4-1: Heat of Fusion of Water

Introduction

The molar heat of fusion for a substance, Hfus, is the heat required to transform one mole of the
substance from the solid phase into the liquid phase.

A calorimeter provides an isolated system and surroundings so that we can track the transfer of heat
between the system and surroundings, while preventing any transfer of heat energy between the
calorimeter and the rest of the universe. Therefore, the heat lost by the calorimeter will equal the heat
gained by the ice. A known quantity of ice will be allowed to melt in a calorimeter. The water in the
calorimeter will decrease in temperature as energy is utilized to melt the ice cube. The water that forms
from the ice cube will then increase in temperature until the calorimeter water and the water from the ice
cube reach the same temperature. In the calculations, we must allow for the heat needed to warm up the
ice water that forms from the ice cube. In other words, there are two q’s to be considered:

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q(fusion) : ice at 0°C to liquid water at 0°C

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q(warm melted water) : liquid water at 0°C to liquid water at Tf

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In performing the calculations, we will make a number of assumptions. The first assumption is that the

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ice is at 0 °C. The second is that all of the heat exchanged is with the water contained within the
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In this assignment, you will use a simple coffee cup calorimeter and a thermometer to measure the molar
heat of fusion for water.
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Procedure
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1. Start Virtual ChemLab, select Colligative Properties, and then select Heat of Fusion of Water from
the list of assignments. The lab will open in the Calorimetry laboratory with a beaker of ice on the
balance and a coffee cup calorimeter on the lab bench.
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2. Record the mass of the ice on the balance in the data table. If the mass is too small to read, click on
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the Balance area to zoom in. Note that the balance has already been tared for the mass of the empty
beaker.

3. 100 mL of water is already in the coffee cup. Use the density of water at 25C (0.998 g/mL) to
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determine the mass of water from the volume. Record the mass of water in Table 1 in the Data Tables
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section.

4. Make certain the calorimeter stirrer is On (you should be able to see the shaft rotating). In the
thermometer window, click Save to begin recording data to the lab book. Allow 20-30 seconds to
obtain a baseline temperature of the water.

5. Drag the beaker from the balance area until it snaps into place above the coffee cup and then pour the
ice into the calorimeter. Click the thermometer and graph windows to bring them to the front and
observe the change in temperature in the graph window until it reaches a minimum value and begins
to warm again. Click Stop in the temperature window.

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 6. A data link icon will appear in the lab book. Click the data icon link and record the temperature
before adding the ice and the lowest temperature after adding ice in the data table. (Remember that
the water will begin to warm back up after all the ice has melted.)

7. Repeat the experiment for two more trials. Click on the red disposal bucket to clear the lab, click on
the Stockroom, click on the clipboard, and select Preset Experiment #3, Heat of Fusion of Water.
Data Tables

Table 1. Calorimetry Data

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
volume of water in 100ml 100ml 100ml
calorimeter (mL)
mass of water in calorimeter 100g 100g 100g
(g)
mass of ice (g) 25.1625g 25.3450g 25.1926

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initial temperature (C) 25.00℃ 25.01℃ 25.00℃

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final temperature (C) 5.53℃ 5.53℃ 10℃

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Calculations
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1. Calculate T for the water for each trial and record the result in Table 2 in the Results section.
Show the calculation for Trial 1.
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Trial 1) DeltaT= 5.53℃ - 25℃= -19.47℃ trial 2) -19.48℃

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Trial 3) 10℃ -25℃= -15℃

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2. Calculate the heat gained by the ice, by calculating the heat lost by the calorimeter water:

qice =−qwater =−mwater x c x ∆ T

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where the heat capacity (c) for water is 4.18 J/Kg and the mass, m, is for the water in the
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calorimeter. Report the result in kJ and record in Table 2 in the Results section. Show your
calculation for Trial 1.

Trial 1) -100g*4.18( j/kj)*-19.47℃ = 8138.46j= 8.13846 j/k

Trial 2) -100g * 4.18* -19.48℃ = 8.14264 j/k

Trial 3) -100g* 4.18*-15℃ = 6270j= 6.27 j/k

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 3. Calculate how much heat went into warming the water from the melted ice from 0°C to the
measured Tf measured.

q (warm melted water )=mice x c x ∆ T

where mice is the mass of the ice, c is the specific heat of liquid water, and ΔT = Tf - 0°C. Record
your calculated value in Table 2 in the Results section. Show the calculation for Trial 1.

