UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

UNIT III

3.1. AC Voltage Controllers (AC-AC Converters)

3.1.1 Introduction
AC voltage controllers (ACVC) are power electronic converters that convert fixed AC to
variable AC without changing frequency. These are used in (i) Transformer tap changer (ii)
Induction heating (iii) Light intensity control (iv) Speed control of induction motor.

3.1.1.i Types of ACVC

There are two types in ACVC (i) ON-OFF ACVC (Integral grade ACVC) (ii) Phase angle
ACVC – (ii.a) 1-Ф ACVC (ii.a.1) Unidirectional ACVC (Half wave ACVC) (ii.a.2)
Bidirectional ACVC (Full wave ACVC) (ii.b) 3-Ф ACVC (ii.b.1) Unidirectional ACVC (Half
wave ACVC) (ii.b.2) Bidirectional ACVC (Full wave ACVC).

3.1.2 ON-OFF ACVC

In this technique thyristors T1 and T2are connected back to back and are kept ON for few cycles
and OFF for few cycles. The circuit diagram of ON-OFF ACVC and input and output
waveformsare shown in Fig. 3.1.1(a) and (b) respectively. The thyristors T1 and T2 connect load
to the source during m intervals and disconnect during n intervals.

Fig. 3.1.1 (a) Circuit diagram (b) Typical waveforms

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 1

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

Here T1 is triggered at an angle α=00 and T2 is triggered at an angle α=π.

RMS output voltage: Vorms

𝑚 1 2𝜋
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √𝑚+𝑛 2𝜋 ∫0 𝑉𝑚 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡 (3.1.1)

𝑚
Where 𝑚+𝑛 = 𝑘 is duty cycle

𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 √𝑘

RMS output current: Iorms

𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = (3.1.2)
𝑅

Power Factor: PF

Power delivered to the load is given by

2
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑠2 𝑘
𝑃𝐿 = =
𝑅 𝑅

Power at the source is given by

𝑃𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 𝑃𝐹 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑃𝐹

𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
Under ideal condition 𝑃𝐿 = 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑃𝐹 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑃𝐹
𝑅

2
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑉𝑠 𝑃𝐹 =
𝑅 𝑅

𝑉𝑠 √𝑘
𝑃𝐹 = = √𝑘 (3.1.3)
𝑉𝑠

Average thyristorcurrent: IAT1

𝑚 1 𝜋
𝐼𝐴𝑇1 = 𝑚+𝑛 2𝜋 ∫0 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡

𝑘𝐼𝑚 𝑘𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝐴𝑇1 = = (3.1.4)
𝜋 𝜋𝑅

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 2

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

RMS thyristorcurrent: IRT1

𝑚 1 𝜋
𝐼𝑅𝑇1 = √𝑚+𝑛 2𝜋 ∫0 𝐼𝑚 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡

√𝑘𝐼𝑚 √𝑘𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑅𝑇1 = = (3.1.5)
2 2𝑅

Problem 3.1.1: A 1-Ф ON-OFF AC voltage controller has a resistive load of R=10Ω and input
voltage Vs=120V, 50Hz. The thyristor switch is ON for 25 cycles and OFF for 75 cycles.
Determine (i) RMS output voltage (ii) Input power factor (iii) Average and RMS currents of
thyristor.

Solution:𝑉𝑚 = √2𝑉𝑠 = 169.7𝑉

(i) 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 √𝑘 = 60𝑉

(ii) 𝑃𝐹 = √𝑘 = 0.5
𝑘𝑉𝑚 √𝑘𝑉𝑚
(iii) 𝐼𝐴𝑇1 = = 1.35𝐴 and 𝐼𝑅𝑇1 = = 4.24𝐴
𝜋𝑅 2𝑅

3.1.4 Unidirectional ACVC (Half wave controller)

In this method power flow is controlled either in positive half cycle or in negative half cycle. In
the circuit thyristor T1 and diode D1 are connected back to back. The circuit diagram and typical
waveforms are shown in Fig. 3.1.2 (a) and (b) respectively.

Average output voltage: Vodc

𝜋 2𝜋
1
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = [∫ 𝑉 sin(𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡 − ∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜋 + 𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡]
2𝜋 𝛼 𝑚 𝜋

𝜋 2𝜋
1
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = [∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡 + ∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡]
2𝜋 𝛼 𝜋

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = (cos 𝛼 − 1) (3.1.6)
2𝜋

Average output current: Iodc

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 3

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

Fig. 3.1.2 (a) Circuit diagram (b) Typical waveforms

𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐
𝐼𝑜𝑑𝑐 = (3.1.7)
𝑅

RMS output voltage: Vorms

𝜋 2𝜋
1
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ [∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin (𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡 + ∫ 𝑉𝑚2 sin2 (𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡]
2 2
2𝜋 𝛼 𝜋

𝑉𝑠 sin 2𝛼
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √2𝜋 − 𝛼 + (3.1.8)
√2𝜋 2

RMS output current: Iorms

𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = (3.1.9)
𝑅

Power Factor: PF

Power delivered to the load is given by

2
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑃𝐿 =
𝑅

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 4

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

Power at the source is given by

𝑃𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 𝑃𝐹 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑃𝐹

𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
Under ideal condition 𝑃𝐿 = 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑃𝐹 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑃𝐹
𝑅

2
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑉𝑠 𝑃𝐹 =
𝑅 𝑅

𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑃𝐹 = (3.1.10)
𝑉𝑠

Problem 3.1.2: A 1-Ф half wave AC voltage controller has a resistive load of R=6Ω and input
voltage Vs=230V, 50Hz. The thyristor switch is triggered at an angle of α=π/2. Determine (i)
RMS output voltage (ii) Input power factor (iii) Average input current.

