REVIEW NOTES IN CRIMINAL

SOCIOLOGY, ETHICS & HUMAN

RELATIONS
Part 5
STUDY OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
Commit your way to the LORD;
trust also in him; and he shall
bring it to pass.
Psalm 37:5
 STUDY OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
In general, psychology is the science of behavior and mental
processes. This means that psychologists use the methods of science to
investigate all kinds of behavior and mental processes, from the activity of
a single nerve cell to the social conflict in a complex society (Bernstein, et
al, 1991). In particular, criminal Psychology is a sub-field of general
psychology where criminal behavior is only, in part by which phenomena
psychologists choose to study. It may be defined as the study of criminal
behavior, the study of criminal conduct and activities in an attempt to
discover recurrent patterns and to formulate rules about his behavior.
A major description of criminal psychology is the word behavior.
Behavior refers to actions or activities (Kahayon, 1985). To the
criminologist, behavior is the observable actions because he is
more interested in actions and reactions that can be seen and
verified than in concepts, which cannot be directly verified.
Classification of Behavior
1. Normal Behavior (adaptive or adjusted behavior) – the
standard behavior, the totality accepted behavior because they
follow the standard norms of society. understanding criminal
behavior includes the idea of knowing what characterized a
normal person from an abnormal one. A normal person is
characterized by: Efficient perception of reality, Self-knowledge,
Ability to exercise voluntary control over his behavior, Self-
esteem and acceptance, Productivity, Ability to form affectionate
relationship with others.
2. Abnormal Behavior (maladaptive/maladjusted behavior) -
A group of behaviors that are deviant from social expectations
because they go against the norms or standard behavior of
society.
A maladaptive (abnormal) person may be understood by the
following definitions:

Abnormal behavior according to deviation of statistical norms

based in statistical frequency: Many characteristics such as
weight, height, an intelligence cover a range of values when,
measured over a population. For instance, a person who is
extremely intelligent or extremely happy would be classified as
abnormal.
Abnormal behavior according to deviation from social norms: A
behavior that deprives from the accepted norms of society is
considered abnormal. However, it is primarily dependent on the
existing norm of such society.
Behavior as maladaptive: Maladaptive behavior is the effect of a
well being of the individual and or the social group. That some
kind of deviant behavior interferes with the welfare of the
individual such as a man who fears crowd can’t ride a bus. This
means that a person cannot adopt himself with the situation
where in it is beneficial to him.
Abnormal behavior due to personal distress: This is abnormally
in terms of the individual subjective feelings of distress rather
than the individual behavior. This includes mental illness, feeling
of miserably, depression, and loss of appetite or interest,
suffering from insomnia and numerous aches and pains.
Abnormality in its legal point: It declares that a person is insane
largely on the basis of his inability to judge between right and
wrong or to exert control over his behavior (Bartol, 1995).
KINDS OF BEHAVIOR

1. Overt or Covert Behavior - Behaviors that are outwardly

manifested or those that are directly observable are overt
behaviors. On the other hand, covert behavior are behaviors
that are hidden – not visible to the naked eye.
2. Conscious or Unconscious Behavior - Behavior is conscious
when acts are with in the level of awareness. It is unconscious
when acts are embedded in one’s subconscious – unaware.
3. Simple or Complex Behavior - These are acts categorized
according to the number of neurons involved in the process of
behaving. Simple behavior involves less number of neurons
while complex behavior involved more number of neurons, a
combination of simple behaviors.
4. Rational or Irrational Behavior - There is rational behavior
when a person acted with sanity or reason and there is irrational
behavior when the person acted with no apparent reason or
explanation – as when a man loses his sanity and laugh out loud
at nobody or nothing in particular.
5. Voluntary or Involuntary Behavior - Voluntary behavior is
an act done with full volition or will such as when we
discriminate, decide or choose while involuntary behaviors
refers the bodily processes that foes on even when we are
awake or asleep like respiration, circulation and digestion.
ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR

