into the negotiation process, unless their presence
is extremely necessary in the solution of the crisis; provide that they shall be properly advised on the do’s
and don’ts of hostage negotiation
12. Do not allow any exchange of hostage, unless extremely necessary; in particular, do not exchange a negotiator
for a hostage
13. Avoid negotiating face-to-face if possible
14. Law enforcement officers without proper training shall not be allowed to participate in hostage negotiations;
and
15. Never introduce ranks/possessions.
SPECIAL WEAPONS AND TACTICS

(Response to Crisis - Tactical Crisis Management)
SWAT Teams
SWAT teams are highly trained police units. A unit is a small group within a larger group. SWAT stands
for Special Weapons and Tactics. Tactics are actions aimed at solving problems.
SWAT team members are weapons and tactics specialists. A specialist is a person trained for a particular job.
SWAT team members use their special weapons, tactics, and training to protect the public. They handle police
emergencies. An emergency is a sudden and risky situation.
WORDS TO KNOW
Armor - a protective metal or plastic covering.

Barricaded– to block
Communication – the sharing of information
Disarm – to take away a person’s weapons
Emergency – a sudden and risky situation
Hostage – a person held against his or her will
Magazine – a metal or plastic case that holds bullets and fits inside a gun
Marksman – a person skilled at aiming and shooting guns
Negotiation – talking to reach an agreement

On call – ready to work at any time
Persuasion – trying to change a person’s mind.
Sharpshooter – a marksman skilled at hitting small or distant targets.
Specialist – a person trained for a particular job.
Surrender – to give up peacefully
Suspect – a person believed to have committed a crime.
SWAT – Special Weapons and Tactics
Tactics – actions aimed at solving problems.
Tear gas – a gas that cause a burning feeling in the eyes and lungs
Telescope – an instrument that makes distant objects seem larger and closer
Terrorist – a person who tries to get what he or she wants by threatening or harming others.

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CRIMINOLOGY 5

HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Apathy - lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern.

Compulsion - A sudden and irresistible force compelling a person to do some action.

Poly D. Banagan File/ 2020 1

Hematophobia - an abnormal and persistent fear of blood.

Poly D. Banagan File/ 2020 2

Impulsion - a strong urge to do something.

Incident/On-Scene Commander - the senior officer in command of the incident.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-standing pattern of grandiosity (either in fantasy or

Obsession - an idea or thought that continually preoccupies or intrudes on a person's mind.

Poly D. Banagan File/ 2020 3

Time - is the most important element of hostage negotiation.

STUDY OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

Poly D. Banagan File/ 2020 4

GENERAL CATEGORY OF BEHAVIOR

A. Intellectual Aspect - Pertains to our intelligence.

Characteristics of human behavior

Poly D. Banagan File/ 2020 5

ATTRIBUTES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Steps on how human behavior takes place

Ways on how people interact

Heredity (Biological Factors)

Poly D. Banagan File/ 2020 6

OTHER DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR

Needs and Drives

Biological needs Motivational Systems

Food Hunger – the body needs adequate

Poly D. Banagan File/ 2020 7

Frustration, Conflict and Anxiety

The Ego Defense Mechanisms

Poly D. Banagan File/ 2020 8

Emotion is a condition of psychological arousal, an expression of instinctive somatic and autonomic

Four types of temperaments

Perspective on the Causes of Criminal Behavior

Poly D. Banagan File/ 2020 9

THE CRIMINAL FORMULA

C – Crime/Criminal Behavior (the act)

PATTERNS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

Poly D. Banagan File/ 2020 10

A response to obvious stress characterized by amnesia, multiple personality, and depersonalization.

D. Mood Disorders (Affective Disorders)

II. Psychopathic Behaviors

1) Paranoid Personality Disorder - It is characterized by suspicious, rigidity, envy, hypersensitivity, excessive

Poly D. Banagan File/ 2020 11

III. The Psychotic Behaviors

Groups of Organic Mental Disorders

Poly D. Banagan File/ 2020 12

1) Auditory Aphasia – loss of ability to understand spoken words

D. Senile and Presenile Dementia

Level of Mental Retardation

1) Mild mental retardation (I.Q. 52 – 67) - Educable

F. Schizophrenia and Paranoia

Poly D. Banagan File/ 2020 13

Paranoia – it is a psychosis characterized by a systemized delusional system. A delusion is a firm belief

The Disorder is characterized by: (sequence of events in paranoia)

IV. The Addictive Disorders

1. Substance Use (Alcohol and Drug Abuse)

V. The Sexual Deviations