Solution:𝑉𝑚 = √2𝑉𝑠 = 325𝑉

(i) 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 199.18𝑉

(ii) 𝑃𝐹 = 0.86
(iii) 𝐼𝑜𝑑𝑐 = −8.62𝐴

3.2.4 Bidirectional ACVC

In bidirectional ACVC the power flow can be controlled in positive and negative half cycles of
the input. The circuit diagram and typical waveforms are shown in Fig. 3.1.3 (a) and Fig. 3.1.3
(b) respectively. The two thyristors T1 and T2 are triggered at an angle of α and π+α respectively
to obtain symmetrical output.

Average output voltage: Vodc

𝜋 2𝜋
1
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = [∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡 − ∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜋 + 𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡]
2𝜋 𝛼 𝜋+𝛼

𝜋 2𝜋
1
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = [∫ 𝑉 sin(𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡 + ∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡]
2𝜋 𝛼 𝑚 𝜋+𝛼

𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = 0 (3.1.11)

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 5

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

Average output current: Iodc

Fig. 3.1.3 (a) Circuit diagram (b) Typical waveforms

𝐼𝑜𝑑𝑐 = 0 (3.1.12)

RMS output voltage: Vorms

𝜋 2𝜋
1
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ [∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin (𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡 + ∫ 𝑉𝑚2 sin2 (𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡]
2 2
2𝜋 𝛼 𝜋+𝛼

𝑉𝑠 sin 2𝛼
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √𝜋 − 𝛼 + (3.1.13)
√𝜋 2

RMS output current: Iorms

𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = (3.1.14)
𝑅

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 6

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

Power Factor: PF

Power delivered to the load is given by

2
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑃𝐿 =
𝑅

Power at the source is given by

𝑃𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 𝑃𝐹 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑃𝐹

𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
Under ideal condition 𝑃𝐿 = 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑃𝐹 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑃𝐹
𝑅

2
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑉𝑠 𝑃𝐹 =
𝑅 𝑅

𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑃𝐹 = (3.1.15)
𝑉𝑠

Average thyristorcurrent: IAT1

1 𝜋
𝐼𝐴𝑇1 = 2𝜋 ∫𝛼 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡

𝐼
𝑚
𝐼𝐴𝑇1 = 2𝜋 {cos(𝛼) + 1} (3.1.16)

RMS thyristorcurrent: IRT1

1 𝜋
𝐼𝑅𝑇1 = √2𝜋 ∫𝛼 𝐼𝑚 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡

𝐼 sin 2𝛼
𝐼𝑅𝑇1 = 2 𝑚𝜋 √𝜋 − 𝛼 + (3.1.17)
√ 2

Problem 3.1.3: A 1-Ф bidirectional AC voltage controller has a resistive load of R=10Ω and
input voltage Vs=120V, 50Hz. The delay angles ofthyristors T1 and T2 are equal α1=α2=π/2.
Determine (i) RMS output voltage (ii) Input power factor (iii) Average and RMS current of
thyristor.

Solution:𝑉𝑚 = √2𝑉𝑠 = 169.7𝑉

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 7

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

(i) 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 84.85𝑉

(ii) 𝑃𝐹 = 0.707
(iii) 𝐼𝐴𝑇1 = 2.7𝐴 and 𝐼𝑅𝑇1 = 5.99𝐴

Drawback of 1-Ф bidirectional AC voltage controller

The drawback of 1-Ф bidirectional AC voltage controller is that the circuit has no common
cathode for T1 and T2thyristors and hence separate gating circuits have to be used. The common
cathode can be achieved by using the following circuit

Fig. 3.1.4 Alternate circuit to achieve common cathode

Note:Explain why short duration single gate pulses are not suitable for triggering thyristors in a
full wave ACVC with inductive load.

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 8

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

3.2. Controlled Rectifiers (AC-DC Converters)

The diode rectifiers provide a fixed output voltage where as controlled rectifiers provide
controlled output voltage. These rectifiers are simple, less expensive and the efficiency above
95% and used extensively in industrial applications.

3.3.4 Classification of controlled rectifiers:

Fig. 3.2.1 Classification of controlled rectifiers

3.2.1 Principle of Phase-Controlled Converter Operation

Let us consider the 1-Ф half controlled circuit with resistive load as shown in Fig. Fig. 3.2.2
(a)During positive half cycle thyristor anode is positive w.r.to its cathode and thyristor is ready
for conduction. When thyristor T is triggered at wt=αit conducts and input voltage appear across
RL. During negative half cycle thyristor anode is negative with respect to cathode it doesn’t
conduct and output voltage is zero. The waveforms of input voltage, output voltage, load current
and voltage across thyristor are shown in Fig. Fig. 3.2.2 (b).

Average output voltage and output current: Vodc, Iodc

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 9

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

Fig. 3.2.2 (a) Circuit diagram (b) Waveforms of Vs, Vo, Io and VT

1 𝜋
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = 2𝜋 ∫𝛼 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡 (3.2.1)

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = (1 + cos 𝛼) (3.2.2)
2𝜋

𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐
Similarly 𝐼𝑜𝑑𝑐 = 𝑅𝐿

At 𝛼 = 00 average output voltage becomes maximum

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = (3.2.3)
𝜋

Normalized output voltage: Von

𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐
𝑉𝑜𝑛 = 𝑉 = 0.5(1 + cos 𝛼) (3.2.4)
𝑜𝑑𝑐(𝑚𝑎𝑥)

RMS output voltage: Vorms

1 𝜋
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √2𝜋 ∫𝛼 𝑉𝑚 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡 (3.2.5)

𝑉 sin 2𝛼
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 2 𝑚𝜋 √𝜋 − 𝛼 + (3.2.6)
√ 2

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 10

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
Similarly 𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = (3.2.7)
𝑅𝐿

Efficiency: η

𝑃𝑜𝑑𝑐 𝑃 𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 𝐼𝑜𝑑𝑐 𝑉 2

𝜂= = 𝑃 𝑜𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉 = (𝑉 𝑜𝑑𝑐 ) (3.2.8)
𝑃𝑜𝑎𝑐 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠

