UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

BU1
Plumbing and Sanitary Systems

Plumbing Research
 Principles of Plumbing
 Sources of Water
 World History of Plumbing
 Philippine History of Plumbing

Submitted By:
Lapuz, Nathalie Joyce E.
2AR3
Submitted To:
Arch. Raymond P. Clarin
 The Basic Principles of Plumbing
The essential standards specified as a preamble to the National Plumbing Code are fundamental
objectives to ecological or environmental sanitation deserving of achievement through
appropriately planned, acceptably introduced, and adequately maintained plumbing systems. A
portion of the points of interest of pipes development must vary, yet the fundamental sterile and
wellbeing standards are the same. The outcomes desired and important to ensure the strength of
the general population are the same everywhere. The accompanying standards merit genuine
study. Moreover, as unexpected circumstances emerge which are not secured in the body of the
Code, the standards may serve to characterize the expectation.

These principles are summed up in the following:

A. Potable Water
- Continuous human occupancy should be provided with an adequate supply of potable
water. The supply must make sure that the purity of the water is always maintained
and contamination of the potable water system from backflow or reverse flow of any
sort is prevented.

B. Plumbing Fixtures
- Every unit must contain at least one water closer, one kitchen type sink, one lavatory,
and one shower or bathtub. Every plumbing fixture must be supplied with water at the
flow rate and pressure required for proper orientation.

C. Sanitary Drainage System

- The sanitary drainage system shall be designed that clogging and fouling is avoided
to the maximum extent possible. When clogging and fouling occur they can easily be
cleared.

Detailed list of the Principles of Plumbing:

Principle No. 1 All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided with a
supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water supply nor subject to
backflow or back siphonage.

Principle No. 2 Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in
sufficient volume and pressure adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue noise.

Principle No. 3 Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water
consistent with proper performance and cleaning.

Principle No. 4 Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to
prevent dangers from explosion through overheating.
Principle No. 5 Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with a public sewer shall
connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system.

Principle No. 6 Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet, one kitchen type
sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and
personal hygiene.

Principle No. 7 Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from
concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures.

Principle No. 8 The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to safeguard
against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the
pipes may be readily cleaned.

Principle No. 9 All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-approved materials, free from defective
workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure satisfactory
service.

Principle No. 10 Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a
water-sealed trap.

Principle No. 11 The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide adequate
circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.

Principle No. 12 Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to prevent clogging and
the return of foul air to the building.

Principle No. 13 Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all
leaks and defects in the workmanship.

Principle No. 14 Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the
pipes or their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall not be allowed to
enter the building drainage system.

Principle No. 15 Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water,
sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device
or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system.

Principle No. 16 No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not
properly lighted and ventilated.
Principle No. 17 If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision shall be made for the
disposal of building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as
a septic tank.

Principle No. 18 Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage,
suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building.

Principle No. 19 Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered

Master Plumbers.

Principle No. 20 All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for
their intended use.

Principle No. 21 Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the preservation of the strength
of structural members and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture
usage.

Principle No. 22 Sewage or other waste from plumbing systems, which may be deleterious to
surface or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway,
unless first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.
 Sources of Water

The source of all water supply is rain which is pure when formed and contains only hydrogen
and oxygen (H2O). Water is however a natural solvent which will dissolve in varying proportions
almost any gaseous or mineral substances with which it comes into contact.

The various water sources include:

1. Drilled wells

- Usually made up of a steel pipe for casting. It is

extended 4 to 8 inches in diameter to the ground until it reaches a
water source. It is an excellent source of water, because it is
usually free of pollution and usually provides more than enough
supply of water.

2. Driven wells
- Made up of a screen attached to a 1 ¼ to 2 inch pipe and a point. Driven into the ground
until the screen is below water-table level.
The amount of water any one driven well will supply is usually rather limited.

3. Jetted wells
4. Dug wells

- Made up of a hole in the ground varying from about 3 to 20 feet in

diameter. This well is deep enough to get the water below. Most of
the dug wells are less than 50 feet deep.

5. Bored wells

- The well is usually not more than 8 to 14 inches in diameter, if dug

by hand. And if a special equipment is used, it may be as large as
3 feet in diameter, it may be deeper than 100 feet.

6. Springs

- It is a water that reaches the surface of the ground from some

underground supply. Some springs will supply a satisfactory
quantity of water, but most of them provide very limited quantities.

7. Cisterns
 - It usually consist of a watertight, underground reservoir, which is filled with rainwater
that drains from the roof of the building. The cisterns provides storage for future use.

8. Lakes or Ponds
- Consist of water that has accumulated in a depression from surface
run-off to form a reservoir.

Classification of Water according to purity

History of Plumbing International

5000 years ago
- Water cisterns have been discovered that were used by the Babylonians. These cisterns
were made of masonry that were most likely used to collect rainwater for distribution to
the people. Before, man used simple things like cups to move water from one place to
another.
- Aqueducts started as open trenches, then Greeks developed it into enclosed pressurized
pipes which is culminated in the magnificent works of hydraulic engineering by Romans.