1. Intellectual Aspect – this aspect of behavior pertains to our

way of thinking, reasoning, solving, problem, processing info and
coping with the environment.
2. Emotional Aspect – this pertains to our feelings, moods,
temper, and strong motivational force.
3. Social Aspect – this pertains to how we interact or relate
with other people
4. Moral Aspect – this refers to our conscience and concept
on what is good or bad.
5. Psychosexual Aspect - this pertains to our being a man or a
woman and the expression of love
6. Political Aspect – this pertains to our ideology towards
society/government
7. Value/Attitude – this pertains to our interest towards
something, our likes and dislikes
THE CRIMINAL FORMULA

Where:

C – Crime/Criminal Behavior (the act)

T – Criminal Tendency (Desire/Intent)
S – Total Situation (Opportunity)
R – Resistance to Temptation (Control)
 The formula shows that a person’s criminal tendency and his
resistance to them may either result in criminal act depending upon,
which of them is stronger. This means that a crime or criminal behavior
exist when the person’s resistance is insufficient to withstands the
pressure of his desire or intent and the opportunity (Tradio, 1983).

In understanding this, the environment factors such as stress and

strains are considered because they contribute in mobilizing a person’s
criminal tendency and the individual’s psychological state while resistance
t temptation arises from the emotional, intellectual and social upbringing
and is either manifestation of a strong or weak character.
DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR

The answer to these questions requires the study and

understanding of the influences of HEREDITY and
ENVIRONMENT. As cited by Tuason:
Heredity (Biological Factors) - This refers to the genetic influences,
those that are explained by heredity, the characteristics of a person
acquired from birth transferred from one generation to another. It
explains that certain emotional aggression, our intelligence, ability
and potentials and our physical appearance are inherited. It is the
primary basis of the idea concerning criminal behavior, the concept
that “criminals are born”. It also considers the influences of genetic
defects and faulty genes, diseases, endocrine imbalances,
malnutrition and other physical deprivations that can be carried out
from one generation to another.
Environmental Factors (Socio-Cultural Influences)

Family Background – it is a basic consideration because it is in

the family whereby an individual first experiences how to relate
and interact with another. The family is said to be the cradle of
personality development as a result of either a close or
harmonious relationship or a pathogenic family structure: the
disturbed family, broken family, separated or maladjusted
relations.
Pathogenic Family Structure – those families associated with
high frequency of problems such as:

• The inadequate family – characterized by the inability to

cope with the ordinary problems of family living. It lacks the
resources, physical of psychological, for meeting the demands of
family satisfaction.
• The anti-social family – those that espouses unacceptable
values as a result of the influence of parents to their children.
• The discordant/disturbed family – characterized by non-
satisfaction of one or both parent from the relationship that may
express feeling of frustration. This is usually due to value
differences as common sources of conflict and dissatisfaction.
• The disrupted family – characterized by incompleteness
whether as a result of death, divorce, separation or some other
circumstances.
Childhood Trauma – the experiences, which affect the feeling of
security of a child undergoing developmental processes. The
development processes are being blocked sometimes by
parental deprivation as a consequence of parents or lack of
adequate maturing at home because of parental rejection,
overprotection, restrictiveness, over permissiveness, and faulty
discipline.
In the environment, the following are also factors that are
influential to one’s behavior:
1. Institutional Influences such as peer groups, mass media,
church and school, government institutions, NGO’s, etc.
2. Socio-Cultural Factors such as war and violence, group
prejudice and discrimination, economic and employment
problems and other social changes.
3. Nutrition or the quality of food that a person intake is also
a factor that influences man to commit crime because poverty is
one of the may reasons to criminal behavior.
OTHER DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR

In order to further understand and provide answers on the

question that why do some people behave criminally, it is
important to study the other determinants of behavior. These
are needs, drives and motivation.
Needs and Drives - Need, according to a drive reduction theory, is
a biological requirement for well being of the individual. This need
creates drives – a psychological state of arousal that prompts
someone to take action (Bernstein, et al, 1991). Drive therefore is
an aroused state that results from some biological needs. The
aroused condition motivates the person to remedy the need. For
example, If you have had no water for some time, the chemical
balance of the body fluids is disturbed, creating a biological need
for water. The psychological consequence of this need is a drive –
thirst – that motivates you to find and drink water. In other words,
drives push people to satisfy needs.
Motivation - Motivation on the other hand refers to the influences that
govern the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior
(Bernstein, et al, 1991). Thus motivation refers to the causes and “why’s”
of behavior as required by a need. Motivation is the hypothetical concept
that stands for the underlying force impelling behavior and giving it s
direction (Kahayon, 1975). Drives are states of comfortable tension that
spur activity until a goal is reached. Drive and motivation are covered in
the world of psychology, for they energize behavior and give direction to
man’s action. For example, a motivated individual is engaged in a more
active, more vigorous, and more effective that unmotivated one, thus a
hungry person directs him to look for food.
Biological needs Motivational Systems

Food Hunger – the body needs adequate supply of nutrients to

function effectively. “An empty stomach sometimes drives a
person to steal.”
Water Thirst – just like food, the body needs water.
Sex A powerful motivator but unlike food and water, sex is not
vital for survival but essential to the survival of species.
Pain Avoidance The need to avoid tissue damage is essential to
the survival of the organism. Pain will activate behavior to
reduce discomfort.

Stimulus seeking Curiosity is most people and animal is

motivated to explore the environment even when the activity
satisfies no bodily needs.
Psychological Needs - are influenced primarily by the kind of
society in which the individual is raised. Psychological motives
are those related to the individual happiness and well being, but
not for he survival, unlike the biological motives that focuses on
basic needs – the primary motives.
Abraham Maslow has suggested that human needs form a
hierarchy from the most basic biological requirements to the
needs for self-actualization – the highest of all needs The
pyramidal presentation shows that from the bottom to the top
of the hierarchy, the levels of needs or motive according to
Maslow, are:

1. Biological or Physiological Needs – these motives include

the need for food, water, oxygen, activity, and sleep.
2. Safety Needs – these pertains to the motives of being
cared for and being secured such as in income and place to live.
3. Love/Belongingness – Belongingness is integration into
various kinds of social groups or social organizations. Love needs
means need for affection.
4. Cognitive Needs – our motivation for learning and
exploration
5. Esteem Needs – our motivation for an honest, fundamental
respect for a person as a useful and honorable human being.
6. Aesthetic Needs - our motivation for beauty and order
7. Self- actualization – pertains to human total satisfaction,
when people are motivated not so much by unmet needs, as by
the desire to become all they are capable of (self-realization).
According to the Maslow”s formulation, the levels that
commands the individuals attention and effort is ordinarily the
lowest one on which there is an unmet need. For example,
unless needs for food and safety are reasonably well-met
behavior will be dominated by these needs and higher motives
are of little significant. With their gratification, however, the
individual is free to devote time and effort to meet higher level.
In other words, one level must at least be partially satisfied
before those at the next level become determiners of action.
Frustration, Conflict and Anxiety

Frustration refers to the unpleasant feelings that

result from the blocking of motive satisfaction. It is a form of
stress, which results in tension. It is a feeling that is experienced
when something interferes with our hopes, wishes, plans and
expectations (Coleman, 1980). Conflict refers to the
simultaneous arousal of two or more incompatible motives
resulting to unpleasant emotions. It is a source of frustration
because it is a threat to normal behavior (Berstein, et al, 1991).
Types of Conflicts