Form Factor: FF

𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐹𝐹 = = (3.2.9)
𝐼𝑜𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐

Ripple Factor: RF

𝑅𝐹 = √(𝐹𝐹)2 − 1 (3.2.10)

Transformer Utilization Factor: TUF

𝑃𝑜𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 𝐼𝑜𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 𝐼𝑜𝑑𝑐

𝑇𝑈𝐹 = = = (3.2.11)
𝑃𝑖𝑎𝑐 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠

Peak Inverse Voltage: PIV

𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 (3.2.12)

Problem 3.2.1: The half wave controlled rectifier has a purely resistive load of R and the delay
angle is 𝛼 = 𝜋/3. Determine (i) 𝜂 (ii) FF (iii) RF (iv) TUF (v) PIV

2
2 𝑉𝑚
𝑃𝑜𝑑𝑐 𝑃 𝑉 (1+cos 𝛼)
Solution: (i) 𝜂 = = 𝑃 𝑜𝑑𝑐 = (𝑉 𝑜𝑑𝑐 ) = ( 2𝜋
) = 0.2833
𝑃𝑜𝑎𝑐 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼
√𝜋−𝛼 +
2√𝜋 2

𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
(ii) 𝐹𝐹 = = 1.87
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐

(iii) 𝑅𝐹 = 1.21

(iv) 𝑇𝑈𝐹 = 0.1432

(v) 𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 11

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

Problem 3.2.2: The half wave controlled rectifier has a supply voltage 𝑉𝑆 = 220𝑉,𝑅 = 10Ω,
𝜋 𝜋
and the delay angle𝛼 = 0, 4 , 2 . Determine (i)𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 (ii) 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 (ii)𝜂 (ii) FF (iii) RF (iv) TUF (v)

PIV

Solution: 𝑉𝑚 = √2 ∙ 220 = 311.12𝑉

Case-1:𝛼 = 0

𝑉𝑚
(i) 𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = (1 + cos 𝛼) = 99.03𝑉
2𝜋

𝑉 sin 2𝛼
(ii) 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 2 𝑚𝜋 √𝜋 − 𝛼 + = 155.56𝑉
√ 2

𝑃𝑜𝑑𝑐 𝑃 𝑉 2
(iii) 𝜂 = = 𝑃 𝑜𝑑𝑐 = (𝑉 𝑜𝑑𝑐 ) = 40.52%
𝑃𝑜𝑎𝑐 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠

𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 155.56
(iv) 𝐹𝐹 = = = 1.57
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 99.03

(v) 𝑅𝐹 = √(𝐹𝐹)2 − 1 = 1.21

2
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 𝐼𝑜𝑑𝑐 𝑉 (99.03)2
(vi) 𝑇𝑈𝐹 = = 𝑉 𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = 220 𝑋 155.56 = 0.2865
𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠

(vii) 𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 311.12𝑉

𝜋
Case-2:𝛼 = 4

𝑉𝑚
(i) 𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = (1 + cos 𝛼) = 84.52𝑉
2𝜋

𝑉 sin 2𝛼
(ii) 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 2 𝑚𝜋 √𝜋 − 𝛼 + = 148.3𝑉
√ 2

𝑃𝑜𝑑𝑐 𝑃 𝑉 2
(iii) 𝜂 = = 𝑃 𝑜𝑑𝑐 = (𝑉 𝑜𝑑𝑐 ) = 32.47%
𝑃𝑜𝑎𝑐 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠

𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 148.3
(iv) 𝐹𝐹 = = 84.52 = 1.75
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐

(v) 𝑅𝐹 = √(𝐹𝐹)2 − 1 = 1.44

2 (84.52)2
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 𝐼𝑜𝑑𝑐 𝑉
(vi) 𝑇𝑈𝐹 = = 𝑉 𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = 220 𝑋 148.3 = 0.2189
𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠

(vii) 𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 311.12𝑉

𝜋
Case-3:𝛼 = 2

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UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

𝑉𝑚
(i) 𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = (1 + cos 𝛼) = 49.51𝑉
2𝜋

𝑉 sin 2𝛼
(ii) 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 2 𝑚𝜋 √𝜋 − 𝛼 + = 109.99𝑉
√ 2

𝑃𝑜𝑑𝑐 𝑃 𝑉 2
(iii) 𝜂 = = 𝑃 𝑜𝑑𝑐 = (𝑉 𝑜𝑑𝑐 ) = 20.25%
𝑃𝑜𝑎𝑐 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠

𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 109.99
(iv) 𝐹𝐹 = = = 2.22
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 49.51

(v) 𝑅𝐹 = √(𝐹𝐹)2 − 1 = 1.98

2 (49.51)2
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 𝐼𝑜𝑑𝑐 𝑉
(vi) 𝑇𝑈𝐹 = = 𝑉 𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = 220 𝑋 109.99 = 0.1
𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠

(vii) 𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 311.12𝑉

Problem 3.2.3: A 2kW heater is connected across a 1-Φ230𝑉,50𝐻𝑧, supply through an SCR.If
𝜋
the delay angle 𝛼 = 4 .Calculate the power observed by the heater element.

Solution: 𝑉𝑚 = √2 ∙ 230 = 325𝑉

𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑆 𝑉2 2302
Heater resistance is 𝑅 = = 𝑃𝑂 = 𝑃𝑆 = 2000 = 26.45Ω
𝐼𝑂 ( ) 𝑂
𝑉𝑆

2
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 (154.94)2
The power absorbed by the heater is 𝑃ℎ = = = 907.65𝑊
𝑅 26.45

𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼
Where 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 2 𝑚𝜋 √𝜋 − 𝛼 + = 154.94𝑉
√ 2

3.2.3 1-Ф Semi Converter: (1-Ф Half Controlled Bridge Converter)

In 1- Ф semi-converter the upper arm of the bridge consists of two thyristors T1 and T2 and lower
arm of the bridge consists of two diodes D1 and D2. The name semi-converter because the
converter operates only in rectifier mode and the power flow is only from source to the load.