4000 years ago

- Toilets that are vented were used in Crete. Romans gave us the word Plumber, which
comes from the Latin word plumbum meaning lead.
- The Romans that time had the most extensive plumbing system of civilization. The Latin
name was applied to such workers or a lead worker. A little work remains in 21st century
American plumbing work, mostly for safety and health.
- Plumbing decline in use after the era of the domination of the Roman Empire. This
caused the epidemics that occurred during the Middle Ages.
- Plumbing comes back and effective plumbing system are now known to be essential to
the survival of large population centers during the late Middle Ages.

19th Century
- Plumbing fixtures were developed.
 1830s
- Lord Russell of England developed the bathtub
 1850s
- With the assistance of plumbers, plumbing systems were developed in United
States.
 1880s
- Sir John Harrington developed the siphonic water closet and improved by Sir
Thomas Crapper

20th Century
- To produce the safe water systems that is generally expect and try to encourage all the
population of the world to developed, the United States combined three fields of work: 1.
The production of pure water for distribution to the public. 2. The total field of plumbing
and 3. The Sewage and waste treatment industry.

History of Plumbing in the Philippines

17th Century
- The introduction of profession in the Philippines.

18th and 19th Centuries

- The Filipino plumbers were assigned the task of maintaining, repairing and/or
remodeling plumbing systems in all "pueblos" or towns including churches, convents and
government buildings. The recognized plumbers then were called upon by the
''ilustrados" or the elite group to act as consultants of plumber journeymen on matters
pertaining to plumbing installations in villas and mansions.

20th Century
- Plumbing took an intensity considerably above the normal leap with the arrival of the
American soldiers, Engineers, Thomasine teachers, Doctors and Evangelists. Epidemics
including cholera, leprosy, schistosomiasis and other contagious diseases engulfed the
Philippines, that’s why health and hygiene became priority. The governor then instructed
the people on proper waste disposal in all municipalities.

 1902
- Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the government. The City of Manila was the
model community. Master Plumber John F. Hass became the first Chief of the Division
of Plumbing Construction and Inspection. Through the Filipino Master Plumbers, a
plumbing code based on the Plumbing Code of the United States was included into the
Building Code for the City of Manila.

 1935
- Francisco Geronimo, Mariano de Ocampo, Igmidio Suarez, Eusebio Mina Jose Rivera,
Raymundo Reyes, Sr., Roberto Feliciano, Gregorio Lazaro, Raymundo Gumapac, John
Jones, Trinitario Ortiz, Valentin Casupanan, Catalino Casupanan. Crispin Francisco,
Teodoro Pastor, Cornelio Odvina and Jesus Tanghal Dera organized the National Master
Plumbers Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) and registered it with the Securities
and Exchange Commission. The Department of Public Services of the City of Manila was
created by an Act of Congress which is initiated by NAMPAP. City Ordinance 2411,
otherwise known as "the Plumbing Code for the City of Manila" was enacted in
consultation with NAMPAP. The practice of plumbing was placed under the Department
of Public Services, Manila. The National Government adopted the Plumbing Code of
Manila. NAMPAP lead the enactment of a law regulating the practice of master plumbing
in the Philippines.

 1954
 - Third Congress of the Republic of the Philippines, approved after the third reading House
Bill No. 962. This became Republic Act No.l378. On June 18, 1955, R.A. 1378,
otherwise known as the "PLUMBING LAW OF THE PHILIPPINES" was signed by
President Ramon Magsaysay.

 January 28, 1959

- The National Plumbing Code of the Philippines prepared by the NAMPAP was promoted
and approved by Malacanang. NAMPAP also assisted in the passage of the law creating
the National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority (NAWASA).

 1966-1969
- The Board of Examiners for Master Plumbers and the NAMPAP prepared a Curriculum
for Plumbing Engineering that was approved by the Department of Education and was
first introduced at the Feati University.

 November 28, 1967

- The First Amendment to the National Plumbing Code was approved, which effected the
inclusion of "Asbestos Cement Pipe" as an approved plumbing material.

 1972
- Republic Act No. 6541 otherwise known as the “Building Code of the Philippines” was
passed with the "National Plumbing Code of 1959" as referral code.
 1996
- NAMPAP President JAIME M. CABASE led the updating of the Revised National
Plumbing Code.

 October 1999
- NAMPAP submitted the Draft Code to the Board of Master Plumbers (BoMP) Chaired
by Engr. FORTUNATO H. AMOSCO. After careful review, the Professional Regulation
Commission under Chairman HERMOGENES POBRE adopted the Revised Plumbing
Code of 1999 which His Excellency, President JOSEPH EJERCITO ESTRADA
approved last December 21, 1999 pursuant to Section 4 of R.A. 1378 known as the
Plumbing Law.

Sources
- National Plumbing code of the Philippines Standards and Design Information, 1st Edition
- National Plumbing Code of the Philippines Illustrated, 3rd Edition (2015)
- Planning for An Individual: Water System, (1973)
- A. Johnson, Questions and Answers: Plumbing
- Benjamin Stein, Building Technology: Mechanical and Electrical Systems, 2nd Edition
- Plumbing 101, 5th Edition