L2-1 Well Site N Mudlog

WELL LOGGING & SUBSURFACE MAPPING
(QBB 3054)
WELL SITE GEOLOGY
Dr. Ahmed Salim

Lecture 2B
Department of Petroleum Geoscience

Universti Teknologi PETRONAS
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this lecture you should be able to:
LO1: Understand and discuss the mud logging operations
LO2: Analyze the importance of core analysis for formation evaluation
LO3: Differentiate cuttings, cores and plugs
LO4: Comprehend the different ways of formation pressure detection
Those two learning outcomes will let you indirectly achieve the following
course outcomes
CO1: Describe the properties of rocks and fluids that produce characteristic log signals.
CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Mud Logging
 Coring and Core Analysis
 Pressure Detection
 Conclusions.
MUD LOGGING
SAMPLE COLLECTION ON DOUBLE DECK SHALE
SHAKER
APPLICATION OF MUDLOGGING
MUD LOGGING
Rock cutting description
09:29 7

 Rate of bit penetration

 Gamma, temperature
 Hot wire recording
 Chromatography data
 Record of core and test data
 Record of shows
 Geologist’s interpretation
MUD LOGGING
Mud log will included the following items:

• Gas readings as measured by a gas detector
/chromatograph
• A check for absence of poisonous gases (H2S, SO2)
• A report of cuttings received over the shale shakers, with
full lithological descriptions and relative percentages
• ROP
• Hydrocarbon indications in samples.
 Examining the cuttings under UV light may indicate the
presence of oil, since oil will fluoresce.
LIMITATION OF MUDLOGGING
CORE
 Coring is the technique where by sample of reservoir
09:29 10
materials (cores) are removed.
 A core is a solid cylinder of rock about 4–5 inches in
diameter and a single core will usually be about 30 ft. long.
 Expensive and the only opportunity to physically view and
analyse the reservoir material
CORES
 Allow direct measurement of reservoir properties

 Used to correlate indirect measurements, such as
wireline/LWD logs
 Used to test compatibility of injection fluids
 Used to predict borehole stability
 Used to estimate probability of formation failure and
sand production
CORE ANALYSIS
• Sample obtained via drill string coring

(expensive, valuable data), or wireline.
1.Conventional coring
• Large diameter core , as much as five inches or more
, can be obtained in one operation.
• Drilling operations cannot be resumed without
removing the drill pipe from the hole.
2.Wireline retrievable coring
• Bring cores to the surface and proceeding with normal

drilling operations, without removing the drilling tools
from the hole
Drill string coring
WIRELINE CORES
 Percussion coring
09:29 14
 Uses explosives to shoot
barrels into the rock
 Samples too damaged for
porosity and permeability
 Rotary coring
– Undamaged cores
for porosity and
permeability
– More expensive
SIDEWALL CORING
 Wireline percussion, bullets firing.

 Advantages: Fast, cheap, Temp. 500F, selected
depth, large number of samples.
 Disadvantages: Small and damage due to impact of the
bullet, used only for lithology and fluid type
FOCUSED LISTENING
INFORMAL CL: ACTIVITY
 Take out a sheet of paper

 In 2 minutes – Compare between mud log and core
geological analysis.
 (Samples)
 (Accuracy)
 Share with your partner.

Who can share his thoughts?
INFORMATION FROM CONVENTIONAL CORES
INFORMATION FROM CONVENTIONAL CORES
PRESSURE DETECTION
Formation Testing
 Formation testing is a
means of obtaining
information concerning
the liquid and pressure
in an open-hole
formations.
Methods:
 Wireline Testing
 Drill Stem Test (DST) –
Well Test Analysis
PRESSURE DETECTION
Wireline Testing
 Provide reservoir fluid samples, an indication of fluid mobility and in
formation on reservoir continuity.
 Two types : Repeat Formation Tester (RFT) and Formation Interval Tester
(FIT).
 The RFT is run in to the hole and a continuous digital read out of
hydrostatic pressure is obtained.
 At any point in the hole the tool may be actuated to force a rubber pad
against the wall of the hole , and a tube in the centre of the pad is forced
hard against the formation.
 The formation fluid will flow to the chamber through the tube.
PRESSURE DETECTION
 The FIT is used for single test–only one pressure reading

and one fluid sample for each run.
 A tool is actuated (a pad is tightly against the formation
to form a seal against hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in
the hole).
 A shaped charge is then fired into the formation , opening
a passage way for formation fluids to flow into a
chamber in the tool. At the same time the formation
pressure will be recorded
PRESSURE DETECTION
Drill Stem Test (DST)
 A drill stem test (DST) is a procedure for isolating and testing the
surrounding geological formation through the drill stem.
 The test is a measurement of pressure behavior at the drill stem and is a

valuable way to obtain important sampling information on the formation
fluid and to establish the probability of commercial production.
 The test is made by lowering a valve, a packer , and a length of

perforated tail pipe to the level of formation.
PRESSURE DETECTION
Drill Stem Test (DST)
 The packer set against the wall
of the borehole so that it seals
off the test interval from the
mud column above.
 The valve is then opened, and

the formation fluid will flow to
the surface through the drill
pipe.
 •The amount of fluid produced
will represent the fluid
production can be expected from
the well.
CONCLUSIONS
 Reservoir evaluation using well logs includes different processes and

measurements (Mud logging, coring, wireline logging ).
 Mud logging includes observation of cuttings, shows and drilling progress.
 Cores are direct evidence of reservoir material used

mostly to calibrate log measured parameters and geologic
studies .
 Cores can be drill string or wireline coring, or side wall
coring or percussion.
 Liquid and pressure information can be via formation
testers including Repeat Formation Tester (RFT), Formation Interval
Tester (FIT) and Drill Stem Test (DST)
Thank you
Q&S

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WELL LOGGING & SUBSURFACE MAPPING

WELL SITE GEOLOGY

Dr. Ahmed Salim

Department of Petroleum Geoscience

 Coring and Core Analysis

 Rate of bit penetration

Mud log will included the following items:

 Coring is the technique where by sample of reservoir

 Allow direct measurement of reservoir properties

• Sample obtained via drill string coring

2.Wireline retrievable coring

• Bring cores to the surface and proceeding with normal

 Wireline percussion, bullets firing.

 Take out a sheet of paper

 Share with your partner.

 The FIT is used for single test–only one pressure reading

 The test is a measurement of pressure behavior at the drill stem and is a

 The test is made by lowering a valve, a packer , and a length of

 The valve is then opened, and

 Reservoir evaluation using well logs includes different processes and

 Cores are direct evidence of reservoir material used

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