Case-1: R load

The circuit diagram of 1- Ф semi-converter with R load is shown in Fig 3.2.3. During positive
half cycle of the ac supply thyristor T1 and diode D1 are forward biased. When T1 is triggered at
firing angle α the current flow through the path Vs-T1-R-D1-VS and the load current will flow
until T1 is commutated by reversal of supply voltage at 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋. During negative half cycle of the

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UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

ac supply T2 and D2 are forward biased. When T2 is triggered at 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋 + 𝛼 , the current flow
through the path Vs-T2-R-D2-VS.The various waveforms are shown in Fig. 3.2.4.

Fig. 3.2.3 Circuit diagram 1-Ф semiconverter with R load

Average output voltage and output current: Vodc

1 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = 2𝜋 [∫𝛼 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡 + ∫𝜋+𝛼 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜋 + 𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡] (3.2.1)

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = (1 + cos 𝛼) (3.2.2)
𝜋

𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐
Similarly 𝐼𝑜𝑑𝑐 = 𝑅𝐿

At 𝛼 = 00 average output voltage becomes maximum

2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = (3.2.3)
𝜋

Normalized output voltage: Von

𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐
𝑉𝑜𝑛 = 𝑉 = 0.5(1 + cos 𝛼) (3.2.4)
𝑜𝑑𝑐(𝑚𝑎𝑥)

RMS output voltage: Vorms

1 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √2𝜋 [∫𝛼 𝑉𝑚2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡 + ∫𝜋+𝛼 𝑉𝑚2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡](3.2.5)

𝑉𝑚 sin 2𝛼
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √𝜋 − 𝛼 + (3.2.6)
√2𝜋 2

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UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
Similarly 𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = (3.2.7)
𝑅𝐿

Fig. 3.2.4 Waveforms of 1-Ф semiconverter with R load

Case-2: R-L load

The circuit arrangement of a 1-Ф semiconverter with R-L load is shown in Figure 3.2.5. The
circuit operation is divided into two modes (i) Discontinuous current mode (L is small) (ii)
Continuous current mode (L is large). During positive half cycle when T1 is triggered at wt=α the
current flow through the path Vs-T1-R-L-D1-Vs. The input voltage is negative between the period
𝜋 ≤ 𝑤𝑡 ≤ 𝜋 + 𝛼but free wheeling diode Df is forward biased and hence output voltage is zero.
The load current is transferred from T1-D1 to Df and T1-D1 are turned-off. During negative half
cycle of the input voltage T2 is forward biased and when it is triggered at 𝑤𝑡 ≤ 𝜋 + 𝛼diode Df is
reverse biased and the load current flow through the path Vs-T2-R-L-D2-Vs. The various
waveforms for discontinuous current mode and continuous current mode are shown in Fig. 3.2.6
and Fig. 3.2.7 respectively.

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 15

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

Fig. 3.2.5 Circuit diagram of 1-Ф semiconverter with R-L load and free wheeling diode

Fig. 3.2.6 Waveforms of 1-Ф semiconverter with R-L load in discontinuous mode

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UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

Fig. 3.2.7 Waveforms of 1-Ф semiconverter with R-L load in continuous mode

Average output voltage and output current: Vodc

1 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = 2𝜋 [∫𝛼 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡 + ∫𝜋+𝛼 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜋 + 𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡] (3.2.8)

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = (1 + cos 𝛼) (3.2.9)
𝜋

𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐
Similarly 𝐼𝑜𝑑𝑐 = 𝑅𝐿

At 𝛼 = 00 average output voltage becomes maximum

2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = (3.2.10)
𝜋

Normalized output voltage: Von

𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐
𝑉𝑜𝑛 = 𝑉 = 0.5(1 + cos 𝛼) (3.2.11)
𝑜𝑑𝑐(𝑚𝑎𝑥)

RMS output voltage: Vorms

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UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

1 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √2𝜋 [∫𝛼 𝑉𝑚2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡 + ∫𝜋+𝛼 𝑉𝑚2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡] (3.2.12)

𝑉𝑚 sin 2𝛼
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √𝜋 − 𝛼 + (3.2.13)
√2𝜋 2

𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
Similarly 𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = (3.2.14)
𝑅𝐿

Problem 3.2.2: A 1-Ф semiconverter is connected to 230V, 50Hz supply, the load current is
assumed to be continuous and ripple free (a) Express the input current in a Fourier series and
determine input current Harmonic Factor (HF), Displacement Factor (DF) and input Power
Factor (IPF) (b) If the delay angle is 𝛼 = 𝜋/3 calculate Vodc, Von, Vorms, HF, DF and IPF.

Solution: The mathematical equation to determine HF, DF and IPF are as follows:

𝐼 2
𝐻𝐹 = √(𝐼 𝑠 ) − 1 (3.2.15)
𝑠1

Where 𝐼𝑠 is RMS input current, 𝐼𝑠1 is fundamental component of RMS input current.

𝐷𝐹 = cos(𝜑1 ) (3.2.16)

𝜑1 is fundamental component of phase angle between output voltage and fundamental

component

𝐼𝑠1
𝐼𝑃𝐹 = 𝐷𝐹 (3.2.17)
𝐼𝑠

The input current waveform of 1-Ф semiconverter is shown in Fig. 3.2.8 is periodic.

