FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTING

Course Title:

General Chemistry Laboratory

Course Title:

CHY2022

Simulation 2

Properties of Gases

Lecturer’s Name:

Mr. Zeyar Minn

Name : Myeisha Williams ID # : 1903012

Demar King ID #: 1504262

Tuesday Session 6pm to 9pm

 Aim

The aim of this simulation was to analyse the data collected on the ideal gas laws using a simulator
to describe the Laws both qualitatively and mathematically.

Procedure

The link was used, https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/gas-properties/latest/gas-properties_en.html, to

access to the simulation “gas properties”. Ideal gas was selected and proceeded to understand the
simulation. For Boyle’s law, 20 gas particles were added to the vessel. While the temperature was
held constant, a suitable initial volume was set so six data point can be obtained when the volume
was reduced by 2-3 intervals and the pressure at each interval was recorded. A graph of pressure vs
volume was plotted. For Gay Lussac’s Law, the volume was held constant, the temperature reduced
to 0 o C and the pressure was record. Pressure and temperature values were collected by increasing
the temperature by an interval of 10 – 12 o C and the pressure was collected at each interval. A graph
of pressure vs temperature was plotted. For Charles law, the Pressure was kept constant and the
temperature was reduced to 5°C. The volume was recorded. Temperature and volume data were
collected by increasing the temperature of 10-12°C intervals. A graph of volume vs temperature was
plotted. For Avogadro’s Law, the temperature was held constant and the number of particles and
pressure of the system was recorded. The pressure and number of molecules were recorded at
every 10-12 molecules introduced. A graph of pressure vs no. of particles was plotted.

Data Results

Part 1 - Boyle’s Law

Table 1: Data Collected for Volume and Pressure

Volume (nm3) Pressure (atm)

15 1.6

13 1.8

11 2.1

9 2.6

7 3.4

5 4.7

Part 2 – Gay - Lussac’s Law

Table 2: Data collected for Temperature and Pressure

 Temperature (o C) Pressure (atm)

0 4.3

10 4.4

20 4.6

30 4.7

40 4.9

50 5.1

Part 3 – Charles’ Law

Table 3: Data collected for Temperature and Volume

Temperature (oC) Volume (nm3)

5 5
15 5.2

25 5.4
35 5.6

45 5.8
55 6.0

Part 4 – Avogadro’s Law

Table 4: Data collected for # of particles and Pressure

# of particles Pressure (atm)

 20 4.4
30 6.5

40 8.6
50 10.8

60 13.0
70 15.2

Graph 1: Graph of Pressure vs Volume

Pressure vs Volume
5

4.5

3.5

3
Pressure(atm)

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Volume (nm3)

Graph 2: Graph of Pressure vs Temperature

 Pressure vs Temperature
5.2

4.8
Pressure (atm)

4.6

4.4

4.2

3.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Temperature (oC)

Graph 3: Graph of Volume vs Temperature

Volume vs Temperature
6.2

5.8

5.6
Volume (nm3)

5.4

5.2

4.8

4.6

4.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Temperature (oC)

Graph 4: Graph of Pressure vs # of Particles

 Pressure vs # of particles
16

14

12

10
Pressure (atm)

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

# of particles

Data Analysis

1. Write an equation using the two variables utilized in each of the four experiments
conducted. Include a proportionality constant, k.

Part 1

PV = k

Part 2

P = kT

Part 3

V = kT

Part 4

P = kN
 2. Calculate the constant, k, for each data pairs in each part of the experiment and determine
the average for the constant.

