SHEET REINFORCEMENT 1.

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

1

Name: Class: Date:

1 Label the levels of organization. Then complete

the sentence: write highest, lowest, higher, lower.

The level of organization is the organism; the

level of organization is the cell. Tissues are a level than

organs, but organ systems are a level than organs.

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 SHEET REINFORCEMENT 1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
2

Name: Class: Date:

1 Write the name of each cell: eukaryotic or prokaryotic.

Then label its parts.

cell

cell

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 SHEET REINFORCEMENT 1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
3

Name: Class: Date:

1 Label the organ systems. For each organ system,

label one or two main organs.

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 SHEET REINFORCEMENT 1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
AND EXTENSION
4

Name: Class: Date:

1 Complete the summary. SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS

The origin of eukaryotic cells
a. All living things are organized into 
The Serial Endosymbiotic Theory (SET) was developed by
of organization. biologist Lynn Margulis. According to this theory, eukaryotic
cells evolved from ancient prokaryotic cells between 2 and
b. The cell is the  unit, the unit
1.5 billion years ago. The original prokaryotic cell lost its cell
of all living things.  organisms wall and became larger. As a result, the surface of the cell
membrane increased, improving phagocytic capacity. In later
are made up of one cell.  stages, a pronucleus formed. These cells could ingest other
organisms are made up of many cells. smaller, free-living aerobic or photosynthetic prokaryotes and
form symbiotic relationships with them.
c. Cells can be  such as bacteria,

or  such as those in human beings.

a. The prokaryotic cell loses
Eukaryotic cells have three structures:  its cell wall.

 b. The surface of the membrane

increases and inner membranes
 .
are formed.
d. A tissue is a group of 
c. A pronucleus is formed.
 that work together Endosymbiosis with spirochete
bacteria could be the origin of
to perform a specific function. There are four types:
flagella.

d. Association with an aerobic
 prokaryote could be the origin
of mitochondria.
e. A group of different tissues that work together to perform

a specific function is called an  . e. Association with a

photosynthetic prokaryote could
f. An  is a group be the origin of chloroplasts.

of organs that work together to carry out one or more

functions.
According to the SET theory, successive symbiotic associations
g. The organ systems involved in nutrition are the: explain the presence of cell organelles such as mitochondria
and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.



2 What do these terms mean: pronucleus, phagocytic,
aerobic and symbiotic?

3 What does the SET theory try to explain?
 .
4 Explain why this theory is called the Serial
h. The organ systems involved in interaction are the:
Endosymbiosis Theory.

5 Search for information on SET. Explain why two
 prokaryotic organisms were part of the first symbiotic
association.


 .

i. The organ systems involved in reproduction are the

 systems.

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 SHEET REINFORCEMENT 1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
5

Name: Class: Date:

SUMMARY
Levels of organization

In order of increasing complexity, the different levels into which matter is organized are:

 .

The chemical composition of living things

•  Biomolecules can be inorganic, such as 

 or organic, such as

•  Examples of organic biomolecules are: 

The structure of human cells

All eukaryotic cells have three structures:

•  A cell membrane: 

•  Cytoplasm: 

•  Nucleus: 

The main organelles are: 

 .

Tissue

The four types of tissue are:

•  Epithelial: 

•  Connective: 

•  Muscle: 

•  Nervous: 

Organs and organ systems

•  Organs are structures made up of 

 .

•  Organ systems consist of 

 .

Examples of organ systems 

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 SHEET REINFORCEMENT 1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
6
CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND TRANSPLANTS

In multicellular organisms, the zygote and the cells There are approximately 200 types of cells in the
produced during early cell divisions are embryonic human body. During cell differentiation, cells acquire
stem cells: they can form complete new organisms. the appropriate morphological and chemical
These embryonic stem cells can develop into different characteristics to perform specific functions.
types of cells.

Muscle cell Neuron Epithelial cell Blood cell Connective cell

ACTIVITIES

1 Answer the questions. 4 Why was Japanese professor Shinya Yamanaka awarded
a. Explain what embryonic stem cells are. the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2012?
b. When a cell specializes to carry out different functions, it a. What are iPS stem cells?
loses its ability to become a new organism. Explain why b. W
 hy are these cells important?
this happens.
5 Explain the meaning of the following: Mature cells can
2 Describe the characteristics of each of the cells above. be reprogrammed to become pluripotent cells.
Find out the function of each cell.

3 Make correlations between the morphological and

physiological characteristics of each cell and the cell's
function.

COOPERATIVE PROJECT

Organ donation campaign

Task: Prepare posters on organ donation. Group C: How are organ donations and transplants
handled in Spain? What is a donor card and what is
Work in groups of five. Divide up the work in your
it for? Do organ donors receive any benefits?
group.
Group D: Report on innovative transplant solutions,
Group A: Who can be a donor? Which organs can be
for example: stem cells and regenerative medicine,
donated? Why is umbilical cord blood donated?
kidney paired transplants, a registry of intended
What is living organ donation?
kidney donor–recipient pairs.
Group B: What are the criteria for organ and tissue
transplants? What side effects does the patient
experience? Why does rejection occur?

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 SHEET EXTENSION
1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
7
EARLY OBSERVATIONS OF MICROSCOPIC LIVING THINGS

PROJECT OBJECTIVE

Find out who was the first person to

observe microscopic organisms.