Fig. 3.2.8 Input current waveform of 1-Ф semiconverter for continuous current mode

The trigonometric Fourier series for periodic signal is given by

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 18

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

𝑎0
𝑖𝑠 (𝑡) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1,2,3 𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝑤𝑡) + 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑤𝑡) (3.2.18)
2

2 𝑇 1 2𝜋
𝑎0 = 𝑇 ∫0 𝑖𝑠 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑖𝑠 (𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡 (3.2.19)

2 𝑇 1 2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑇 ∫0 𝑖𝑠 (𝑡)cos(𝑛𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑖𝑠 (𝑤𝑡) cos(𝑛𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡 (3.2.20)

2 𝑇 1 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑇 ∫0 𝑖𝑠 (𝑡)sin(𝑛𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑖𝑠 (𝑤𝑡) sin(𝑛𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡 (3.2.21)

The compact trigonometric Fourier series for periodic signal is given by

𝑎0
𝑖𝑠 (𝑡) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1,2,3 𝐼𝑠𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑤𝑡 + 𝜑𝑛 ) (3.2.22)
2

2 +𝑏 2
𝑎𝑛
𝐼𝑠𝑛 = √ 𝑛
(3.2.24)
2

Where 𝐼𝑠𝑛 is RMS value of the nth harmonic input current

RMS value of the input current is given by 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑠1 + 𝐼𝑠2 + 𝐼𝑠3 + ⋯ (3.2.25)

RMS value of the input current can also be determined as follows

1 𝜋 𝜋−𝛼
𝐼𝑠 = √𝜋 ∫𝛼 𝐼02 𝑑𝑤𝑡 = 𝐼0 √ (3.2.26)
𝜋

𝑎
𝜑𝑛 = tan−1 ( 𝑏𝑛 ) (3.2.27)
𝑛

1 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑎0 = [∫ 𝐼0 𝑑𝑤𝑡 − ∫ 𝐼0 𝑑𝑤𝑡] = 0
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋+𝛼

1 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ⌊∫ 𝐼0 cos(𝑛𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡 − ∫ 𝐼0 cos(𝑛𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡⌋
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋+𝛼

𝐼0 𝜋 2𝜋
= ⌊∫ cos(𝑛𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡 − ∫ cos(𝑛𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡⌋
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋+𝛼

𝐼0
= ⌊−sin(𝑛𝛼) − sin(𝑛𝛼)⌋
𝑛𝜋

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 19

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

−2𝐼0
𝑎𝑛 = sin(𝑛𝛼) n=1,3,5,……. ∞
𝑛𝜋

= 0 n=2,4,6,……. ∞

1 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ⌊∫ 𝐼0 sin(𝑛𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡 − ∫ 𝐼0 sin(𝑛𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡⌋
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋+𝛼

𝐼0 𝜋 2𝜋
= ⌊∫ sin(𝑛𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡 − ∫ sin(𝑛𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡⌋
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋+𝛼

𝐼0
= ⌊cos(𝑛𝛼) − cos(𝑛𝜋) + cos(𝑛𝛼) + cos(𝑛2𝜋)⌋
𝑛𝜋

2𝐼0
𝑏𝑛 = (1 + cos(𝑛𝛼)) n=1,3,5,……. ∞
𝑛𝜋

= 0 n=2,4,6,……. ∞

−2𝐼0
𝑎1 = sin(𝛼)
𝜋

2𝐼0
𝑏1 = (1 + cos(𝛼))
𝜋

𝑎12 + 𝑏12 2√2𝐼0 𝛼

𝐼𝑠1 =√ = cos ( )
2 𝜋 2

𝑎1 𝛼
𝜑1 = tan−1 ( ) = −
𝑏1 2

𝜋(𝜋−𝛼)
(a)𝐻𝐹 = √4(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼) − 1

𝛼
𝐷𝐹 = cos ( )
2
𝛼
√2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( 2 )
𝐼𝑃𝐹 =
√𝜋(𝜋 − 𝛼)

𝜋 𝑉𝑚
(b) 𝛼 = 𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = (1 + cos 𝛼) = 155.3𝑉
3 𝜋

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 20

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = = 207.06𝑉
𝜋

𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐
𝑉𝑜𝑛 = 𝑉 = 0.5(1 + cos 𝛼) = 0.75
𝑜𝑑𝑐(𝑚𝑎𝑥)

𝑉𝑚 sin 2𝛼
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √𝜋 − 𝛼 + = 206.19𝑉
√2𝜋 2

𝜋(𝜋 − 𝛼)
𝐻𝐹 = √ 𝛼 − 1 = 1.84
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( 2 )

𝛼
𝐷𝐹 = cos ( ) = 0.866
2
𝛼
√2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( 2 )
𝐼𝑃𝐹 = = 0.4132
√𝜋(𝜋 − 𝛼)

Problem 3.2.3: A 1-Ф semi convertershown in figure with R-L-E load has 𝑅 = 2.5Ω, 𝐿 =
6.5mH and 𝐸 = 10𝑉. The input voltage is 𝑉𝑠 = 120𝑉 rms at 60 Hz. Determine (a) load current
at 𝑤𝑡 = 0 and at 𝑤𝑡 = 𝛼 = 600 calculate (b) Average thyristor current (c) RMS thyristor
current (d) RMS output current (e) Average output current

𝑤𝐿
Solution: 𝑤 = 2𝜋𝑓 = 2𝜋𝑋60 = 377 rad/sec ,𝜃 = tan−1 ( 𝑅 ) = 44.430 , 𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑤𝐿)2 =

3.5Ω

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 21

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

The load current depends on the values of 𝑅and 𝐿. The operation of the converter can be divided
into two modes (Mode-1 and Mode-2).