Part 1

PV = k

Volume 15 13 11 9 7 5
Pressure 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.6 3.4 4.7
Constant 24 23.4 23.1 23.4 23.8 23.5
(k)
Average Constant= 23.5

Sample Calculation

k = PV

k = 1.6 * 15 = 24

Part 2

To effectively get an accurate value for k, temperature must be converted to kelvin

K = 273.15 + °C

P = kT

Temperature 0 10 20 30 40 50
(C)
Temperature 273.15 283.15 293.15 303.15 313.15 323.15
(K)
Pressure 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.1
Constant (k) 0.0157 0.0155 0.0157 0.0155 0.0156 0.0158

Average Constant= 0.0156

Sample calculation

k = P/T

k = 4.3/273.15 = 0.0157

Part 3

To effectively get an accurate value for k, temperature must be converted to kelvin

K = 273.15 + °C

V = kT

Temperature 5 15 25 35 45 55
(° C)

Temperature 278.15 288.15 298.15 308.15 318.15 328.15

(K)

Volume 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0

Constant (k) 0.0180 0.0180 0.0181 0.0181 0.0182 0.0183

Average Constant= 0.0181

Sample Calculation

k = V/T

k = 5/278.15 = 0.0180

Part 4

P= kN

# of 20 30 40 50 60 70
Particles
Pressure 4.4 6.5 8.6 10.8 13.0 15.2
Constant 0.220 0.217 0.215 0.216 0.217 0.217
(k)
Average Constant= 0.217

Sample Calculation

k = P/N

k = 4.4/20 = 0.220

3. What are the errors associated with the simulation?

In this simulation, the accuracy of the values received is unknown because simulations can have
errors in the computer programming errors. These errors can only be found if there is careful
evaluation of the program. This shows that the values obtained could be far from the true values
without knowing.

Exercise

1. Show how the Ideal Gas Equation is derived using the mathematical relationships obtained in data
analysis question 1 above.

The general Ideal gas equations are derived from the empirical relationships among the pressure,
the volume, the temperature and the number of moles of gas. For Boyle’s law, the pressure (P) of
the given quantity of gas varies inversely with its volume (V) at constant temperature. Hence the
equation PV= k.

Lussac’s law states that the pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly with the absolute
temperature of the gas when the volume is kept constant. Hence the formula, P=kT. A simple
transposition can be done to the formula to make the constant (k) the subject, i.e. P/T =k.

For Charles law, at constant Pressure, the volume (V) of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature. Therefore, the formula V=kT can be transposed to derive at k by making k the subject,
i.e. V/T = k.

Avogadro’s law states that the total number of molecules of a gas is directly proportional to the
volume occupied by the gas at constant temperature and pressure.

Therefore, the ratio of the volume and amount of gaseous substance is a constant, where pressure
and temperature are kept constant. In this case the temperature is the constant variable and hence
the equation P=kN. To find k, the formula can be transposed to P/N=k.

Combining these variables together will give an equation known as the Ideal gas equation

PV=k

V/T=k

P/T=k

P/N=k

Therefore, PV/NT = k

In this case the constant k a constant known as the gas constant. This constant is represented by R

Thus, PV/NT = R,

PV = NRT, this is the ideal gas equation.

2. Using examples, explain under what conditions do real gases differ from ideal gases.

Real gases differ from ideal gases at high pressures and low temperatures. Under high pressures real
gases do not obey the gas law. For example, Carbon dioxide liquefy at high pressures. The Volume of
ideal gases are negligible compared to the volume of the container. This is because the volume
available for motion is the same as the volume of the container. However, the volume of real gases
is not negligible. At high pressures, the intermolecular distance becomes smaller and smaller. At this
point, the volume occupied by the molecules become significant compared to the volume of the
container. Additionally, ideal gases are not affected by intermolecular forces as they interact through
elastic collision. Real gases on the other hand, are affected by intermolecular forces such as
hydrogen (dipole-dipole) and undergo inelastic collisions. At low temperatures, gas particles have
lower kinetic energy and therefore moves more slowly. This means they are much more likely to
interact (attract or repel each other). The ideal gas law does not account for these interactions. In
real gases however, the kinetic energy of the gas decreases and eventually a point will reach where
the gas can no longer overcome the intermolecular forces and the gas will liquefy.