School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences

1st Quarter S.Y. 2020-2021

Experiment No. 1.2

Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide

Submitted by: Date Submitted: March 26, 2021

Mansilungan, Ma. Theressa Camille M.

PROF. NANETTE D. SANTOS

Faculty In-charge

CM124-1L – A8
 School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences
1st Quarter S.Y. 2020-2021

1. INTRODUCTION

Acid- base reaction

In this experiment, researchers analyzed an acid-base reaction. Acid -based reaction depicts
a double displacement reaction. A double displacement reaction is a reaction that exchanges
the ions between two reactants and forms two new compounds, specifically would form an
ionic salt and water. This form of reaction is forward directed where there is presence of a
strong acid or strong base as one of its reactants. In this experiment, researchers made used
Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) and Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the basis for the acid-
base reaction.

Standardization
The precise concentration of a formulated solution in an acid-base reaction is determined by
standardization. Wherein, standardization uses primary standard solution as its analyte to
standardize a solution. This is a method for finding the exact concentration of a solution.
Titration is the most common method used to standardize a solution. A standard approach is
essential as a guideline for a standardization procedure. The primary standard solutions and
secondary standard solutions can be found in two groups. We use key uniform solutions for
reliable standardization. There are highly pure solutions.

Primary standard solution

A primary standard solution is a reagent to be used for a well-known quantity of analyte. A
primary standard must be recognized for its stoichiometry or known assay. The Potassium
hydrogen phthalate is characterized to be stable throughout its long-term storage and is also
used as the primary standard solution in the experiment.

Sodium hydroxide
On the other hand, Sodium hydroxide is characterized as a strong base ionic compound in a
form of solid, this compound is used as the analyte in the experiment. Sodium hydroxide is
characterized as a coproduct of the production of chlorine. It is crystalline in its purest form,
strong in nature, and colorless. It is a strongly water-soluble complex composed of sodium
cations and anions of hydroxide. Moreover, it is a stable matter (absorbs atmospheric
humidity) however, cannot be accurately determine its weight. A typical sodium hydroxide
solution with a well-known concentration cannot however be rendered by weighing NaOH.
Thus, creates a problem in identifying the concentration of this compound. In order to identify
its precise measure, standardization method is used.

A. Brief Background ( 1 Paragraph or 5 sentences)

The purpose of the study is to identify the exact concentration of the analyte using the
primary standard solution. The researchers used the method standardization wherein
primary standard solution and the analyte undergo titration to standardize the formulated
analyte. After the experiment, researchers have obtained a value of 0.3166 M of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
when standardized by the primary standard solution 𝐾𝐻𝑃.

B. Objective(s)
1. To be able to prepare primary standard solutions
2. To be able to identify acid-base reaction of the weak acid strong base titration
 School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences
1st Quarter S.Y. 2020-2021

3. To be able to identify the exact concentration of the titrant using

standardization

2. METHODOLOGY

Prepare materials Prepare burette

Setup for titration Prepare KHP solution

Titration: Titration:
Adding titrant Record volumes of Sodium hydroxide
until endpoint

Calculate Sodium hydroxide

concentration

Figure 1. Methodology framework

Section 2.1. Prepare materials

Figure 2. Preparation of materials, instruments and tools

Before starting the experiment, researchers first prepared the materials, tools,
instruments needed for the experiment. Researchers made sure that the tools and
instruments are clean before the experiment to prevent contamination of the chemicals that
 School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences
1st Quarter S.Y. 2020-2021

could lead to errors in the results and to observe safe chemical handling. Since researchers
are dealing with chemicals, the researchers read the safe handling, safety precautions and
properties of the chemicals that will be used beforehand in order to prevent incidents inside
the laboratory. In addition to safety precautions, researchers also wore the proper attire and
equipment in order to prevent contamination of the chemical and as well as be contaminated
by the chemical.

Section 2.2. Prepare Burette

Figure 3. Prepare burette

After preparing the materials needed for the experiment, the researchers started the
experiment by preparing the burette. Researchers filled up the 50-mL burette with a Sodium
hydroxide, 𝑐 solution. In filling up the burette, researchers made use of a funnel in order to
prevent it from spilling, then the researchers filled the burette past the zero indicator. The
container in which the Sodium hydroxide came from were capped by a rubber stopper and
put back into its previous place.

Section 2.3. Prepare KHP solution

 School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences
1st Quarter S.Y. 2020-2021

Figure 4. Tare possible extraneous errors

Researchers set aside the prepared burette. Subsequently, researchers prepared for
the solution needed for the experiment. Researchers first tared the weigh as well as the
weighing paper.

Figure 5. Weighing and transferring of primary standard compound

After eliminating or taring possible extraneous error, the researchers placed the solid
Potassium hydrogen phthalate in the balance using scoopula and weighed for its mass.
Researchers recorded the weight of the Potassium hydrogen phthalate. Afterwards,
researchers transferred the weighed compound into a clean Erlenmeyer flask. Following by,
adding 50-mL DI water into the Erlenmeyer flask containing the Potassium hydrogen
phthalate.

After combining DI water and Potassium hydrogen phthalate in an Erlenmeyer flask,

researchers placed the KHP solution on the hot plate and heated it for about 2 minutes. After
heating, researchers removed the KHP solution from the hot plate and let it cool down for 15
minutes.