Mode-1: In this mode0 ≤ 𝑤𝑡 ≤ 𝛼during which freewheeling diode 𝐷𝑓 conducts. The output
current 𝑖𝑂1 is determined as follows

𝑑𝑖𝑂1
𝐿 + 𝑅𝑖𝑂1 + 𝐸 = 0
𝑑𝑡

With initial condition 𝑖𝑂1 (𝑤𝑡 = 0) = 𝐼𝑂 gives

𝐸
𝑖𝑂1 = 𝐼𝑂 𝑒 −(𝑅/𝐿)𝑡 − (1 − 𝑒 −(𝑅/𝐿)𝑡 )
𝑅

At the end of this mode at 𝑤𝑡 = 𝛼 the output current becomes 𝐼𝑂1

𝐸
𝐼𝑂1 = 𝑖𝑂1 (𝑤𝑡 = 𝛼) = 𝐼𝑂 𝑒 −(𝑅/𝐿)(𝛼/𝑤) − (1 − 𝑒 −(𝑅/𝐿)(𝛼/𝑤) )
𝑅

Mode-2: In this mode 𝛼 ≤ 𝑤𝑡 ≤ 𝜋 during which thyristor T1 conducts. The output current
during this mode can be found out as follows

𝑑𝑖𝑂1
𝐿 + 𝑅𝑖𝑂1 + 𝐸 = √2𝑉𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡
𝑑𝑡

The solution for the above equation is

√2𝑉𝑠 𝐸
𝑖𝑂2 = sin(𝑤𝑡 − 𝜃) + 𝐴1 𝑒 −(𝑅/𝐿)𝑡 −
𝑍 𝑅

𝑤𝐿
Where output impedance 𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑤𝐿)2 output impedance angle 𝜃 = tan−1( 𝑅 ) and at

𝑤𝑡 = 𝛼𝑖𝑂2 = 𝐼𝑂1

𝐸 √2𝑉𝑠
𝐴1 = [𝐼𝑂1 + − sin(𝛼 − 𝜃)] 𝑒 (𝑅/𝐿)(𝛼/𝑤)
𝑅 𝑍

(a)

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 22

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

3.2.4 1-Ф Full Converter:

In 1-Ф full converter all the devices in the bridge are thyristors. The circuit diagram with R-L
loadis shown in Fig.3.2.9. If the value of L is small the circuit operates in discontinuous mode of
operation and if the value of L is very large the circuit operates in continuous mode of operation.
The typical input and output voltage and current waveforms for discontinuous and continuous
mode are shown in Fig. 3.2.10 and Fig. 3.2.11 respectively.

Fig. 3.2.9 Circuit diagram of 1-Ф full converter

Fig. 3.2.10 Waveforms of 1-Ф full converter in discontinuous mode

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 23

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

Fig. 3.2.11 Waveforms of 1-Ф full converter in continuous mode

Let us consider the load inductor is very large, the output current is continuous and ripple free.
The converter operates in continuous current mode of operation. During positive half cycle of the
input voltage thyristors T1 and T2 are forward biased. When these two thyristors triggered at
𝑤𝑡 = 𝛼continue in conducting state due to large inductive load even though the input voltage is
negative. During negative half cycle of the input voltage thyristors T3 and T4 are forward biased.
When these two thyristors triggered at 𝑤𝑡 = 𝜋 + 𝛼the load current transferred from T1 and T2 to
T3 and T4. During the period 𝛼 to 𝜋 both output voltage and current are positive and power flows
from source to load. This operation is known as rectification mode. During the period 𝜋 to 𝜋 + 𝛼
output voltage is negative but output current is positive and power flows from load to source.
This operation is known as inversion mode.

Average output voltage and output current: Vodc

1 𝜋+𝛼 2𝜋+𝛼
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = 2𝜋 [∫𝛼 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡 + ∫𝜋+𝛼 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜋 + 𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡] (3.2.28)

2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = cos 𝛼 (3.2.29)
𝜋

𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐
Similarly 𝐼𝑜𝑑𝑐 = 𝑍

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 24

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

At 𝛼 = 00 average output voltage becomes maximum

2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = (3.2.30)
𝜋

Normalized output voltage: Von

𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐
𝑉𝑜𝑛 = 𝑉 = cos 𝛼 (3.2.31)
𝑜𝑑𝑐(𝑚𝑎𝑥)

RMS output voltage: Vorms

1 𝜋+𝛼 2𝜋+𝛼
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √2𝜋 [∫𝛼 𝑉𝑚2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡 + ∫𝜋+𝛼 𝑉𝑚2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡] (3.2.32)

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = (3.2.33)
√2

𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠
Similarly 𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = (3.2.34)
𝑍

Problem 3.2.4: A 1-Ф fullconverter is connected to 230V, 50Hz supply, the load current is
assumed to be continuous and ripple free (a) Express the input current in a Fourier series and
determine input current Harmonic Factor (HF), Displacement Factor (DF) and input Power
Factor (IPF) (b) If the delay angle is 𝛼 = 𝜋/2 calculate Vodc, Von, Vorms, HF, DF and IPF.

Solution: The mathematical equation to determine HF, DF and IPF are as follows:

𝐼 2
𝐻𝐹 = √(𝐼 𝑠 ) − 1 (3.2.35)
𝑠1

Where 𝐼𝑠 is RMS input current, 𝐼𝑠1 is fundamental component of RMS input current.

𝐷𝐹 = cos(𝜑1 ) (3.2.36)

𝜑1 is fundamental component of phase angle between output voltage and fundamental component

𝐼𝑠1
𝐼𝑃𝐹 = 𝐷𝐹 (3.2.37)
𝐼𝑠

The input current waveform of 1-Ф fullconverter is shown in Fig. 3.2.12 is periodic.