1. Double Approach Conflict – a person is motivated to

engage in two desirable activities that cannot be pursued
simultaneously.
2. Double Avoidance Conflict – a person faces two
undesirable situations in which the avoidance of one is the
exposure to the other resulting to an intense emotion.
3. Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a person faces situation
having both a desirable and undesirable feature. It is sometimes
called “dilemma”, because some negative and some positive
features must be accepted regardless which course of action is
chosen.
4. Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a situation in
which a choice must be made between two or more alternatives
each has both positive and negative features. It is the most
difficult to resolve because the features of each portion are
often difficult to compare.
Anxiety is an intangible feeling that seems to evade any effort to
resolve it. It is also called neurotic fear. It could be intense, it
could be low and can be a motivating force (Coleman, 1980).
Stress is the process of adjusting to or dealing with
circumstances that disrupts, or threatens to disrupt a person’s
physical or psychological functioning (Bernstein, et al, 1991)
The Ego Defense Mechanisms
The defense mechanisms are the unconscious techniques used to
prevent a person’s self image from being damaged. When stress becomes
quite strong, an individual strives to protect his self-esteem, avoiding defeat.
We all use ego defense mechanisms to protect us from anxiety and maintain
our feeling of personal worth. We consider them normal adjustive reactions
when they are use to excess and threaten self-integrity (Bernstein, et al,
1991). Example: Denial of Reality – protection of oneself from unpleasant
reality by refusal to perceive or face it. Simply by avoiding something that is
unpleasant. Fantasy – the gratification of frustration desires in imaginary
achievement. Paying attention not to what is going on around him but rather
to what is taking place in his thoughts.
Perspective on the Causes of Criminal Behavior

1. Anxiety (Psychological Perspective) – stressful situations

that when become extreme may result to maladaptive behavior.
2. Faulty Learning (Behavior Perspective) – the failure to learn
the necessary adaptive behavior due to wrongful development.
This usually result to delinquent behavior based on the failure to
learn the necessary social values and norms.
3. Blocked of Distorted Personal Growth (Humanistic Perspective) -
presumably, human nature tends towards cooperation and
constructive activities, however, if we show aggression, cruelty or
other violent behavior, the result will be an unfavorable
environment.
4. Unsatisfactory interpersonal relationship - self concept in early
childhood by over critical parents or by rigid socialization measures
usually causes deviant behaviors among individuals because they are
not contented and even unhappy among individuals because they
are not contented and even unhappy to the kind of social dealings
they are facing.
5. Pathological social conditions – poverty, social discrimination,
and destructive violence always results to deviant behavior.

PATTERNS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

NEUROTIC OR PSYCHONEUROTIC PATTERNS - are groups of mild

functional personality disorders in which there is no gross
personality disorganization, the individual does not lose contact
with reality, and hospitalization is not required.
Anxiety Disorders - Anxiety disorders are commonly known as
“neurotic fear”. When it is occasional but intense, it is called
“panic”. When it is mild but continuous, it is called “worry”
which is usually accompanied by physiological symptoms such as
sustained muscular tension, increased blood pressure, insomnia,
etc. They are considered as the central feature of all neurotic
patterns. These disorders are characterized by mild depressions,
fear and tensions, and mild stresses.
1. Obsessive-compulsive disorders - Obsessions usually
centered on fear that one will submit to an uncontrollable
impulse to do something wrong. Compulsion on the other hand
resulted from repetitive acts (Wicks, 1974). An obsessive-
compulsive disorder is characterized by the following: When an
individual is compelled to think about something that he do not
want to think about or carry some actions against his will, and
the experience of persistent thoughts that we cannot seem to
get out of our minds such as thoughts about haunting situations.
2. Asthenic Disorders (Neurasthenia) - An anxiety disorder
characterized by chronic mental and physical fatigue and various
aches and pains. Symptoms include spending too much sleep to
avoid fatigue but to no avail, even feel worse upon awake,
headaches, indigestion, back pains, and dizziness.
3. Phobic Disorders - These refer to the persistent fear on
some objects or situation that present no actual danger to the
person. Examples of Phobia: Acrophobia - fear of high places
Somatoform Disorders - Complaints of bodily symptoms that
suggest the presence of physical problem but no organic basis
can be found. The individual is pre-occupied with his state of
health or diseases.