Section 2.4. Set-up titration

After various preparations, researchers assembled the titration set up needed in the
experiment. In assembling the setup, the researchers first placed a white paper in the stir plate
then placed a magnetic stir bar inside the Erlenmeyer flask containing the KHP solution. The
magnet stir bar will serves as the stirrer when placed on the stir plate. Afterwards, the
researchers placed the Erlenmeyer on the stir plate with the attached prepared burette.

Section 2.5. Titration

After setting up the titration setup, the researchers added an indicator on the KHP
solution, specifically phenolphthalein. To begin the titration, the researchers gradually let
droplets of the Sodium hydroxide from the burette by opening and closing the valve. While
 School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences
1st Quarter S.Y. 2020-2021

gradually letting droplets flow in the KHP solution, researchers observed the color of the
solution.
Researchers started the titration by letting large increments of droplet in the KHP
solution, then when the researchers observed that there is a change in color when droplet
were released into the solution, meaning the solution is nearing the endpoint, the researchers
decreased the amount of droplets the burette will released in order to prevent overshooting
the endpoint. The researcher bear in mind that every time researchers released droplets,
researchers take record of the reading of the burette and what happens to the KHP solution.
When the solution changed color constantly then it indicates that the solution is already on its
endpoint therefore the researchers have stopped releasing droplets when the endpoint is
already reached.

Figure 6. Near endpoint vs. endpoint

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table No.1 Collected Sample data

Initial Volume of burette Final Volume of burette Mass of KHP

1.10 mL 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 24.30 mL 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 1.5000 g

Table No.2 Observation during Titration

Volume of 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 Appearance
4.90 mL colorless
8.70 mL colorless
12.5 mL colorless
16.3 mL colorless
20.1 mL fast pink drop

22.8 mL fast pink drop

 School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences
1st Quarter S.Y. 2020-2021

23.2 mL longer pink drop

23.6 mL longer pink drop

24.0 mL longer pink drop

24.3 mL Constant pink KHP solution

In this experiment, researchers used the primary standard solution, specifically the
𝐾𝐻𝑃 solution to standardize a strong base compound, the 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻. The 𝐾𝐻𝑃 solution is
kept under a shaking or stirring movement while titrating in order to completely dissolved
it in the DI water. With a small number of undissolved 𝐾𝐻𝑃 granules, the resulting acidic
solution were transparent. With the transparent phenolphthalein in the 𝐾𝐻𝑃 solution
contacting the transparent 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 solution it creates a change of color in the 𝐾𝐻𝑃 solution,
wherein it changes into color pink, however upon the constant shaking or stirring
movement the color pink goes back to transparent. Researchers gradually add 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
solution on to the 𝐾𝐻𝑃 solution until it reaches the endpoint which is characterize as
change in color visible for at least 30 seconds even and will go back to its transparency
with the presence of the shaking or stirring movement. The endpoint in the experiment
happened when 24.3 mL of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 were released into the 𝐾𝐻𝑃 solution, wherein it was
observed to maintain the changes in color for at least thirty seconds.

Table No.3 Final observation

Initial Volume Final Volume of Volume of Concentration
Mass of KHP
of burette burette 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 of 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯
0.3166
23.20 mL
1.10 mL 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 24.30 mL 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 1.5000 g M
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

Upon doing the standardization experiment, researchers have observed that the
𝐾𝐻𝑃 solution leaves a positive hydrogen ion, and the 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 leaves a negative hydrogen
ion. These two atoms combine to form 𝐻2 𝑂, a chemical formula for water, with the oxygen
of the 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻. Using the observation of the results, the reaction can be expressed as:

Figure 7. Structural formula of the reaction

 School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Sciences
1st Quarter S.Y. 2020-2021

𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐾𝐻𝐶8 𝐻4 𝑂4 (𝑎𝑞) → 𝑁𝑎𝐾𝐶8 𝐻4 𝑂4 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂 (𝑙)

After obtaining the balanced equation, the researchers computed for the
concentration of the standardize 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻. Researchers used the mass of the primary
standard solution, 𝐾𝐻𝑃, to identify the solution of the 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻. Knowing that the mass of the
𝐾𝐻𝑃 is 1.5000-g, researchers multiplied it to its molar weight which is 204.22-g/ mol then
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
multiply it to the ratio of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐾𝐻𝑃, which is 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃 , by doing so, the researchers
have obtained the amount of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 in the reaction, which is 7.345 𝑥 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻.
Since, the experiment is done through standardization, the value of mol obtained should
𝑚𝑜𝑙
be expressed into 𝐿 as the concentration of the 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻.
In order to get the concentration of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻, researchers utilized the value of mol
obtained, wherein researchers divide the moles to the volume of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 obtained, and
since the volume should be expressed in liters, the researchers made use of the
1000 𝑚𝐿
conversion analysis, , afterwards the researchers have acquired a value of 0.3166
1𝐿
M 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻.
Overall, the experiment resulted to 0.3166 M concentration of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 when
standardized by the primary standard solution, 𝐾𝐻𝑃 .

4. CONCLUSION

After the experiment, the researchers can conclude that a 10-mL of 𝐾𝐻𝑃 solution can
standardized a volume of 23.20 mL of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻, wherein the researchers have obtained a value of
0.3166 M of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 upon standardization. The results of the study showed that titrating weak acids
with strong base can result to production of salt and water, which is showed in the balanced
chemical reaction obtained in the experiment. The researchers also conclude that in order to
prevent errors in the results of the experiment, researchers must properly performed preparations
to increase the accuracy of the results.

In this experiment, it is recommended for the researchers to observe proper handling of the
chemical and to concise and proper preparation of the experiment, in order to prevent incidents
and errors in the results.

5. Turnitin result