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 25

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

Fig. 3.2.12 Input current waveform of 1-Ф fullconverter for continuous current mode

The trigonometric Fourier series for periodic signal is given by

𝑎0
𝑖𝑠 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝑠 (𝑤𝑡) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1,2,3 𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝑤𝑡) + 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑤𝑡) (3.2.38)
2

1 2𝜋
𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑖𝑠 (𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡 (3.2.39)

1 2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑖𝑠 (𝑤𝑡) cos(𝑛𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡 (3.2.40)

1 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑖𝑠 (𝑤𝑡) sin(𝑛𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡 (3.2.41)

The compact trigonometric Fourier series for periodic signal is given by

𝑖𝑠 (𝑤𝑡) = 𝑎0 + ∑∞
𝑛=1,2,3 𝐼𝑠𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑤𝑡 + 𝜑𝑛 ) (3.2.42)

1 2𝜋
𝑎0 = 2𝜋 ∫0 𝐼0 𝑑𝑤𝑡 (3.2.43)

2 +𝑏 2
𝑎𝑛
𝐼𝑠𝑛 = √ 𝑛
(3.2.44)
2

Where 𝐼𝑠𝑛 is RMS value of the nth harmonic input current

RMS value of the input current is given by 𝐼𝑠𝑛 = 𝐼𝑠1 + 𝐼𝑠2 + 𝐼𝑠3 + ⋯ (3.2.45)

RMS value of the input current can also be determined as follows

1 𝜋+𝛼 2
𝐼𝑠 = √𝜋 ∫𝛼 𝐼0 𝑑𝑤𝑡 = 𝐼0 (3.2.46)

𝑎
𝜑𝑛 = tan−1 ( 𝑏𝑛 ) (3.2.47)
𝑛

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 26

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

1 𝜋+𝛼 2𝜋+𝛼
𝑎0 = [∫ 𝐼0 𝑑𝑤𝑡 − ∫ 𝐼0 𝑑𝑤𝑡] = 0
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋+𝛼

1 𝜋+𝛼 2𝜋+𝛼
𝑎𝑛 = ⌊∫ 𝐼0 cos(𝑛𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡 − ∫ 𝐼0 cos(𝑛𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡⌋
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋+𝛼

𝐼0 𝜋+𝛼 2𝜋+𝛼
= ⌊∫ cos(𝑛𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡 − ∫ cos(𝑛𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡⌋
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋+𝛼

𝐼0
= ⌊−sin(𝑛𝛼) − sin(𝑛𝛼) − sin(𝑛𝛼) − sin(𝑛𝛼)⌋
𝑛𝜋

−4𝐼0
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛𝜋
sin(𝑛𝛼) n=1,3,5,……. ∞

= 0 n=2,4,6,……. ∞

1 𝜋+𝛼 2𝜋+𝛼
𝑏𝑛 = ⌊∫ 𝐼0 cos(𝑛𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡 − ∫ 𝐼0 cos(𝑛𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡⌋
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋+𝛼

𝐼0 𝜋+𝛼 2𝜋+𝛼
= ⌊∫ sin(𝑛𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡 − ∫ sin(𝑛𝑤𝑡)𝑑𝑤𝑡⌋
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋+𝛼

𝐼0
= ⌊cos(𝑛𝛼) + cos(𝑛𝛼) + cos(𝑛𝛼) + cos(𝑛𝛼)⌋
𝑛𝜋

4𝐼0
𝑏𝑛 = cos(𝑛𝛼) n=1,3,5,……. ∞
𝑛𝜋

= 0 n=2,4,6,……. ∞

−4𝐼0
𝑎1 = sin(𝛼)
𝜋

4𝐼0
𝑏1 = cos(𝛼)
𝜋

𝑎12 + 𝑏12 2√2𝐼0

𝐼𝑠1 =√ =
2 𝜋

𝑎1
𝜑1 = tan−1 ( ) = −𝛼
𝑏1
Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 27
UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

(a)𝐻𝐹 = 1.98

𝐷𝐹 = cos(𝛼)

√2
𝐼𝑃𝐹 = cos(𝛼)
𝜋

𝜋 2𝑉𝑚
(b) 𝛼 = 𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 = (cos 𝛼) = 0𝑉
2 𝜋

2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = = 207.06𝑉
𝜋

𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐
𝑉𝑜𝑛 = =0
𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐(𝑚𝑎𝑥)

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 229.8𝑉
√2

𝐻𝐹 = 1.98

𝐷𝐹 = cos(𝛼) = 0

𝐼𝑃𝐹 = 0

3.2.5 1-Ф Dual Converter:

If the two full converter are connected back to back both output voltage and current can be

Fig. 3.2.13 Circuit diagram of 1-Ф dual converter

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 28

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

Fig. 3.2.14 Typical waveforms of 1-Ф dual converter

reversed, such a converter provides four quadrant operation and is called dual converter. If 𝛼1
and 𝛼2 are delay angles of converter1 and converter2 respectively the corresponding average
output voltages are Vodc1 and Vodc2. The delay angles are controlled such that one converter
operates as a rectifier and other as inverter.

2𝑉𝑚 2𝑉𝑚
The average output voltages are 𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐1 = cos 𝛼1 and 𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐2 = cos 𝛼2 since one converter
𝜋 𝜋

is operating as rectifier and other converter is operating as inverter

𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐1 = −𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐2

cos 𝛼1 = −cos 𝛼2

cos 𝛼2 = − cos 𝛼1 = cos(𝜋 − 𝛼1 )

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 29

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

𝛼2 = 𝜋 − 𝛼1

The output voltages of the two converter are out of phase there can be instantaneous voltage
difference and this can result in circulating current between the two converter. This circulating
current cannot flow through the load and is limited by circulating current inductor 𝐿𝐶 . If 𝑉𝑜1 and
𝑉𝑜2 are the instantaneous output voltages of converter 1 and 2 respectively, the circulating
current can be found by integrating the instantaneous voltage difference

𝑑𝑖𝑐
𝑣𝑜 = 𝑣𝑐 = 𝑤𝐿
𝑑𝑡

Circulating current between the duration 𝛼1 to 𝜋 − 𝛼1 is given by

𝜋−𝛼1 𝜋−𝛼1
1 1
𝑖𝑐 = [∫ 𝑣0 𝑑𝑤𝑡] = [∫ (𝑣01 − 𝑣02 ) 𝑑𝑤𝑡]
𝑤𝐿 𝛼1 𝑤𝐿 𝛼1

𝑣01 = 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝑤𝑡) and 𝑣02 = −𝑉𝑚 sin(𝑤𝑡)

2𝑉𝑚 𝜋−𝛼1
𝑖𝑐 = [∫ sin(𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡]
𝑤𝐿 𝛼1

4𝑉𝑚
𝑖𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1
𝑤𝐿

Circulating current between the duration 𝛼1 to 2𝜋 − 𝛼1 is given by

2𝜋−𝛼1 2𝜋−𝛼1
1 1 2𝑉𝑚 2𝜋−𝛼1
𝑖𝑐 = [∫ 𝑣0 𝑑𝑤𝑡] = [∫ 𝑣01 − 𝑣02 𝑑𝑤𝑡] = [∫ sin(𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡]
𝑤𝐿 𝛼1 𝑤𝐿 𝛼1 𝑤𝐿 𝛼1

2𝑉𝑚 2𝜋−𝛼1
𝑖𝑐 = [∫ sin(𝑤𝑡) 𝑑𝑤𝑡]
𝑤𝐿 𝛼1

𝑖𝑐 = 0

The dual converter can be operated with or without a circulating current. In case of without
circulating current only one converter operates at a time and carries the load current and other
converter is completely blocked. But the operation with circulating current has few advantages:

1. The circulating current maintains continuous conduction of both converters

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 30
UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

2. Since one converter always operates as rectifier and other converter operates as inverter,
hence power flow in either direction is possible at any time
3. Since both converters are in continuous conduction the time response for changing from
one quadrant to other quadrant is faster

Problem 3.2.5: A 1-Ф dual converter is connected to 230V, 50Hz supply, the load resistanceis
𝑅 = 15Ω. The circulating inductance 𝐿𝑐 = 40𝑚𝐻 delay angles are 𝛼1 = 𝜋/4and 𝛼2 = 3𝜋/
4calculate the peak circulating current of converter2.

Solution: The circulating current is

4𝑉𝑚
𝑖𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼1
𝑤𝐿

4𝑉𝑚
𝑖𝑐𝑝 = = 103.45𝐴
𝑤𝐿

𝑉𝑚
Peak load current is 𝐼𝑃 = = 21.66𝐴
𝑅

Peak current of converter2 is 𝑖𝑐𝑝 + 𝐼𝑃 = 125.11𝐴

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 31

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

Questions:

1. A 1-Ф ON-OFF AC voltage controller has a resistive load of R=10Ω and input voltage
Vs=120V, 50Hz. The thyristor switch is ON for 25 cycles and OFF for 75 cycles.
Determine (i) RMS output voltage (ii) Input power factor (iii) Average and RMS currents
of thyristor.
2. A 1-Ф half wave AC voltage controller has a resistive load of R=6Ω and input voltage
Vs=230V, 50Hz. The thyristor switch is triggered at an angle of α=π/2. Determine (i)
RMS output voltage (ii) Input power factor (iii) Average input current.
3. A 1-Ф bidirectional AC voltage controller has a resistive load of R=10Ω and input
voltage Vs=120V, 50Hz. The delay angles ofthyristors T1 and T2 are equal α1=α2=π/2.
Determine (i) RMS output voltage (ii) Input power factor (iii) Average and RMS current
of thyristor.
4. The half wave controlled rectifier has a purely resistive load of R and the delay angle is
𝛼 = 𝜋/3. Determine (i) 𝜂 (ii) FF (iii) RF (iv) TUF (v) PIV
5. The half wave controlled rectifier has a supply voltage 𝑉𝑆 = 220𝑉,𝑅 = 10Ω, and the
𝜋 𝜋
delay angle𝛼 = 0, 4 , 2 . Determine (i)𝑉𝑜𝑑𝑐 (ii) 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 (ii)𝜂 (ii) FF (iii) RF (iv) TUF (v) PIV
6. A 2kW heater is connected across a 1-Φ230𝑉,50𝐻𝑧, supply through an SCR. If the delay
𝜋
angle 𝛼 = 4 .Calculate the power observed by the heater element.
7. A 1-Ф semiconverter is connected to 230V, 50Hz supply, the load current is assumed to
be continuous and ripple free (a) Express the input current in a Fourier series and
determine input current Harmonic Factor (HF), Displacement Factor (DF) and input
Power Factor (IPF) (b) If the delay angle is 𝛼 = 𝜋/3 calculate Vodc, Von, Vorms, HF, DF
and IPF.
8. A 1-Ф semi convertershown in figure with R-L-E load has 𝑅 = 2.5Ω, 𝐿 = 6.5mH and
𝐸 = 10𝑉. The input voltage is 𝑉𝑠 = 120𝑉 rms at 60 Hz. Determine (a) load current at
𝑤𝑡 = 0 and at 𝑤𝑡 = 𝛼 = 600 calculate (b) Average thyristor current (c) RMS thyristor
current (d) RMS output current (e) Average output current

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 32

UNIT III AC Voltage Controllers and Controlled Rectifiers

9. A 1-Ф fullconverter is connected to 230V, 50Hz supply, the load current is assumed to be
continuous and ripple free (a) Express the input current in a Fourier series and determine
input current Harmonic Factor (HF), Displacement Factor (DF) and input Power Factor
(IPF) (b) If the delay angle is 𝛼 = 𝜋/2 calculate Vodc, Von, Vorms, HF, DF and IPF.
10. A 1-Ф dual converter is connected to 230V, 50Hz supply, the load resistanceis 𝑅 = 15Ω.
The circulating inductance 𝐿𝑐 = 40𝑚𝐻 delay angles are 𝛼1 = 𝜋/4and 𝛼2 = 3𝜋/
4calculate the peak circulating current of converter2.

Dr. Sreenivasappa B. V. Dept. of ECE, Presidency University, Bangalore 33