Trial 1) 25.1625g*4.18*-19.47℃= -2047.839998j = -2.0478 j/k

Trial 2) 25.3450g*4.18*-19.48℃= -2063.752108j = -2.0638 j/k
Trial 3) 25.1926g*4.18*-15℃= -1579.57602j = -1.5796 j/k

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4. Calculate how much of qice went into the phase transition from solid to liquid – take the
calculated value from Step 2 (qice) and subtract the q(warm melted water) from Step 3. This is qfusion – the

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heat that went into the phase transition (solid to liquid) of this physical process. Record your
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result in Table 2. Show the calculation for Trial 1.
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Trial 1) 8.13846 j/k – (--2.0478 j/k)= 10.1862j/k
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Trial 2) 8.14264 j/k – (--2.0638 j/k)= 10.2064 j/k

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Trial 3) 6.27 j/k – ( - 1.5796 j/k j/k)= 7.8496 j/k

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5. Convert the mass of ice to moles and record in Table 2. Show the calculation for Trial 1.
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Trial 1) 25.1625g ice = 1.3968 moles

Trial 2) 25.3450g ice = 1.4069 moles

Trial 3) 25.1926g ice = 1.3984 moles

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 6. Calculate Hfus of water, in kJ/mol, by dividing the heat transferred to the ice by the moles of ice
melted. Record the result in Table 2. Show the calculation for Trial 1.

Trial 1) (8.13846 j/k) / (1.3968 mol) = 5.8265 kJ/mol

Trial 2) (8.14264 j/k) / (1.4069 mol) = 5.7876 kJ/mol

Trial 3) (6.27 j/k) / (1.3984 mol) = 4.4837 kJ/mol

7. Calculate the average Hfus of water for the three trials. Show the calculation below. Include
your result in the Results section.

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(5.8265 kJ/mol) +( 5.7876 kJ/mol) +(4.4837 kJ/mol) = (16.0978) / (3) = 5.3659 kJ/mol

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8. Compare your experimental value of Hfus of ice with the accepted value of 6.01 kJ/mol. Show the
calculation of the % error using the formula:

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rs e |experimetal value−accepted value|
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% Error= ×100
accepted value

% Error = (5.37 kj/mol - 6.01 kJ/mol) / (6.01 kJ/mol) x 100 = -10%

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Results
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
T -19.47℃ -19.48℃ -15℃
qice (kJ) 8.13846 j/k 8.14264 j/k 6.27 j/k
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q(warm melted water) -2.0478 j/k -2.0638 j/k -1.5796 j/k

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qfusion 10.1862j/k 10.2064 j/k 7.8496 j/k

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Moles of ice (mol) 1.3968 mol 1.4069 mol 1.3984 mol

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Hfus (H2O) (kJ/mol) 5.8265 kJ/mol 5.7876 kJ/mol 4.4837 kJ/mol

Average Hfus of water: 5.3659 kJ/mol

% error for Hfus of water: -10%

Experimental Analysis

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 1. Think back on calorimetry experiments from CHM111. What are some assumptions made when
performing a calorimetry experiment. What are some possible sources of experimental error in
this laboratory procedure?

During the experiment, It is assumed that the temperature of the ice is zero degrees Celsius and
that the weight of the beaker is zeroed out before measuring. Measurements must be accurate as
beakers are not the best tool for measuring volume. Other experimental errors may be found in
unit conversions is labeled wrong.

Lab book Data

Trial 1
32seconds to get to the minimum temp 5.53c For Trials 1 and 2 the beyond labz said the
labbook “file form was not recognizable”
25.1625g ice
Initial temp 25c

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Final temp 5.53c
trial 2

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25.3450g ice
initial temp 25.1c

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final temp 5.53c
Calorimetry Data
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Trial 3
25.1926g ice mass, initial 25degree c
final temp 10 degree c
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Time (sec) Temperature (°C)

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0.00 10.00
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0.00 10.01
1.04 10.02
2.04 10.03
3.04 10.04
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4.04 10.03
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5.04 10.03
6.08 10.05
7.08 10.06
8.12
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10.05
9.12 10.06
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10.12 10.06
11.16 10.07
12.20 10.07
13.25 10.09
14.29 10.08
15.29 10.09
16.33 10.10
17.33 10.09
18.37 10.11
19.41 10.10
20.41 10.12
21.41 10.12

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 22.45 10.12

Important notes about virtual vs. real labs:

1. In this virtual lab, the volume of water is measured out in a beaker. In a real lab, beakers do no
provide great accuracy or precision for measuring volumes. In this experiment, it is of vital
importance to measure with the greatest amount of accuracy possible. A more appropriate piece
of glassware would be a graduated cylinder.

2. In this virtual lab, it was not necessary to allow the 100 mL of water to equilibrate to room
temperature in the calorimeter before beginning the experiment. In a real lab, it is always a good
idea to give the contents in the calorimeter a chance to equilibrate to room temperature, so as to
reduce experimental error.

3. In this virtual lab, the mass of ice to be used was already measured out. In a real lab experiment,

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you would place a piece beaker on the balance and press “Tare”. This will zero out the weight of
the beaker. Then quickly transfer the ice to the beaker and record the mass. You would want to

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work quickly from here to transfer the ice to the calorimeter and start the experiment because the
ice will be melting from the moment it is taken out of the freezer and any additional time elapsed

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will melt more of the mass of ice weighed out.
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4. In this virtual lab, the time vs. temperature data is automatically recorded. In a real lab, you
would need to carefully coordinate the addition of the ice to the calorimeter and the start of a
timer. You would then monitor the temperature and record it at predetermined time intervals (such
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as every 10 seconds for 4 minutes). This can be done by a single person, however is more easily
carried out with the coordination of two lab partners.
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