1. Hypochondriasis - This refers to the excessive concern

about state of health or physical condition (multiplicity about
illness)
2. Psychogenic Pain Disorder - It is characterized by the report
of severe and lasting pain. Either no physical basis is apparent
reaction greatly in excess of what would be expected from the
physical abnormality.
3. Conversion Disorders (Hysteria) - It is a neurotic pattern in
which symptoms of some physical malfunction or loss of control
without any underlying organic abnormality.
Dissociative Disorders - A response to obvious stress
characterized by amnesia, multiple personality, and
depersonalization.
1. Amnesia - The partial or total inability to recall or identify
past experiences following a traumatic incident. Brain pathology
amnesia – total loss of memory and it cannot be retrieved by
simple means. It requires long period of medication.
Psychogenic amnesia – failure to recall stored information and
still they are beneath the level of consciousness but “forgotten
material.”
2. Multiple Personality - It is also called “dual personalities.”
The reason manifests two or more symptoms of personality
usually dramatically different.
3. Depersonalization - The loss of sense of self or the so-
called out of body experience. There is a feeling of detachment
from one’s mental processes or body or being in a dream state.
Cases of somnambulism (sleep walking) may fall under this
disorder.
Mood Disorders (Affective Disorders) - often referred to as
affective disorders however the critical pathology in these
disorders is one of mood which is the internal state of a person,
and not of affect, the external expression of emotional content
(Manual of Mental Disorder).
1. Depressive Disorders (Major Depressive Disorder) –
Patients with depressed mood have a loss of energy and
interest, feeling of guilt, difficulty in concentrating, loss of
appetite, and thoughts of death or suicide, they are not affected
with manic episodes.
2. Dysthymic Disorder – a mild form of major depressive
disorder
3. Bipolar Disorders - those experienced by patients with
both manic and depressive episodes.
4. Cyclothymic Disorder – a less severe form of bipolar
disorder
PSYCHOPATHIC PATTERNS - group of abnormal behaviors, which
typically stemmed from immature and distorted personality
development, resulting in persistent maladaptive ways of
perceiving and thinking. They are generally called “personality or
character disorders”. These groups of disorders are composed of
the following:
Personality Disorders - The disorders of character, the person is
characterized as a “problematic” without psychoses. This
disorder is characterized disrupted personal relationship,
dependent or passive aggressive behavior.
• Paranoid Personality Disorder - It is characterized by
suspicious, rigidity, envy, hypersensitivity, excessive self-
importance, argumentativeness and tendency to blame others
of one’s own mistakes.
• Schizoid Personality Disorder - This is characterized by the
inability to form social relationship and lack of interest in doing
so. The person seem to express their feelings, they lack social
skills. They are the so-called “loners”.
•Schizotypal Personality Disorder - It is characterized by
seclusiveness, over sensitivity, avoidance of communication and
superstitious thinking is common.
•Histrionic Personality Disorder - It is characterized by immaturity,
excitability, emotional instability and self-dramatization.
•Narcissistic Personality Disorder - It is characterized by an
exaggerated sense of self-importance and pre-occupation with
receiving attention. The person usually expects and demands
special treatment from others and disregarding the rights and
feeling of others.
• Borderline Personality Disorder - It is characterized by
instability reflected in drastic mood shifts and behavior
problems. The person usually displays intense anger outburst
with little provocation and he is impulsive, unpredictable, and
periodically unstable.
• Avoidant Personality Disorder - It is characterized by
hypersensitivity to rejection and apprehensive alertness to any
sign of social derogation. Person is reluctant to enter into social
interaction.
• Dependent Personality Disorder - It is characterized by extreme
dependence on other people – there is acute discomfort and
even panic to be alone. The person lacks confidence and feels
helpless.
• Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder - It is characterized by
being hostile expressed in indirect and non-violent ways. They
are so called “stubborn”.
• Compulsive Personality Disorder - It is characterized by
excessive concern with rules, order, and efficiency that everyone
does things their way and an ability to express warm feeling. The
person is over conscientious, serious, and with difficulty in doing
things for relaxation.
• Anti-social Personality Disorder - It is characterized by
continuing violation of the rights of others through aggressive,
anti-social behavior with out remorse or loyalty to anyone.
PSYCHOTIC PATTERNS - are group of disorders involving gross
structural defects in the brain tissue, severe disorientation of the
mind thus it involves loss of contact with reality.