Leeuwenhoek microscope

Hooke microscope Binocular microscope Compound

microscope

PROCEDURE

Recommended research topics: Prepare the poster:

•  Earliest forms of magnification up to the 16th century.
1 Do research to complete the sentences.
•  Zacharias Jansen, the person and his contributions.
•  1608 Zacharias Jansen built…
•  Robert Hooke and his observations. •  1611 Kepler suggested a way to…
•  Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the person and his •  1665 Robert Hooke observed…
contributions. •  1674 Leeuwenhoek reported his discovery of…
Later, he observed…
•  Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbé, their contributions and
•  1828 William Nicol invented…
collaboration.
•  1838 Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell
•  Modern microscopes. theory, which stated…
•  1849 Quekett published…
Research sources:
•  1876 Abbé showed how to…
•  Key words for various websites: history of the •  1881 Retzius described many animal…
microscope, names of scientists, animalcule, optical Ramon y Cajal and other histologists developed…
microscope, simple optical microscope, compound
optical microscope, The Royal Society of London. 2 Present your information in chronological order
•  Kruif, P. de. 2002. Microbe hunters, 3rd edition. Mariner as a timeline.
Books, 2002.
Development time: one week.
Organization: groups of five students.
Presentation: poster approximately 1.2 m by 2 m,
with historical and cultural timelines and explanations.

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 SHEET EXTENSION
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INTERPRETATION OF TISSUE SECTIONS

•  Osseous or bone tissue. The basic unit called the osteon is visible in a transverse
section. In the centre of each osteon is the Haversian or central canal. Concentric
layers of bone matrix surround the canal. The osteocytes within the bone matrix are
organized around the central canal. Osteocytes have cytoplasmic extensions that
connect them to other osteocytes to obtain nutrients. Osteocytes are enclosed in small
cavities within the mineralized bone matrix.

•  Adipose tissue. Adipose cells (adipocytes) are spherical when isolated, but polygonal
when close together. They vary in size from about 50 to 150 microns. The nucleus
appears flat and is not always visible because it is pushed to one side of the cell by the
large vacuole of lipids (fats). A thin outer layer surrounds each cell. The extracellular
matrix is made up of reticular fibres (type III collagen).

•  Smooth muscle tissue. Long fibres (cells) are visible. The cytoplasm is abundant and
pink. Many cells have no visible nucleus. When visible, nuclei are elongated and
centrally located.

•  Skeletal muscle tissue. A longitudinal section shows long parallel fibres (cells) and
alternating light and dark bands (striations). During embryonic development, each
skeletal muscle cell is formed by the fusion of many stem cells. In adults, skeletal
muscle fibres (cells) are actually syncytia containing many nuclei. Each cell is
surrounded by an outer layer: a cell membrane (sarcolemma). The cytoplasm of a
muscle fibre is called sarcoplasm.

•  Cardiac muscle tissue. Cells appear elliptical in a transverse section. In a longitudinal

section, the branching fibres (cells) and nuclei are visible. Cells have a central nucleus.
Between cells there are thick fibrocollagenous membranes. Desmosomes are
structures that hold the cells together.

•  Nervous tissue (cerebral cortex). Neuron cell bodies are visible including some
axons and dentrites. Neurons vary in size and shape according to their function. In
most of the cerebral cortex, there are six layers with different types of cells. Capillaries
are abundant. The darkly stained circles are the nuclei of glial cells; oligodendrocytes
are the most visible. The background is a network of neuronal and glial cell processes
(axons and dendrites).

ACTIVITIES

1 Make a fact file for four types of tissues: e. Ability to regenerate or not after a destructive process.
a. Name of tissue. f. The type of tumor that is produced when there is
uncontrolled cell division.
b. Subtypes of these tissues.
g. Non-cellular elements, if any, that form part of the
c. Name of the principal cells in the tissue.
tissue.
d. Function of the tissue in the human body.

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 1 ASSESSMENT

Name: Class: Date:

1 Read and write prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells:

a. They are the largest and most complex cells. 

b. Their genetic material is dispersed in the cytoplasm. 

c. The only organelles they contain are ribosomes. 

d. They have a nucleus and a nucleolus. 

e. They contain mitochondria. 

f. Bacterial cells. 

2 Make pairs of related concepts: use these words. Explain why they are related.
Glucose – Protein – DNA – Polysaccharide – RNA – Amino acids – Glycerol – Fatty acid

3 Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism. Are the following reactions anabolic or catabolic?
a. amino acids + energy → proteins
b. glucose → inorganic molecules + energy

4 Label the diagram and answer the questions.

a. What type of cell is it?

b. Which two organelles are visible?

c. What are the membranes like?

d. What is the difference between chromatin and

chromosomes?

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 1. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

Name: Class: Date:

5 What is the relationship between the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles?

6 Complete the table.

Cells Tissue and type Tissue function

Red blood cells

Osteocytes

Neurons

Chondrocytes

7 What are the differences between tissues and organs? And between organs and organ systems? Give examples.

8 Write the parts of the body where each tissue is found.

Endothelium Epidermis Connective Smooth muscle Nervous Cartilaginous

9 Name the organ systems involved in nutrition. Name two parts or organs in each system and their function.

10 Identify the following micrographs and describe what you see. What type of microscope was used
for each observation?
a. b.
 

 

 

 

 

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