Organic Mental Disorders - A diagnosis of organic mental

disorder is associated with a specific, identified organic cause,
such as abnormalities of the brain structure. These are mental
disorder that occurs when the normal brain has been damage
resulted from any interference of the functioning of the brain.
1. Acute brain disorder – caused by a diffuse impairment of
the brain function. Its symptoms range from mild mood changes
to acute delirium.
2. Chronic brain disorder – the brain disorder that result from
injuries, diseases, drugs, and a variety of other conditions. Its
symptoms includes impairment of orientation (time, place and
person), impairment of memory, learning, comprehension and
judgement, emotion and self-control.
Groups of Organic Mental Disorders
1. Delirium – the severe impairment of information
processing in the brain affecting the basic process of attention,
perception, memory and thinking.
2. Dementia – deterioration in intellectual functioning after
completing brain maturation. The defect in the process of
acquiring knowledge or skill, problem solving, and judgement.
3. Amnestic Syndrome – the inability to remember on going
events more than a few minutes after they have taken place.
4. Hallucinosis – the persistent occurrence of hallucinations,
the false perception that arise in full wakefulness state. This
includes hallucinations on visual and hearing or both.
5. Organic Delusional Syndrome – the false belief arising in a
setting of known or suspected brain damage.
6. Organic Affective Syndrome – the extreme/severe manic or
depressive state with the impairment of the cerebral function.
7. Organic Personality Syndrome – the general personality
changes following brain damage.
8. General Paresis – also called “dimentia paralytica”, a
syphilitic infection o f the brain and involving impairment of the
CNS.

Disorders Involving Brain Tumor - A tumor is a new growth

involving abnormal enlargement of body tissue. Brain tumor can
cause a variety of personality alterations, and it may lead to any
neurotic behavior and consequently psychotic behavior.
Disorders Involving Head Injury - Injury to the head as a result of
falls, blows and accidents causing sensory and motor disorders.

Senile and Presenile Dementia

Mental retardation - Metal retardation is a mental disorder
characterized by sub-average general functioning existing
concurrency with deficits in adaptive behavior. It is a common
mental disorder before the age of 18. The person is suffering
from low I.Q., difficulty in focusing attention and deficiency in
fast learning.
Schizophrenia and Paranoia - Schizophrenia – refers to the group
of psychotic disorders characterized by gross distortions of
realty, withdrawal of social interaction, disorganization and
fragmentation of perception, thoughts and emotion. It also
refers to terms such as “mental deterioration”, “dementia
praecox”, or “split mind”. Paranoia – it is a psychosis
characterized by a systemized delusional system. A delusion is a
firm belief opposed to reality but maintained in spite of strong
evidence to the contrary. It is also a psychosis characterized by
delusion of apprehension following a failure or frustration.
ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS - Psychoactive substance-use
disorders such as alcoholism affects millions of people.
Addiction and psychological dependence on these substances
create disastrous personal and social problems (Bernstein,
1991).

SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONAL PATTERNS - Sexual deviations to the

impairment to either the desire for sexual gratification or in the
ability to achieve it (Coleman, 1980).
Those Affecting Males
1. Erectile Insufficiency (Impotency) – it is a sexual disorder
characterized by the inability to achieve or maintain erection for
successful intercourse.
2. Pre-mature Ejaculation – it is the unsatisfactory brief
period of sexual stimulation that result to the failure of the
female partner to achieve satisfaction.
3. Retarded Ejaculation – it is the inability to ejaculate during
intercourse – resulting to worry between partners.
Those Affecting Women
1. Arousal Insufficiency (Frigidity) – a sexual disorder characterized by
partial or complete failure to attain the lubrication or swelling response of
sexual excitement by the female partner.
2. Orgasmic Dysfunction – a sexual disorder characterized by the
difficulty in achieving orgasm
3. Vaginismus – the involuntary spasm of the muscles at the entrance to
the vagina that prevent penetration of the male sex organ.
4. Dyspareunia – it is called painful coitus/painful sexual acts in
women.
Sexual Behaviors leading to Sex Crimes

As to Sexual Reversals
• Homosexuality – it is a sexual behavior directed towards
the same sex. It is also called “lesbianism/tribadism” for female
relationship.
• Transvestism – refers to the achievement of sexual
excitation by dressing as a member of the opposite sex such a
man who wears female apparel.
• Fetishism – sexual gratification is obtained by looking at
some body parts, underwear of the opposite sex or other
objects associated with the opposite sex.

As to the Choice of Partner

• Pedophilia – a sexual perversion where a person has the

compulsive desire to have sexual intercourse with a child of
either sex.
•Bestiality – the sexual gratification is attained by having sexual
intercourse with animals
•Auto-sexual (self-gratification/masturbation) – it is also called
“self abuse”, sexual satisfaction is carried out without the
cooperation of another.
•Gerontophilia – is a sexual desire with an elder person.
•Necrophilia – an erotic desire or actual intercourse with a corpse
•Incest – a sexual relation between person who, by reason of
blood relationship cannot legally marry.
As to Sexual Urge

• Satyriasis – an excessive (sexual urge) desire of men to

have sexual intercourse
• Nymphomania – a strong sexual feeling of women with an
excessive sexual urge.
As Mode of Sexual Expression

• Oralism – it is the use of mouth or the tongue as a way of

sexual satisfaction.
a. Fellatio – male sex organ to the mouth of the women
coupled with the act of sucking that initiates orgasm.
b. Cunnilingus – sexual gratification is attained by licking the
external female genitalia.
c. Anilism (anillingus) – licking the anus of the sexual partner
• Sado-Masochism (Algolagnia) – pain/cruelty for sexual
gratification.

Sadism – achievement of sexual stimulation and gratification

through the infliction of physical pain on the sexual partner. It
may also be associated with animals or objects instead of
human beings.
Masochism – infliction of pain to oneself to achieve sexual
pleasure.
As to Part of the Body
• Sodomy – is a sexual act through the anus of the sexual
partner.
• Uranism – sexual gratification is attained through fingering,
holding the breast of licking parts of the body.
• Frottage – the act of rubbing the sex organ against body
parts of another person.
• Partailism – it refers to the sexual libido on any part of the
body of a sexual partner.
As to visual stimulus

• Voyeurism – the person is commonly called “the peeping

Tom”, an achievement of sexual pleasures through clandestine
peeping such as peeping to dressing room, couples room,
toilets, etc. and frequently the person masturbate during the
peeping activity.
• Scoptophilia – the intentional act of watching people
undress or during sexual intimacies.
As to Number of Participants in the Sexual Act

• Troilism – three persons participate in sex orgy such as two

women versus on man or vice versa.
• Pluralism – group of persons in sexual orgies such as
couple to couple sexual relations. It is also called “sexual
festival”.
Other Sexual Abnormalities

• Exhibitionism – it is called “indecent exposure”, intentional

exposure of genitals to members of the opposite sex under
inappropriate conditions.
• Coprolalia – the use of obscene language to achieve sexual
satisfaction.
• Don Juanism – the act of seducing women as a career with
out permanency of sexual partner or companion.
I can do all things through Christ
who strengthens me.
Philippians 4:13
 REVIEW NOTES IN CRIMINAL
SOCIOLOGY, ETHICS & HUMAN
RELATIONS
Part 5
STUDY OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR